M1 Lecture

Module 1
Mathematics
Numbers
Whole numbers vs. Natural numbers
• The whole numbers are the numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and so on (the
natural numbers and zero).
• Negative numbers are not considered "whole numbers."
• Zero is not positive or negative. Even though zero is not a positive number, it's still
considered a whole number which in turn makes it an integer, but not necessarily
a natural number.
• Natural numbers have to be positive, whole numbers.

• All natural numbers are whole numbers, but not all whole numbers are
natural numbers since zero is a whole number but not a natural number.
Rational vs. Irrational
Real vs. Non Real
Factors and Multiples
You will learn… how to
Make a Prime Factor Tree

Find the HCF of two numbers
Find the LCM of two numbers
Did you know?
EVERY number
is made from
Prime numbers
Multiplied together!
The first prime number is 2, then 3, then 5, then 7.
It’s a number that no other number goes into

except itself and one
Prime Factor Tree for 60
Write 60 at the top of the page 60
60 = prime number 2 x 30 2 30
15 = prime number 3 x prime number 5 3 5
60 is all the prime numbers 2 x 2 x 3 x 5 multiplied together


72 is the prime numbers 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 x 3 multiplied together
56 is all the prime numbers 2 x 2 x 2 x 7 multiplied together


48 is the prime numbers 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 multiplied together
Highest Common Factor HCF
Take two numbers 8 10 2
What’s the biggest number that will go into both?
2 goes into 8 four times 8 ÷ 2 = 4

2 goes into 10 five times 10 ÷ 2 = 5
There’s no bigger number than 2 that goes into both

So it’s the biggest FACTOR
or the Highest Common Factor
Lowest Common Multiple LCM
Take two numbers 8 10 40
If you do the times table for each at what number do they cross
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
The first time they cross is at 40

So it’s the Lowest Common Multiple
of these two numbers
Exercise
Find the HCF of 60 and 72

Find the LCM of 60 and 72
Finding the Highest Common Factor
60 72
2
2 30 2 36
x
2 15 2 2 18
x
3 5 2 9
3
Look for common factors in both trees 3 3
Multiply them together = 12
12 is the biggest number that goes into both 60 and 72
So it is the Highest Common Factor
Finding the Lowest Common Multiple
60 5 x 72 =360 72
2 30 2 36
2 15 2 18
3 5 2 x 3 x 60 2 9
=360
Look for the factors remaining in either tree 3 3
Cross multiply with top number in opposite tree
360 is the Lowest Common Multiple of 60 and 72
Exercise
Find the HCF of 56 and 48

Find the LCM of 56 and 48
Finding the Highest Common Factor
56 48
2
2 28 2 24
x
2 14 2 2 12
x
2 7 2 6
2
Look for common factors in both trees 2 3
Multiply them together = 8
8 is the biggest number that goes into both 56 and 48
So it is the Highest Common Factor
Finding the Lowest Common Multiple
56 7 x 48 =336 48
2 28 2 24
2 14 2 12
2 7 2 x 3 x56 2 6
=336
Look for the factors remaining in either tree 2 3
Cross multiply with top number in opposite tree
336 is the Lowest Common Multiple of 56 and 48
Average
Average
• simple average of a set of values is determined by dividing the sum
total of all the values by the number of values in the set.
• The formula of simple average can be expressed as follows:
• Simple average = (Total of x1 + x2+x3…..+xn)/n
• where;
• x = values in the set
• n = number of values in the set
• For example, say ABC Inc. has 5 different items in its stock and wishes
to know the average price of its stock. The simple average can be
calculated as below:
Weighted Average
What Is a Weighted Average?
• Weighted average is a calculation that takes into account the varying degrees
of importance of the numbers in a data set. In calculating a weighted average,
each number in the data set is multiplied by a predetermined weight before
the final calculation is made.
• A weighted average can be more accurate than a simple average in which all
numbers in a data set are assigned an identical weight.
• In calculating a simple average, or arithmetic mean, all numbers are treated

equally and assigned equal weight. But a weighted average assigns weights
that determine in advance the relative importance of each data point.
Weighted average
• Weighted average is a means of determining the average of a set of values by assigning
weightage to each value in relation to their relative importance/significance.
• The formula of weighted average can be expressed as follows:
• Weighted average = (Total of x1w1+ x2w2+x3w3…..+xnwn)/(Total of w1 +w2+w3….+wn)
• where;
• x = values in the set
• w = weightage of each value in the set
• n = number of values in the set
• For example, let’s continue the same example as above. While ABC Inc has 5
different items in its stock, they are present in different quantities in stock. The
quantities in which they are present will become the ‘weights’ and thus a
weighted average calculation would be more accurate to calculate the average
price of its stock. The weighted average can be calculated as below:
More Examples
• A weighted average is most often computed to equalize the frequency of the values in a
data set. For example, a survey may gather enough responses from every age group to be
considered statistically valid, but the 18-34 age group may have fewer respondents than all
others relative to their share of the population. The survey team may weight the results of
the 18-34 age group so that their views are represented proportionately.
• However, values in a data set may be weighted for other reasons than the frequency of
occurrence. For example, if students in a football class are graded on skill, attendance, and
manners, the grade for skill may be given greater weight than the other factors.
• In a weighted average, the final average number reflects the relative importance of each
observation and is thus more descriptive than a simple average. It also has the effect of
smoothing out the data and enhancing its accuracy.
Example
Measures and Conversion
Factors
Conversions
Significant Numbers
Significant Numbers
• There are 2 kinds of numbers:
• Exact: the amount of money in your account. Known with certainty.
• Approximate: weight, height—anything MEASURED. No measurement is perfect.
• When a measurement is recorded only those digits that are dependable are written down.
• If you measured the width of a paper with your ruler you might record 21.7cm.
• To a mathematician 21.70, or 21.700 is the same.
• But, to a scientist 21.7cm and 21.70cm is NOT the same
• 21.700cm to a scientist means the measurement is accurate to within one thousandth of a
cm.
Rules
• All digits are significant starting with the first non-zero digit on the left.
• In whole numbers that end in zero, the zeros at the end are not significant.
• If zeros are sandwiched between non-zero digits, the zeros become significant.
• If zeros are at the end of a number that has a decimal, the zeros are significant.
How many sig figs?
•7
•40
•0.5
•0.00003
•7 x 105
•7,000,000
How many sig figs?
•7 •1
•40 •1
•0.5 •1
•0.00003 •1
•7 x 105 •1
•7,000,000 •1
How many sig figs here?
• 1.2
• 2100
• 56.76
• 4.00
• 0.0792
• 7,083,000,000
• 1.2 •2
• 2100 •2
• 56.76 •4
• 4.00 •3
• 0.0792 •3
• 7,083,000,000 •4
• 3401
• 2100
• 2100.0
• 5.00
• 0.00412
• 8,000,050,000
• 3401 •4
• 2100 •2
• 2100.0 •5
• 5.00 •3
• 0.00412 •3
• 8,000,050,000 •6
Decimals
DECIMALS
• Place value,
• Comparing & Ordering
Place Value Chart
DECIMAL PLACE
VALUE
• Decimals show part of a whole.
• The decimal point separates the ones
place and the tenths place.
Decimal Models
One Whole
Decimal Models
Tenths
Decimal Models
0.1
Tenths
Decimal Models
Hundredths
Decimal Models
.01
Hundredths
Decimal Models
.42
forty two hundredths
Decimal Models
3.7
Comparing Decimals
Number line
5.1
5.1 < 5.8
5.8
5.0 5.5 6.0

Rounding off
Ratio and Proportion
Ratio
Ratio – a comparison of two numbers by division
written in several different forms.
Ratios can show comparisons between:
part to part
red to green
1 to 2
green to red
2 to 1
part to whole
red to whole
1 to 3
green to whole
2 to 3
whole to part
whole to red
3 to 1
whole to green
3 to 2
Give each ratio in three forms.
8 roses out of 24 flowers
8 to 24 8 : 24
For this example, 8 is called antecedent and 24 is called consequent
3 dogs out of 12 animals
3 to 12 3 : 12
A ratio in fraction form can be expressed in simplest
form by dividing the numerator and denominator by a
common factor.
=
=
To express a ratio as a rate per unit, write the ratio as a
fraction and then divide the numerator by the
denominator.
395 miles in 5 hours
miles miles
=
hours hours
To express a ratio as a rate per unit, write the ratio as a
fraction and then divide the numerator by the
denominator.
395 miles in 5 hours
miles miles 79 miles per

= hour
hours hours
Express each ratio as a rate.
5 inches of rain in 30 days
120 words in 3 minutes
words
=
per minute
Express each ratio as a rate.
5 inches of rain in 30 days
= inch of rain per day
120 words in 3 minutes
words 40 words per

= minute
per minute
Proportion
• A proportion is simply a statement that two ratios are equal. It can be
written in two ways: as two equal fractions a/b = c/d; or using a colon,
a:b = c:d. The following proportion is read as "twenty is to twenty-five
as four is to five.“
• 20:25::4:5
Percentage
Writing percentages as fractions
‘Percent’
‘Percent’ means
means ‘out
‘out of
of 100’.
100’.
To write a percentage as a fraction we write it over a hundred.
For example:
46 46
23 23
46% = Cancelling: =
100 100 50
50
9
180 180 9 4
180% =
100
Cancelling:
100
=
5
=
15
5
7.5 15 15 3 3
7.5% = = Cancelling: =
100 200 200 40
40
Writing percentages as decimals
We can write percentages as decimals by dividing by 100.
46
46% = = 46 ÷ 100 = 0.46
100
7
7% = = 7 ÷ 100 = 0.07
100
130
130% = = 130 ÷ 100 = 1.3
100
0.2
0.2% = = 0.2 ÷ 100 = 0.002
100
Writing fractions as percentages
To write a fraction as a percentage, we can find an equivalent fraction with a
denominator of 100.
For example:
×5
17 85 85
= and = 85%
20 100 100
×5
×4
7 32 128 128
1 25 =
25
=
100
and
100
= 128%
×4
Writing fractions as percentages
• To write a fraction as a percentage, we can also multiply it by 100%.
• For example:
• = x 100%
• x 100% = %
• 62.5%
Writing decimals as percentages
To write a decimal as a percentage you can
multiply it by 100%.
For example:
0.08 = 0.08 × 100% 1.375 = 1.375 × 100%
= 8% = 137.5%
What is 70% of 258?
216 is what percent of 360?
16% of what number is 80?

What is 70% of 258?
x 258 =
180.6
216 is what percent of 360?
A% x 360 = 216 60%
16% of what number is 80?

x a = 80
500
A school has a total enrollment of 800 students. Twenty percent of the students play
a sport. How many do not play a sport?
A school has a total enrollment of 800 students. Twenty percent of the students play
a sport. How many do not play a sport?
• If 20% play a sport then 80% do NOT play a sport.
• 80% of 800 = (.80)(800) = 640
In other words, what is 80% of 800?
640
An algebra class contains 30 students. Forty percent of the students in
the class are girls. How many boys are in the class?
An algebra class contains 30 students. Forty percent of the students in
the class are girls. How many boys are in the class?
• Hint: If 40% of the class • (30)(.60) = 18
are girls then 60% of the
class are boys.
• OR
• You need to find 60% of
the 30 students.
What is 60% of 30?
x = 18
An appliance store advertises a discount of 45% off the list price of every item. Find the total
cost, including a 6% sales tax, of a dishwasher that is listed at $410.
An appliance store advertises a discount of 45% off the list price of every item. Find the total
cost, including a 6% sales tax, of a dishwasher that is listed at $410.
• Next,
First find
findthe
theprice
final with
priceawith
discount:
sales tax added:
• (410)(.45)
$225.50(.06)
= $184.50
= $13.53
• $410 - $184.50 = $225.50 (New Price)
• Final Price = $225.50 + $13.53 = $239.03
A football is advertised on sale at a discount of 20% off its regular price of $50.
How much will Jane pay for the football if there is a 5% sales tax?
A football is advertised on sale at a discount of 20% off its regular price of $50.
How much will Jane pay for the football if there is a 5% sales tax?
• Final Price:
• Discounted Price:
• ($40)(.05) = $2
• ($50)(.20) = $10
• FP = $40 + $2 = $42
• DP = $50 - $10 = $40
The original marked price of a video game is $43.98. During a special discount sale, the game
price is reduced by 35% of the marked price. Then 15% of this reduced price is taken off at
the cash register. What is the final price?
The original marked price of a video game is $43.98. During a special discount sale, the game
price is reduced by 35% of the marked price. Then 15% of this reduced price is taken off at
the cash register. What is the final price?
• First
2nd Discount
DiscountPrice:
Price:
• ($28.59)(.15)
($43.98)(.35) = $4.29
$15.39
•1
Final
st
DPDP
= $43.98
= $28.59
- $15.39
- $4.29==$28.59
$24.30
Percent of Increase or Decrease
Percent of Increase =
Percent of Decrease =
Last week Dora earned $40 working part time. This week she earned
$30. What is the percent of decrease?
Last week Dora earned $40 working part time. This week she earned
$30. What is the percent of decrease?
The high school football team won 19 games this season.
Last year the team won 15 games. The increase in wins is
what percent of the wins last year?
The high school football team won 19 games this season.
Last year the team won 15 games. The increase in wins is
what percent of the wins last year?
In the diagram at the right DF = 20 and DE = 16. EF is what
percent of DF?
16 4
D E F
20
In the diagram at the right DF = 20 and DE = 16. EF is what
percent of DF?
16 4
D E F
20
In other words, 4 is what percent of 20?
20%
INDICES
What is
What is
Find n if
So
m and n are integers
Verify rule for
(using rule)
But
(as before!)
Verify rule for
But
(as before!)
Verify rule for
But
(as before!)
=
Example:
Simplify
Simplify
Square roots and cube roots
Square and Cube Roots
Roots and Radicals

Radicals (also called roots) are directly related to exponents.
The simplest types of radicals are square roots and cube
roots.
The symbol used to indicate a root is the radical symbol
Every radical expression has three parts…

•Radical symbol
• Index
•Radicand
Roots and Radicals
Every radical expression has three parts…
Radical
Index
Radicand
Roots and Radicals
The cube root of 64 is written as

Roots and Radicals
Example:
has two answers:

7 is called the positive or principal
square root.
-7 is called the negative square root.
Roots and Radicals
Example:
because
because
Roots and Radicals
Not all numbers or expressions have an exact square root

or cube root as in the previous examples.
If a number is NOT a perfect square, then you CANNOT find

its exact square root.
If a number is NOT a perfect cube, then you CANNOT find

its exact cube root.
Roots and Radicals

Examples:
Roots and Radicals
Example:
because
Roots and Radicals
Example:
because
Roots and Radicals
Example:
because
Copy and Complete the Square and Cube Root
sums! Good luck!
Square Cube
1) √9 = ? 1) √27 = ?
2) √225 = ? 2) √216 = ?
3) √64 = ? 3) √1 = ?
4) √16 = ? 4) √8 = ?
5) √49 = ? 5) √343 = ?
Answers
Here are the answers to the previous questions, hope you
get them right!
Square Cube
1) 3 1) 3
2) 15 2) 6
3) 8 3) 1
4) 4 4) 2
5) 7 5) 7
Scientific notation
Engineering notation
Very large numbers!
BOOM!
How far?
92 000 000 miles

Very large numbers!
Happy 70th Birthday!
SPLAT!
How
70 many
years = 2seconds
200 000in000
70 seconds!
years?
Very large numbers!
Dinosaurs roamed the earth 228

million years ago
Short hand !
10 = 10 1
100 = 10 x 10 = 10 2
1 000 = 10 x 10 x 10 = 10 3
10 000 = 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 = 10 4
100 000 = 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 = 10 5
1 000 000 = 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 x 10 = 10 6
Standard Form
200 = 2 x 100 = 2 x 10 2
4 000 = 4 x 1000 = 4 x 10 3
70 000 = 7 x 10 000 = 7 x 10 4
500 000 = 5 x 100 000 = 5 x 10 5
3 000 000 = 3 x 1 000 000 = 3 x 10 6
This is also known as
Scientific Notation.
Scale of
BIG Numbers
Standard Form
Exercise 1
= 2 x 1000
= 2 x 10 000
= 5 x 100
= 8 x 100 000
= 9 x 1 000 000
A short cut
Move the point to get a
number between 1 and 10
The point moved 6

8 .000 000 . = 8 x 10 6
places
Add the
decimal point
Between 1 and 10
A short cut
The point
92
. 000 000 .= 9.2 x 10 7
moved 7
places
Add the
decimal point
Between 1 and 10
9.2 x 10 7 miles
A short cut
The point
2. 200 000 000 .= 2.2 x 10 9 moved 9

places
Add the
decimal point
Between 1 and 10
Happy Birthday: = 2.2 x 10 9Seconds old!

A short cut
The point
. 000 000
228 . = 2.28 x 10 8
moved 8
places
Add the
decimal point
Between 1 and 10
= 2.28 x 10 years old

8
Standard Form
Exercise 1
(1) 2 000 = 2 x 1000
(2) 20 000 = 2 x 10 000
(3) 500 = 5 x 100
(4) 800 000 = 8 x 100 000
(5) 9 000 000 = 9 x 1 000 000

Standard Form
Exercise 1
(1) 2 000 = 2 x 1000 = 2 x 10 3
(2) 20 000 = 2 x 10 000 = 2 x 10 4
(3) 500 = 5 x 100 = 5 x 10 2
(4) 800 000 = 8 x 100 000 = 8 x 10 5
(5) 9 000 000 = 9 x 1 000 000 = 9 x 10 6

Standard Form
(1) 30 000
(2) 700 000
(3) 5 300
(4) 470 000
(5) 9 500 000
(6) 18 300 000
(7) 329 000
(8) 2 560 000
(9) 12 000 000 000
(10) 9 990 000
Standard Form
(1) 30 000 = 3 x 10 4
(2) 700 000 = 7 x 10 5
(3) 5 300 = 5.3 x 10 3
(4) 470 000 = 4.7 x 10 5
(5) 9 500 000 = 9.5 x 10 6
(6) 18 300 000 = 1.83 x 10 7
(7) 329 000 = 3.29 x 10 5
(8) 2 560 000 = 2.56 x 10 6
(9) 12 000 000 000 = 1.2 x 10 10
(10) 9 990 000 = 9.99 x 10 6
Changing back
The point
moves 7
places
8.6 x 10 7 = 8.60000000
. =86 000 000
Hint:
Add 7 zeros, although you Zeros after the
probably won’t need them all. point aren’t needed.
Changing back
The point
moves 5 places
3.46 x 10 5 = 3.46 00000

. =346 000
Hint:
Add 5 zeros, although you probably
won’t need them all. Zeros after the point
aren’t needed.
Changing back
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
Changing back
(1) = 600 000

(2) = 8 000
(3) = 650 000
(4) = 120 000 000
(5) = 3 710 000
(6) = 33 000
(7) = 7 910 000
(8) = 55 500 000
(9) = 10 500
(10) = 3 033 000 000
Name that number!
1 000 = 1 x 10 3 one thousand
1 000 000 = 1 x 10 6 one million

1 000 000 000 = 1 x 10 9 one billion
10 000 000 000 000 000 000
one googol !!!
000 000 000 000 000 000 000
000 000 000 000 000 000 000
000 000 000 000 000 000 000 = 1 x 10 100
000 000 000 000 000 000
Very small numbers!
How wide is an atom?
0.000 000 000 1 metres wide!

Standard Form
for small numbers

0.000 000 000 1 . = 1 x 10 -10
The point moved 10

places. Negative sign for
small numbers.
Scale of
SMALL Numbers
Standard Form
for small numbers

0.000 000 76 = 7.6 x 10

. -7
The point moved 7

small numbers.
Standard Form
for small numbers

0.000 001 93
. = 1.93 x 10 -6
The point moved 6

small numbers.
Standard Form
for small numbers
(1) 0. 000 3
(2) 0.000 07
(3) 0.000 45
(4) 0.003 4
(5) 0. 000 724
(6) 0.000 000 494
(7) 0.000 095
(8) 0.000 000 098
(9) 0.000 1 03
(10) 0.000 000 000 66
Standard Form
for small numbers
(1) 0. 000 3
(2) 0.000 07
(3) 0.000 45
(4) 0.003 4
(5) 0. 000 724
(6) 0.000 000 494
(7) 0.000 095
(8) 0.000 000 098
(9) 0.000 1 03
(10) 0.000 000 000 66
Changing back small numbers
-3 so remember to Hint:
move point left for Add 3 zeros to the left of the
small numbers. number.
2 x 10 -3 = 000
. 2.
= 0.002
-5 so remember to
Hint:
move point left for Add 5 zeros to the left of the number.
small numbers.
8.6 x 10 -5 = 00000
. 8.6
= 0.000086
-6 so remember to Hint:
move point left for Add 6 zeros to the left of the
small numbers. number.
5.16 x 10 -6 = 000000
. 5 .16
= 0.000 00516
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(1) = 0.000 5
(2) = 0.000 09
(3) = 0.005 8
(4) = 0.000 000 62
(5) = 0.000 006 45
(6) = 0.000 000 53
(7) = 0.000 009 17
(8) = 0.002 12
(9) = 0.000 020 3
(10) = 0.000 000 006 032
Engineering Notation
• Engineering notation is similar to scientific notation.
In engineering notation the powers of ten are always
multiples of 3.
• A number written in engineering notation is written
in the form:
a × 10b
Where: a is a number greater than 1 and less than 999
b is an integer multiple of three
Examples:
71.24 × 103
4.32 × 10-6
320.49× 109
123.452 × 10−12
Writing A Number in Engineering Notation
• Shift the decimal point in “groups of three” until the number before
the decimal point is between 0 and 999.
• Multiply by a power of 10 that is equal to the number of places the
decimal point has been moved.
• The power of 10 is positive if the decimal point is moved to the left
and negative if the decimal point is moved to the right.
Engineering Notation: Example #1
Example:
Express 16346000000 in engineering notation.
Example:
Express 16346000000 in engineering notation.
Solution:
16346000000 = 16346000000.0 = 16.346 × 109
9 Moves
Note : Because the decimal point was moved to the left, the power of 10 is positive.
Example:
Express 0.0003486 in engineering notation.
Example:
Express 0.0003486 in engineering notation.
Solution:
0.0003486 = 0.0003486 = 348.6 × 10-6
6 Moves
Note : Because the decimal point was moved to the right, the power of 10 is negative.
SI Prefixes
• SI prefixes are a shorthand way of writing engineering notation for SI
numbers.
• The International System of Units (abbreviated SI from the French

Système International d'Unités) is the modern form of the metric
system. It is the world's most widely used system of units for science
and engineering.
Commonly Used SI Prefixes
Value Prefix Symbol
1012 tera T
109 giga G
106 mega M
103 kilo k
10-3 milli m
10-6 micro 
10-9 nano n
10-12 pico p
10-15 femto f
SI Notation: Example #1
Example:
Express 27500  using standard SI notation.
(Note:  is the Greek letter omega. In electronics, it is the symbol used for resistance.)
Example:
Express 27500  using standard SI notation.
(Note:  is the Greek letter omega. In electronics, it is the symbol used for resistance.)
Solution:
27500  = 27.5 × 103  = 27.5 k 
Example:
Express 0.000568 Volts using standard SI notation.
Example:
Express 0.000568 Volts using standard SI notation.
Solution:
0.000568 Volts = 0.568 × 10-3 Volts = 0.568 mVolts
0.000568 Volts = 568.0 × 10-6 Volts = 568.0 Volts
Common Electronic Symbol & Units
Quantity Symbol Unit
Current I Ampere (A)
Voltage V Volt (V)
Resistance R Ohm ()
Frequency f Hertz (Hz)
Capacitance C Farad (F)
Inductance L Henry (H)
Power P Watt (W)

Mean, Median and Mode
Mean Median and Mode
 Mean – Actual average
(Mathematical).
 Median – The middle number when

placed in order.
 Mode – The most common number.

Mean Median and Mode
 Find the mean median and mode for the following
numbers:
5, 2, 4, 7, 3, 2, 6, 2, 3, 5
2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5, 5, 6, 7
Mean = 39/10 = 3.9

Median = (3+4)/2 = 3.5
Mode = 2
Basic Geometry
Geometry
• The word geometry comes from Greek words
meaning “to measure the Earth”
• Basically, Geometry is the study of shapes and is one
of the oldest branches of mathematics
Basic Terms & Definitions
• A ray starts at a point (called the endpoint) and
extends indefinitely in one direction.
A B AB
• A line segment is part of a line and has

two endpoints.
A B AB
• An angle is formed by two rays with the same
endpoint.
side
vertex side
• An angle is measured in degrees. The

angle formed by a circle has a measure of
360 degrees.
• A right angle has a measure of 90 degrees.
• A straight angle has a measure of 180

degrees.
Straight Angle
• Forms a straight line
• Angle is 180 degrees
180 degrees
Acute Angles
• Forms an angle that is less than a right angle
• Angle is less than 90 degrees
Obtuse Angles
• Form an angle that is more than a right angle
• Angle is more than 90 degrees
Review
Name each picture
• Ray 1.
• Parallel lines 2.
• Line 3.
Review
Name each picture
• Acute angle
4.
5.
• Line segment
6.
• Point
Review
Name each picture
• Intersecting lines
• Perpendicular and
Intersecting lines
• Plane
• A simple closed curve is a curve that we can trace
without going over any point more than once while
beginning and ending at the same point.
• A polygon is a simple closed curve

composed of at least three line segments,
called sides. The point at which two sides
meet is called a vertex.
• A regular polygon is a polygon with sides

of equal length.
Polygons
# of sides name of Polygon
3 triangle
4 quadrilateral
5 pentagon
6 hexagon
7 heptagon
8 octagon
9 nonagon
10 decagon
Quadrilaterals
• Recall: a quadrilateral is a 4-sided polygon. We can further
classify quadrilaterals:
A trapezoid is a quadrilateral with at least one pair of parallel
sides.
A parallelogram is a quadrilateral in which both pairs of
opposite sides are parallel.
A kite is a quadrilateral in which two pairs of adjacent sides
are congruent.
A rhombus is a quadrilateral in which all sides are congruent.
A rectangle is a quadrilateral in which all angles are
congruent (90 degrees)
A square is a quadrilateral in which all four sides are
congruent and all four angles are congruent.
From General to Specific
Quadrilateral
trapezoid
kite
More specific
parallelogram
rhombus
rectangle
square
Polygons
3 - Sided
Types of Triangles
• Right Triangles
• A right triangle is a triangle with a
right angle (i.e. 90°).
Type of Triangles
• Acute Triangles
• An acute triangle is a
triangle whose angles are
all acute (i.e. less than
90°). In the acute triangle
shown, a, b and c are all
acute angles.
Types of Triangles
• Obtuse Triangles
• An obtuse triangle has one
obtuse angle (i.e. greater
than 90º). The longest side
is always opposite the
obtuse angle. In the
obtuse triangle shown, a is
the obtuse angle.
Types of Triangles
• Equilateral Triangles
• An equilateral triangle
has all three sides equal
in length. Its three
angles are also equal
and they are each 60º.
•
Types of Triangles
• Isosceles Triangles
• An isosceles triangle has two
sides of equal length. The
angles opposite the equal
sides are also equal.
•
Types of Triangles
• Scalene Triangles
• A scalene triangle has no sides of equal
length. Its angles are also all different in
size.
Polygons
4 – Sided (Quadrilaterals)
Quadrilaterals
• The Rectangle
A rectangle is a four-sided shape where
every angle is a right angle (90°).
Also opposite sides are parallel and of
equal length
Quadrilaterals
 The Rhombus
 A rhombus is a four-sided shape where all sides have equal
length.
Also opposite sides are parallel and opposite angles are
equal.
Another interesting thing is that the diagonals (dashed lines
in second figure) of a rhombus bisect each other at right
angles.
Quadrilaterals
• The Square
A square has equal sides and
every angle is a right angle
(90°)
Also opposite sides are
parallel.
A square also fits the
definition of a rectangle (all
angles are 90°), and a
rhombus (all sides are equal
length).
Quadrilaterals
• The Parallelogram
Opposite sides are parallel and equal in length, and
opposite angles are equal (angles "a" are the same, and
angles "b" are the same)
(NOTE: Squares, Rectangles and Rhombuses are all
Parallelograms!)
Quadrilaterals
• The Trapezoid (or Trapezium)
• A trapezoid (UK: trapezium) has one pair of opposite sides parallel.
It is called a regular trapezoid if the sides that aren't parallel are equal
in length and both angles coming from a parallel side are equal, as
shown.
A trapezoid is not a parallelogram because only one pair of sides is
parallel
Other Polygons
• Pentagon
• A five-sided polygon. The
sum of the angles of a
pentagon is 540 degrees.
Other Polygons
• Hexagon
• A six-sided polygon. The
sum of the angles of a
hexagon is 720 degrees.
Other Polygons
• Heptagon
• A seven-sided polygon.
The sum of the angles
of a heptagon is 900
degrees.
Other Polygons
• Octagon
• An eight-sided polygon. The sum of the
angles of an octagon is 1080 degrees.
Other Polygons
• Nonagon
• A nine-sided polygon. The sum of the
angles of a nonagon is 1260 degrees.
Other Polygons
• Decagon
• A ten-sided polygon. The sum of the
angles of a decagon is 1440 degrees.
Circle
 Circle
 A circle is the collection of
points in a plane that are
all the same distance from
a fixed point. The fixed
point is called the centre.
A line segment joining the
centre to any point on the
circle is called a radius.
Areas and Volumes
1m2 = 1m x 1m
= 100cm x 100cm
= 1000mm x 1000mm
= 10000cm2 or 1000000 mm2
1m3 = 1m x 1m x 1m
= 100cm x 100cm x 100cm
= 1000mm x 1000mm x 1000mm
= 1000000cm3 or 1000000000 mm3
or 1 x 106 cm3 or 1 x 109 mm3
210
Area
• Circles, triangles and rectangles are basic geometric shapes used in
describing and calculating the surface area of any given object.
Perimeter and Area
• The perimeter of a plane geometric figure is a
measure of the distance around the figure.
• The area of a plane geometric figure is the amount of
surface in a region.
area
perimeter
Triangle
a c
b
The height of a triangle is
measured perpendicular to the
Perimeter = a + b + c base.
Area = bh
Rectangle and Square
s
w
Perimeter = 2w + 2l Perimeter = 4s
Area = lw Area = s2
Parallelogram
a h
Perimeter = 2a + 2b
Area = hb  Area of a parallelogram

= area of rectangle with
width = h and length = b
Trapezoid
a b
c h d
b a
Perimeter = a + b + c + d
Area = h(a + b)
 Parallelogram with base (a + b) and height = h

with area = h(a + b)
 But the trapezoid is half the parallelogram 
Surface Area of cylinder
Ex: Name the polygon
1 2
6
3
 hexagon
5
4
5
 pentagon
3
4
Ex: What is the perimeter of a
triangle with sides of lengths 1.5
cm, 3.4 cm, and 2.7 cm?
1.5 2.7
Perimeter = a + b + c
3.4
= 1.5 + 2.7 + 3.4
= 7.6
Ex: The perimeter of a regular
pentagon is 35 inches. What is the
length of each side?
s
Recall: a regular polygon is
one with congruent sides.
Perimeter = 5s
35 = 5s
s = 7 inches
Ex: A parallelogram has a base of
length 3.4 cm. The height
measures 5.2 cm. What is the area
of the parallelogram?
Area = (base)(height)
5.2
Area = (3.4)(5.2)
3.4
= 17.68 cm2
Ex: The width of a rectangle is 12
ft. If the area is 312 ft2, what is the
length of the rectangle?
12 312 Area = (Length)(width)

Let L = Length
L
312 = (L)(12)
L = 26 ft
Check: Area = (Length)(width) = (12)(26)

= 312
r
Circle
d
• A circle is a plane figure in which all points are

equidistance from the center.
• The radius, r, is a line segment from the center of the
circle to any point on the circle.
• The diameter, d, is the line segment across the circle
through the center. d = 2r
• The circumference, C, of a circle is the distance around
the circle. C = 2pr
• The area of a circle is A = pr2.
Find the Circumference
• The circumference, C,
of a circle is the distance
around the circle. C = 2pr
1.5 cm
• C = 2pr
• C = 2p(1.5)
• C = 3p cm
Find the Area of the Circle
• The area of a circle is A = pr2
• d=2r
• 8 = 2r
8 in
• 4=r
• A = pr2
• A = p(4)2
• A = 16p sq. in.
Areas of Polygons - Triangles
Area = 1 x b x h
2
Area of a triangle
Base = 20 cm Height = 20 cm
226
Areas of Polygons - Triangles
Area = 1 x b x h
2
Area of a triangle
Base = 20 cm Height = 20 cm
Answer = 200 cm2

227
Areas of Polygons - Circles
Area = π r2
r
Area of a circle whose radius = 10 cm
228
Areas of Polygons - Circles
Area = π r2
r
Area of a circle whose radius = 10 cm
Answer = 314.2 cm2
229
Areas of Polygons - Rectangles
Area = b x h
h
Area of a rectangle B = 20 cm H = 20 cm
230
Areas of Polygons - Rectangles
Area = b x h
h
Area of a rectangle B = 20 cm H = 20 cm
Answer = 400 cm2
231
Areas of Polygons - Trapezoid
a
Area = a + b x h
h 2
Area of a Trapezoid where:

a = 10 cm b = 20 cm and h = 20 cm
232
Areas of Polygons - Trapezoid
a
Area = a + b x h
h 2
Area of a Trapezoid where:

a = 10 cm b = 20 cm and h = 20 cm
Answer = 300 cm2

233
Composite Geometric Figures
• Composite Geometric Figures are made from two or
more geometric figures.
• Ex:
+
Ex: Find the perimeter of the following
composite figure
15
= +
Rectangle with width = 8 Half a circle with diameter = 8
and length = 15  radius = 4
Perimeter of partial rectangle Circumference of half a circle

= 15 + 8 + 15 = 38 = (1/2)(2p4) = 4p.
Perimeter of composite figure = 38 + 4p.

Ex: Find the perimeter of the following
composite figure
60
12
28
42
?=b
12
28
?=a
60
b
a 42
60 = a + 42  a = 18 28 = b + 12  b = 16
Perimeter = 28 + 60 + 12 + 42 + b + a
= 28 + 60 + 12 + 42 + 16 + 18 = 176
Ex: Find the area of the figure
3 3
3 8
Area of triangle = ½ (8)(3) = 12

8
Area of figure
= area of the triangle + area of
the square = 12 + 24 = 36.
3
Area of rectangle = (8)(3) = 24

Ex: Find the area of the figure
4 4
3.5
3.5
Area of rectangle = (4)(3.5) = 14
4
The area of the figure
= area of rectangle – cut out area
= 14 – 2p square units.
Diameter = 4  radius = 2
Area of circle = p22 = 4p  Area of half the circle = ½ (4p) = 2p
Ex: A walkway 2 m wide surrounds a
rectangular plot of grass. The plot is
30 m long and 20 m wide. What is
the area of the walkway?
What are the dimensions of the big
2 rectangle (grass and walkway)?
30
Width = 2 + 20 + 2 = 24
20
Length = 2 + 30 + 2 = 34
2 Therefore, the big rectangle has area
= (24)(34) = 816 m2.
What are the dimensions of the small rectangle (grass)? 20 by 30
The small rectangle has area = (20)(30) = 600 m2.
The area of the walkway is the difference between the big and small
rectangles:
Area = 816 – 600 = 216 m2.
Find the area of the shaded region
10
10
Area of square = Area of each

102 = 100 circle = p52 = 25p
r=5 ¼ of the circle cuts

10
into the square.
r=5
But we have four ¼
4(¼)(25p ) cuts into
the area of the square.
Therefore, the area of the shaded region
= area of square – area cut out by circles = 100 – 25p
square units
Volume of Polygons
Rectangular Solid
Volume = Length X Width X Height

V = lwh
56 in3
Prisms
Cylinder
Volume = πr2 x height

V = πr2 h
Pyramid
V = 1/3 bh
b is the area of the base
Cones
Volume = 1/3 πr2 x height

V= 1/3 πr2 h
Sphere
Volume = 4/3 πr3

Algebra
Algebra – Simplifying
Simplify:
1) 3p + 2p – p – 7p
2) 4x + 2y + 6x – y
3) 2(d - 3) + 4e - 2(d - e - 2)
Algebra – Simplifying
Simplify: Answers:
1) 3p + 2p – p – 7p 1) -3p
2) 4x + 2y + 6x – y 2) 10x + y
3) 2(d - 3) + 4e - 2(d - e - 2)
3) 6e - 2
Algebra – Factorisation
1) 4ab + 3b
2) 2s – 8t
3) -40xyz – 20zy
Algebra – Factorisation
1) 4ab + 3b 1) b(4a + 3)
2) 2s – 8t 2) 2(s – 4t)
3) -40xyz – 20zy 3) -20yz(2x + 1)

Algebra – Solving
Equations
5(t – 1) = 2(t + 5)
t + 6(t – 3) = -4
Algebra – Solving
Equations
5(t – 1) = 2(t + 5)
Answer = 5
t + 6(t – 3) = -4
Answer = 2
Transposition of Formula
a = b + c (change for
b) j = k(m – n) (change
for m)
d = ef (change for f)
p = (r – s)t
g = h/i (change for i) u (change
for s)
Transposition of Formula
a = b + c (change for b) j = k(m – n) (change for m)
Answer b=a–c
Answer m = (j/k) + n
d = ef (change for f)
p = (r – s)t
Answer f = d/e u (change for s)
g = h/i (change for i)

Answer s = - (pu) - r
Answer i = h/g t
Number systems
• Decimal (Base 10)
(0-9)
• Binary (Base 2)
(0,1)
• Hexadecimal (Base 16)
(0-9, A-F)
• Octal (Base 8)
(0-7)
Decimal to Binary
1210
2210
3510
3110
Decimal to Binary
1210
(11002)
2210
(101102)
3510
(1000112)
3110
(111112)
Binary to Decimal
11012
10102
100012
1101102
Binary to Decimal
11012
(1310)
10102
(1010)
100012
(1710)
1101102
(5410)
Decimal to Octal (base 8)
1510
2510
5610
7510
Decimal to Octal (base 8)
1510
(178)
2510
(318)
5610
(708)
7510
(1138)
Octal to Decimal via Binary
108
258
568
758
Octal to Decimal via Binary
108
(810)
258
(2110)
568
(4610)
758
(6110)
Decimal to Hexadecimal
(base 16)
1210
2210
3510
3110
Decimal to Hexadecimal
(base 16)
1210
(C16)
2210
(1616)
3510
(2316)
3110
(1F16)
Hexadecimal to Decimal via
Binary
1C16
2516
5016
4A16
Hexadecimal to Decimal via
Binary
1C16
(2810)
2516
(3710)
5016
(8010)
4A16
(7410)
Number systems assignment
Number systems Assignment answers
• Ques1 • Ques2 • Ques 4 • Ques6
• 111010 • 73
• 21 • 47
• 11001011 • 377
• 209 • 112
• 1000111001 • 567
• 150 • 1463
• 170 • Ques3
• 175 • 483 • Ques5
• 245 • 146
• 175 • 255
• 705
• 441
Simultaneous equations
Methods
• Three methods to solve
• substitution, elimination and equalization
Simultaneous Equations
5y = 4x – 7 (Eq 1) 5y = 12y – 7
3x – 9y = 0 (Eq 2) 7 = 12y – 5y
7 = 7y
Rearrange Eq 2 for x y = 7/7 = 1
3x – 9y = 0
3x = 9y Place y into Eq 2
x = 3y 3x – 9y = 0
3x – 9(1) = 0
Sub x into Eq 1 3x – 9 = 0
5y = 4x – 7 3x = 9
5y = 4(3y) – 7 x = 9/3 = 3
Quadratics
Quadratics – Using the
Formula
ax2 +bx + c = 0
Consider 8x2 – 10x – 3 = 0
10 + √102 – (4)(8)(-3) / (2)(8) 10 – √102 – (4)(8)(-3) / (2)(8)

10 + √100 – (-96) / 16 10 – √100 – (-96) / 16
10 + √196 / 16 10 – √196 / 16
10 + 14 / 16 10 – 14 / 16
24 / 16 = 3/2 -4 / 16 = -1/4
Examples
x2 + 18x + 80 = 0
(x + 10) (x + 8)
x2 + 16x + 55 = 0
(x + 11) (x + 5)
x2 – 15x + 50 = 0
(x – 10) (x – 5)
Carry out examples on the sheets

Examples
12x2 – 49x + 4 = 0
(12x – 1) (x – 4)
10x2 – 8x – 2 = 0
(10x + 2) (x – 1)
2x2 + 9x + 9 = 0
(2x + 3) (x + 3)
Carry out examples on the sheets

PQ formula
Logarithms
Logarithms
y = bx...........is equal to........ logb(y) = x
Therefore
Example:
Convert "63 = 216" to the equivalent logarithmic expression.
To convert, the base remains the same, but the 3 and the 216 switch sides.
Giving:
log6(216) = 3
Examples
• Log5 625
• Log8 0.125
• Log2 x = 5
• Log4 x = 0
• Logx 64 = 2
• Logy 216 = 3
Examples
• Log5 625 • 4
• Log8 0.125 • -1
• Log2 x = 5 • 32
• Log4 x = 0 • 1
• Logx 64 = 2 • 8
• Logy 216 = 3 • 6
Example
• If p = loga 5 and q = loga 2
• Then find the following in terms of p and q
• 1) loga 10
• 2) loga 8
• 3) loga 2.5
Example
• If p = loga 5 and q = loga 2
• Then find the following in terms of p and q
• 1) loga 10 1) P + q
• 2) loga 8 2) 3q
• 3) loga 2.5 3) P -q

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Module 1

• Natural numbers have to be positive, whole numbers.

Make a Prime Factor Tree

The first prime number is 2, then 3, then 5, then 7.

It’s a number that no other number goes into

15 = prime number 3 x prime number 5 3 5

60 is all the prime numbers 2 x 2 x 3 x 5 multiplied together

9 = prime number 3 x prime number 3 3 3

14 = prime number 2 x prime number 7 2 7

56 is all the prime numbers 2 x 2 x 2 x 7 multiplied together

6 = prime number 2 x prime number 3 2 3

Take two numbers 8 10 2

What’s the biggest number that will go into both?

2 goes into 8 four times 8 ÷ 2 = 4

There’s no bigger number than 2 that goes into both

Take two numbers 8 10 40

The first time they cross is at 40

Find the HCF of 60 and 72

Find the HCF of 56 and 48

• Simple average = (Total of x1 + x2+x3…..+xn)/n

• In calculating a simple average, or arithmetic mean, all numbers are treated

• The formula of weighted average can be expressed as follows:

• Weighted average = (Total of x1w1+ x2w2+x3w3…..+xnwn)/(Total of w1 +w2+w3….+wn)

5.0 5.5 6.0

8 roses out of 24 flowers

3 dogs out of 12 animals

395 miles in 5 hours

395 miles in 5 hours

miles miles 79 miles per

120 words in 3 minutes

= inch of rain per day

120 words in 3 minutes

words 40 words per

To write a percentage as a fraction we write it over a hundred.

0.08 = 0.08 × 100% 1.375 = 1.375 × 100%

216 is what percent of 360?

16% of what number is 80?

216 is what percent of 360?

A% x 360 = 216 60%

16% of what number is 80?

• If 20% play a sport then 80% do NOT play a sport.

• 80% of 800 = (.80)(800) = 640

In other words, what is 80% of 800?

What is 60% of 30?

Verify rule for

Roots and Radicals

Every radical expression has three parts…

Roots and Radicals

Every radical expression has three parts…

Roots and Radicals

The cube root of 64 is written as

Roots and Radicals

has two answers:

Roots and Radicals

Roots and Radicals

Not all numbers or expressions have an exact square root

If a number is NOT a perfect square, then you CANNOT find

If a number is NOT a perfect cube, then you CANNOT find

Roots and Radicals

92 000 000 miles

Happy 70th Birthday!

Dinosaurs roamed the earth 228

The point moved 6

2. 200 000 000 .= 2.2 x 10 9 moved 9