Professional Documents
Culture Documents
TE ACHINGTIP
Promot i ng
voc a bu l a ry
le a r n i ng
for english
le a r n er s
Stephanie Wessels
t
he continual increase of linguistic diversity in this article, i draw from data collected and
in the united states is having a profound analyzed as part of a larger study on the effect of
effect on the nation’s schools. english learn- research-based strategies on the vocabulary devel-
ers (els) constitute the fastest growing opment of els (Wessels, 2008). i have identified
school-age population, of which approximately 55% five characteristics necessary for students’ vocabu-
are native born and 45% are foreign born (lachat, lary learning: (1) accessing background knowledge,
2004). classroom teachers have to address (2) connecting unknown vocabulary to known
the double demands on els, who are learn- knowledge, (3) ensuring opportunities for
ing english while simultaneously learning to meaningful vocabulary use, (4) provid-
read academic content (gersten, 1996). ing multiple exposures, and (5) focusing on
vocabulary knowledge is essential to stu- higher level knowledge (allen, 1999; carr &
dents’ academic success. if students Wixson, 1996; nagy, 1998; Watts, 1995).
do not understand the meaning of this article examines how educa-
the words in the text, they will have tors can integrate these characteristics
difficulty understanding the con- into instruction throughout the
tent. vocabulary knowledge is the reading process (see table 1 for an
single best predictor of els’ aca- overview). a rationale for each char-
demic achievement (White, graves, acteristic of effective vocabulary
& slater, 1990). With this in mind,
effective vocabulary instruction must be a
Stephanie Wessels is an assistant professor in the Department of
goal of all educators working with els, not just those Teaching, Learning, and Teacher Education at the University of Nebraska–
who specialize in english as a second language. Lincoln, USA; e-mail swessels2@unl.edu.
R T The Reading Teacher Vol. 65 Issue 1 pp. 46–50 DOI:10.1598/RT.65.1.6 © 2011 International Reading Association
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P romo t i ng vo c a b u l a r y le a r n i ng f or e ng l i sh le a r n e r s
During ■ Post the quilts so students can revisit the quilts throughout the lesson. ■ Focusing on target vocabulary allows ELs to selectively attend
■ As vocabulary is encountered in the text, stop to discuss students’ reactions to the words in relation to the content.
and comments. ■ Revisiting students’ words/images encourages ELs to view their
■ Working as a facilitator, refer to the quilts and help students make background knowledge as a resource.
connections between their initial connections and text-related information.
■ Monitor students’ understanding to clarify misconceptions of activated
knowledge or the text that could interfere with their understanding.
■ The time limit for this phase depends on the length of the story and the
discussion about each word.
After ■ Have students work together to generate a definition for each word and ■ Writing their own definitions provides students with a greater
record it on a sticky note to put on the quilt. sense of ownership of their learning and allows them to
■ Groups share with the class the definitions they generated. demonstrate newly acquired knowledge.
■ The completed quilts can be revisited as a review of content learned
throughout the semester.
■ This phase lasts about 15–20 minutes.
Note. Adapted from Biography-Driven Culturally Responsive Teaching by S. Herrera (2010). New York: Teachers College Press.
instruction is provided, and its integra- they will encounter in the text and to and are provided with opportunities
tion in a specific instructional phase develop domain knowledge (gibbons, to share their initial connections, the
is illustrated through discussion 2002). this preparation should include teacher can assess their understanding
of the vocabulary Quilt (herrera, activating background knowledge, and plan a route for instruction to clarify
2007; herrera, 2010), an example of a incorporating known vocabulary,
research-based vocabulary strategy. the and introducing target vocabulary. in
vocabulary Quilt offers el students the before-reading phase, two char-
the opportunity to activate background acteristics of effective vocabulary
knowledge and use their existing instruction are emphasized: (1) access-
Pause and Ponder
resources to connect with target vocabu- ing background knowledge and (2) ■ How am I currently activating my EL
lary. the strategy revolves around a word connecting unknown vocabulary to students’ background knowledge about
quilt, a learning tool used by students known knowledge. key vocabulary in the lesson?
throughout instruction.
background knowledge is what stu- ■ How can I sustain vocabulary learning
dents use to develop, expand, and refine
throughout all phases of a lesson?
Before-Reading Phase word meanings (rupley, logan, &
the purpose of the before-reading nichols, 1999). When els bring their ■ How can the vocabulary quilt be used in
phase is to prepare students for what background knowledge to the surface content area lessons?
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P romo t i ng vo c a b u l a r y le a r n i ng f or e ng l i sh le a r n e r s
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P romo t i ng vo c a b u l a r y le a r n i ng f or e ng l i sh le a r n e r s
Student 1: [reading the sentence from Having thoroughly explored their con- (cooperation: when people work together;
the book] “Everyone was nections to the target vocabulary, ELs and method: a plan for doing something),
present for the committee are more prepared to demonstrate their extend on their initial understandings
meeting.” [The student con- understanding. End-of-instruction (committee: a group of people chosen to
tinued to read aloud the rest assessments, in conjunction with vari- do a particular job), and clarify miscon-
of the page.] ous informal assessments of learning, ceptions of the vocabulary in specific
Teacher: Was there a vocabulary word provide the teacher with evidence of the context (solution: you have a prob-
located on this page? degree to which students have attained lem and you figure it out). The students
the vocabulary knowledge. recorded their definitions on sticky
Student 1: Present.
notes and added them to the quilt. By
Student 2: This is not like a present you revisiting their quilt, the students were
give someone. Vocabulary Quilt in the
able to assess the degree to which they
Teacher: What does this present
After-Reading Phase
had increased their understanding of the
mean? ELs worked in their original groups to
vocabulary. The final Vocabulary Quilts
consolidate their understanding of the
Student 3: It means that everyone was (Figure 1) captured the students’ full
target vocabulary. They collaborated to
in the room and ready to go. progression of learning in relation to the
generate definitions given what they
Teacher: So they were in attendance. target vocabulary.
had learned throughout discussions
The word present is a multiple of the story. By the end, the students
meaning word. This means were able to demonstrate their newly Final Thoughts
that the word can have many acquired understandings, indicating a The use of research-based strate-
different meanings. Several higher level of word knowledge. The gies such as the Vocabulary Quilt can
of you drew a picture of a students were able to build vocabulary replace traditional vocabulary instruc-
present like you would get knowledge that did not previously exist tion that heavily relies on worksheets or
for your birthday. However,
in this story it means some-
thing different. It means Figure 1 Completed Vocabulary Quilt
everyone was at the meeting
who needed to be there.
After-Reading Phase
In the after-reading phase, students
review and critically think about their
learning so that they can refine and
deepen their word knowledge. In this
phase, students strengthen their vocab-
ulary understandings by focusing on
higher level knowledge. Students should
be given time to process the informa-
tion they learned and reflect on how
the new vocabulary knowledge inte-
grates with their existing knowledge.
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dictionary work. Traditional vocabulary background knowledge and provides Carr, E., & Wixson, K.K. (1996). Guidelines for
evaluating vocabulary instruction. Journal of
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Gersten, R.M. (1996). The double demands
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Gibbons, P. (2002). Scaffolding language, scaffold-
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In the before-reading phase, this guage learners: What the research does—
As the students continue to make and does not—say. American Educator, 32(2),
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Herrera, S. (2007). By teachers, with teach-
using their background knowledge, ers, for teachers: ESL methods course module.
the text, the teacher, and their peers as Manhattan, KS: K-CAT/TLC.
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ally responsive teaching. New York: Teachers
MORE TO EX PLORE word knowledge, which they document College Press.
on their final quilt in the after-reading Lachat, M.A. (2004). Standards-based instruction
ReadWriteThink.org Lesson Plan and assessment for English language learners.
■ “Let’s
Read It Again: Comprehension Strategies phase. The Vocabulary Quilt strategy Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin.
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Kalemba lary learning not only for EL students, Reading Research Quarterly, 28(1), 16–31.
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Learners: Building Language and Literacy in the have a tangible product that documents International Reading Association.
Primary Grades by Peggy Hickman and Sharolyn their learning and can serve as a useful Rupley, W., Logan, J., & Nichols, W. (1999).
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