NOTES

P H Y S I C S

MATHEMATICAL TOOLS
TRIGNOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

What you already know What you will learn

• What is a function • Trigonometric ratios

• Algebraic functions • Different units of angle
• Graphs and different forms of • Special triangles
straight-line equations • Angles in different quadrants
• Quadratic functions • Graphs of trigonometric functions
• Drawing graphs of quadratic • Important formulae
equations

MATHEMATICAL TOOLS

Coordinate Vector
Functions Trigonometry Differentiation Integration
geometry algebra

Trigonometric Functions Where,

arc length l
• y = sin θ θ= = r
radius of circle
• y = cos θ
• y = tan θ θ is in ‘radians’.
• y = cosec θ
• y = sec θ
r l
• y = cot θ
θ

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 02

Units of θ

System I System II 1 ° = 60’

1’ = 60’’
Degree ( ° ) Radians (rad)
Minute ( ‘ ) Interconversion of units
Second ( ‘‘ ) 360 ° = 2 π rad

What angle in radian is covered If angular velocity is ω = θt .

when a man starts from a point and Find angular speed of an object in
cover 12 m along a circular track of rad/s, if it covers an angle of 540° in
radius 6 m? 10 s.

540° = 3π rad
r l
θ 3π
θ ω= t = = 0.3 π rad/sec
l 12 10
θ = r = 6 = 2 rad

• Trignometry is the branch of Mathematics that deals with the relations between sides and
angles of triangles, and the relevant functions of any angles.
• A trignometric function expresses a dynamic system in terms of sin, cosine, or tanget
functions.

Hy opp
po tan θ = 1
te adj cosec θ =
nu sin θ
Opposite

opp se
sin θ = 1
hyp sec θ =
cos θ
1
cot θ =
tan θ
θ

Adjacent
adj
cos θ =
hyp

• Where sin θ, cos θ, tan θ, cosec θ, sec θ, and cot θ are trignometric ratios.

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 03

Special Values of Trigonometric Ratios

sin θ cos θ tan θ cosec θ sec θ cot θ

0° 0 1 0 ∞ 1 ∞
1 √3 1 2
30° 2 √3
2 2 √3 √3
1 1
45° √2 √2 1 √2 √2 1

√3 1 2 1
60° √3 √3 2 √3
2 2

90° 1 0 ∞ 1 ∞ 0

Special Right Triangles

60°
45°

2 √2
1 1

30° 45°
√3 1

Magic Triangle

3
53° sin 37° =
5

5 Write the values ofthe following:

3
cos 37° = ________
tan 37° = ________

37°
4

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 04

MAIN ADVANCED
Angles in Different Quadrants

Quadrant 1 Quadrant 2
(All Positive) (sin and cosec positive)

S A S A

T C T C

• sin(90° - θ) = cos θ • sin(90° + θ) = cos θ

• cos(90° - θ) = sin θ • cos(90° + θ) = -sin θ
• sec(90° - θ) = cosec θ • sin(180° - θ) = sin θ
• cosec(90° - θ) = sec θ • cos(180° - θ) = -cos θ
• tan(90° - θ) = cot θ • sec(180° - θ) = -sec θ
• cot(90° - θ) = tan θ • cosec(180° - θ) = cosec θ
• tan(180° - θ) = -tan θ
• cot(180° - θ) = -cot θ

Find the value of cos 127° and sin 127°.

Solution

4
cos 127° = cos(180 - 53)° = -cos 53° = - 3 sin 127° = sin(90 + 37)° = cos 37° =
5 5

cos 127° can also be found by writing as cos (90 + 37)°. cos 127° will be lying in 2nd
• 
quadrant where the value of cos is negative. At (90 + θ) or (90 - θ) we have to change
3
the ratio. So, cos 127° = -sin(37)° = -
5

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 05

Quadrant 3 Quadrant 4
(tan, cot are positive) (cos, sec are positive)

S A S A

T C T C

• sin(180° + θ) = -sin θ • sin(270° + θ) = -cos θ

• cos(180° + θ) = -cos θ
• sin(270° - θ) = -cos θ
• cos(270° - θ) = -sin θ
• sec(270° - θ) = -cosec θ
• cosec(270° - θ) = -sec θ
• tan(270° - θ) = cot θ
• cot(270° - θ) = tan θ
• cos(270° + θ) = cos θ
• sin(360° - θ) = -sin θ
• cos(360° - θ) = cos θ
• sec(360° - θ) = sec θ
• cosec(360° - θ) = -cosec θ
• tan(360° - θ) = -tan θ
• cot(360° - θ) = -cot θ

Find the value of cos 210° and sin 240°.

Solution

√ √
cos 210° = cos(180 + 30)° = −cos 30° = − 3 sin 240° = sin(270 - 30)° = −cos 30° = − 3
2 2

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 06

Graphs of Trigonometric Functions

• Graph of a sin function

y y = sinθ

1 3π 7π
2 2
0 θ
π π 2π 5π 3π 4π
-1 2 2

• Graph of a cos function

y = cosθ

1 3π 7π
2 2
0 θ
π π 2π 5π 3π 4π
-1 2 2

• Graph of a tan function

y = tanθ

1
-2π -π π 2π
θ
- 3π -π π 3π
2 2 2 2
-1

-2

-3

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 07

Find the point at which cos θ and sin θ intersect.

Solution

cos θ = sin θ
y tan θ = 1
π 5π 9π
θ= , , ......
4 4 4
1 3π 7π cos θ
2 2
0 θ
π π 2π 5π 3π 4π
-1 2 2
sin θ

Trigonometric Addition Formulae

sin(A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sinB cos(A + B) = cos A cos B + sin A sinB

tan A + tan B
tan(A + B) =
1 + tan A tan B

Trigonometric Product to Sum Conversion Formulae

2 cos A cos B = cos(A - B) + cos (A + B) 2 sin A sin B = cos(A - B) - cos (A + B)

2 cos A sin B = sin(A + B) - sin (A - B) 2 sin A cos B = sin(A + B) + sin (A - B)

Trigonometric Identities

sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1 1 + tan2 θ = sec2 θ 1 + cot2 θ = cosec2 θ

Trigonometric Multiple Angle Formulae

sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A 2tan A

tan 2A =
cos 2A = cos2 A - sin2 A = 2cos2 A - 1 1 - tan2 A

sin 3A = 3 sin A - 4 sin3A 3tan A - tan3A

tan 3A =
cos 3A = 4cos3A - 3cos A 1 - 3tan2 A

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 08

Find the value of sin 15° sin 30° sin 45° sin 60° sin 75°.

Solution
sin 15° sin 30° sin 45° sin 60° sin 75°
= sin 15° sin 30° sin 45° cos 30° cos 15°
(2 sin 15° cos 15°)(2 sin 30° cos 30°) sin 45°
=
4
sin 30° sin 60° sin 45°
=
4
1 1 √ √3
= × × 3 × 1 =
4 2 2 √2 16√2

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