Calvin Calleja

BSEd-Major in English

Research Homework No. 3

1. Disaster Risk reduction management concepts, principles ans trends (RA 10121)

Disaster risk reduction (DRR) is a term used for reducing and preventing disaster risks. It is founded on
the principle that while hazards are inevitable, its adverse effects like lost lives and/or destruction of
property are not. There are steps that we can do to ensure reduction of risks. DRR actions can be
political, technical, social and economic.

Disasters are often described as a result of the combination of several things: the exposure to a hazard;
the conditions of vulnerability that are present; and insufficient capacity or measures to reduce or cope
with the potential negative consequences.

DISASTER IMPACTS

loss of life

injury

disease

other negative effects on human, physical, mental and social well-being,

damage to property
destruction of assets

loss of services, social

economic disruption and environmental degradation

RISK

General Usage- the emphasis is usually placed on the concept of chance or possibility on an event and
its negative consequence, such as in “the risk of an accident”

Technical Settings- the emphasis is usually placed on the consequences, in terms of “potential losses” for
some particular cause, place and period.

The term disaster risk therefore refers to the potential (not actual) disaster losses, in lives, health status,
livelihoods, assets and services, which could occur in a particular community or society over some
specified future time period.

HAZARD
Defined as a “dangerous phenomenon, substance, human activity or condition that may cause:

loss of life

injury or other health impacts

property damage

loss of livelihoods and services

social and economic disruption

environmental damage

Hazards can be single, sequential or combined in their origin and effects. Each hazard is characterized by
its location, intensity, probability and likely frequency.

The hazards of concern to disaster risk reduction are hazards that arise from a variety of geological,
meteorological, hydrological, oceanic, biological, and technological sources, sometimes acting in
combination.

VULNERABILITY
Defined as the characteristics and circumstances of a community, system or asset that make it
susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard.

Vulnerability is a set of prevailing or consequential conditions arising from various physical, social,
economic and environmental factors which increase the susceptibility of a community to the impact of
hazards Vulnerability also comprise various physical, social, economic, political and environmental
factors that affect the ability of communities to respond to events.

CAPACITY

I
Defined as the combination of all the strengths, attributes and resources available within a community,
society or organization that can be used to achieve agreed goals.

Capacity may include:

infrastructure and physical means

institutions

societal coping abilities

human knowledge

skills

collective attributes such as social relationships

leadership

management

Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) is the concept and practice of reducing disaster risks through analysis and
management of the causal factors of disasters.

It leads to

reduced exposure to hazards

lessening of vulnerability of people and assets

effective management of land and the environment

improved preparedness for adverse events

Disaster risk reduction usually requires long-term planning across sectors and must be integrated into
general national and regional development strategies. DRR strategies usually begin with plans for
assessing:

(a) the hazards and risks that threaten the target area,

(b) the extent of harm that would occur to communities and infrastructure, and
(c) the vulnerable people’s capacities to cope with and recover from possible disasters.

Components of DRRR and Management

dff

POST EVENT

Response The provision of emergency services and public assistance during or immediately after a
disaster in order to save lives, reduce health impacts, ensure public safety and meet the basic
subsistence needs of the people affected. Disaster response is predominantly focused on immediate and
short-term needs and is sometimes called “disaster relief”.

Recovery The restoration, and improvement where appropriate, of facilities, livelihoods and living
conditions of disaster-affected communities, including efforts to reduce disaster risk factors. The
recovery task of rehabilitation and reconstruction begins soon after the emergency phase has ended,
and should be based on pre-existing strategies and policies that facilitate clear institutional
responsibilities for recovery action and enable public participation.

2.Geographic of the Philippines

The Philippines is an archipelago that comprises 7,641 islands[8] with a total land area of 300,000 square
kilometers (115,831 sq mi).[2][3] It is the world's 5th largest island country.[9] The eleven largest islands
contain 95% of the total land area. The largest of these islands is Luzon at about 105,000 square
kilometers (40,541 sq mi). The next largest island is Mindanao at about 95,000 square kilometers
(36,680 sq mi). The archipelago is around 800 kilometers (500 mi) from the Asian mainland and is
located between Taiwan and Borneo.

Geography of the Philippines

Continent Asia

Region South Asia

Coordinates 13°00'N 122°00'E

Area Ranked 72nd

Total 300,000[1][2][3] km2 (120,000 sq mi)

Land 99.38%

0.62%

Water 36,289 km (22,549 mi)

Coastline None

Boarders Mount Apo 2,954 meters (9,692 ft)[4][5]

High point Galathea Depth 10,540 meters (34,580 ft) (sea

Lowest point level)

Cagayan river

Longest river Laguna de bay

Largest lake 2,263,816 km2 (874,064 sq mi)

Exclusive economic zone

The Philippine archipelago is divided into three Island groups: Luzon, the Visayas, and Mindanao. The
Luzon islands include Luzon itself, Palawan, Mindoro, Marinduque, Masbate, Romblon, Catanduanes,
Batanes, and Polillo. The Visayas is the group of islands in the central Philippines, the largest of which
are: Panay, Negros, Cebu, Bohol, Leyte, Samar, Siquijor, Biliran, and Guimaras. The Mindanao islands
include Mindanao itself, Dinagat, Siargao, Camiguin, Samal, plus the Sulu Archipelago, composed
primarily of Basilan, Sulu, and Tawi-Tawi.

3.Disaster Risk profile of the Philippines

The geographical location of the Philippines makes the country uniquely exposed to a plethora of
hazards, including recurrent typhoons, earthquakes and 53 active volcanoes,eruptions of which are
classified as the most deadly and costly globally (Doroteo, 2015). The subduction zone between the two
tectonic plates (Eurasian and Pacific) creating the seismic activity in the region are predicted to have the
capacity to generate major earthquakes in the near future, and in the vicinity of metropolitan cities
(Pailoplee & Boonchaluay, 2016). Other hazards include floods, landslides, tsunamis and wildfires, all of
which are occurring in a frequency which has fundamentally changed the perception of hazards in the
country.

4. Four Thematic Areas of the Philippine Disaster Management System

•Disaster Prevention and Mitigation this pertains to the outright avoidance,lessening, or limitation of
adverse impacts of hazards and related disasters.
•Disaster Preparedness This pertains to the knowledge and capacities developed by government,
professional response and recovery organization communities and individual to efectively anticipate
respond to and recover from the impacts of likely immenent or current hazard events or condition.

•Disaster Response This pertains to the provision of emergency services and public assistance during or
immediately after a disaster in order to save lives reduce health impacts ,ensure public safety and meet
the basic subsistence needs of the people affected.

•Disaster Rehabilitation and Recovery This pertains to the measure that ensure the ability of affected
areas to restore their normal level of functioning by rebuilding livelihood by damage infrastructures and
increasing organizational capacity of community.

5. Role of the Youth in Disaster Preparedness and Management,Basic Preparedness and Response
Training

By involving youth in disaster preparedness and recovery efforts, youth-serving agencies can help to not
only increase youths’ awareness of particular hazards, but can also enhance the chance that they openly
discuss how to adequately protect their families and loved ones and understand how to seek help
should their community be affected.1 Youth can play a range of roles in youth preparedness programs
and play a crucial role in recovery efforts. They may assist communities in mapping their risk and
protective factors or may hold leadership positions within programs. Some additional roles include:

Sharing the message: Youth can help share the message of disaster preparedness2

Acting as change makers: Youth can act as change makers by sharing information they learned in youth
preparedness programs and helping parents and communities to prepare for disaster, for example by
developing a disaster plan or disaster preparation kit.

Bringing creativity: Youth can bring creative and resourceful ideas to disaster preparedness efforts.3

The federal government supports a number of youth-focused programs that support both preparation
and recovery from disasters. These programs include:

AmeriCorps NCCC (National Civilian Community Corps)

AmeriCorps NCCC is a full-time, team-based residential program for young people aged 18 to 24.
Members are assigned to one of five campuses, located in Denver, Colorado; Sacramento, California;
Perry Point, Maryland; Vicksburg, Mississippi; and Vinton, Iowa. The mission of AmeriCorps NCCC is to
strengthen communities and develop leaders through direct, team-based national and community
service. In partnership with non-profits (secular and faith-based), local municipalities, state
governments, the federal government, national or state parks, Indian Tribes and schools, members
complete service projects throughout the region to which they are assigned.

FEMA Corps

FEMA Corps is a partnership between FEMA and the AmeriCorps National Civilian Community Corps
(NCCC) program. FEMA Corps is a unique, team-based service program that gives 18‐24‐year‐old
participants the opportunity to serve communities impacted by disaster while gaining professional
development experience. FEMA Corps members live, work, and travel in dedicated teams and serve for
12 months with an option to extend for a second term. They gain training and experience while
providing important support to disaster survivors and communities. They also earn a modest living
stipend during their service and receive an education award upon completion of the program.

Citizen Corps

Citizen Corps was created to help coordinate volunteer activities that will make our communities safer,
stronger, and better prepared to respond to any emergency situation. It provides opportunities for
people to participate in a range of measures to make their families, homes, and communities safer from
the threats of crime, terrorism, and disasters of all kinds. Find local Citizen Corps Councils on the Citizen
Corps search page.

Community Emergency Response Team (CERT)

The Community Emergency Response Team (CERT) Program educates people, including youth, about
disaster preparedness for hazards that may impact their community and trains them in basic disaster
response skills, such as fire safety, light search and rescue, team organization, and disaster medical
operations. Using the training learned in the classroom and during exercises, CERT members can assist
others in their neighborhood or workplace following an event when professional responders are not
immediately available to help. CERT members also are encouraged to support emergency response
agencies by taking a more active role in emergency preparedness projects in their community. There is
also a specific CERT training for teens. 4-H youth programs help to support Teen CERT programs in a
number of states. Find local CERT programs on the CERT search page.

FEMA Youth Preparedness Council

The FEMA Youth Preparedness Council provides young people with the opportunity to voice their
opinions, experiences, and ideas on youth disaster preparedness with FEMA and other organizations
working on youth preparedness, and serve as national advocates of youth preparedness. Members are
selected through a highly competitive application process and serve one- or two-year terms. Members
attend the annual Youth Preparedness Council Summit, meet periodically via conference call, complete
self-selected youth preparedness projects in their communities, and often participate in public speaking
and outreach engagements. For more information about the Youth Preparedness Council, please visit
the FEMA Youth Preparedness Council page.
6.Basic First Aid/Basic Life support

e. First aid covers the steps taken to help an injured or sick person in the first minutes after an illness or
injury.Accidents or illness can happen to anyone at any time, whether at home, at work or at school.
Often first aid can help someone feel better, recover more quickly, and can even save lives.Often this
first aid can help someone feel better, recover more quickly, and can even save lives.First aid can be
useful in many different situations, from sprains to electric shocks to heart attacks.

The DRSABCD action plan

If you have completed a first aid course, you will be familiar with the DRSABCD action plan. You can
remember them by thinking “Doctor’s ABCD” (for DRS ABCD).Each letter is a prompt for the actions to
take when first aid is needed.

D Danger Danger Ensure that the patient

and everyone in the area is safe.
Do not put yourself or others at
risk. Remove the danger or the
patient.

Response Look for a

R Response response from the patient —
loudly ask their name, squeeze
their shoulder.

Send for help If there is no

S Send for help response, phone triple zero (000)
or ask another person to call. Do
not leave the patient.

Check their mouth and throat is

clear. If there is foreign material,
A Airway
roll the patient on their side and
clear the airway. If there is no
foreign material, leave them in
the position you find them in and
gently tilt their head back and lift
their chin to clear the airway.

Check if the person is breathing

abnormally or not breathing at
all after 10 seconds. If they are
breathing normally, place them
 in the recovery position and stay
with them. If they are not
B Breathing breathing normally, call an
ambulance and start CPR.

Start CPR: 30 chest compressions

followed by 2 breaths. Continue
CPR until the patient starts
breathing or until help arrives.

C CPR
As soon as possible, attach an
Automated External Defibrillator
(AED) to the patient and follow
the voice prompts. Do not leave
the patient alone to fetch the
defibrillator — let someone else
D Defibrillation
bring it.

Basic Life Support, or BLS, generally refers to the type of care that first-responders, healthcare providers
and public safety professionals provide to anyone who is experiencing cardiac arrest, respiratory distress
or an obstructed airway. It requires knowledge and skills in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), using
automated external defibrillators (AED) and relieving airway obstructions in patients of every age.

•In addition to the physical skills necessary for providing BLS care to those in need, those working in
basic life support also need to have critical-thinking and problem-solving skills, and be able to work as
part of a team to deliver the best care possible and improve patient outcomes.

•To learn more about the specific classes that are part of our BLS program, visit the BLS/CPR page. Or,
for a deeper dive into what BLS is, you can purchase and review our Basic Life Support Participant's
Manual from the Red Cross Store.

•American Red Cross Basic Life Support classes are developed under the guidance of, and reviewed by,
the American Red Cross Scientific Advisory Council. Content in this program is consistent with:

•The International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) 2015–2018 International Consensus on

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment
Recommendations.
•The 2015–2018 American Heart Association Guidelines Update for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and
Emergency Cardiovascular Care.

•Created with the latest information available, our BLS classes allow you to learn life-saving techniques
and can help prepare you for a career in the medical field, as a police officer or firefighter or another
career where caring for others is part of the job.

•With the American Red Cross, you can take a variety of in-person and online BLS courses – and get the
best of both worlds. When you choose our innovative blended learning program, you'll not only receive
online lecture material, but you'll also participate in interactive scenarios that allow you to improve your
clinical decision-making skills. Once the course is complete, you'll participate in in-person skills sessions.
This way, you can learn at your own pace and hone your skills with an instructor in a group setting.

Of course, as professionals, we know how important it is to not only get the training you need, but to do
so as efficiently as possible, which is why our BLS blended learning courses also include adaptive learning
functionality, which allows you to receive personalized, focused courses. By completing an optional pre-
assessment for each lesson, you'll not only receive an independent learning path, but depending on the
results of the pre-assessment, you'll also have the opportunity to test out of a lesson, or test out of
specific topics within a lesson – which can reduce the overall amount of time spent in class.

C. RA 10121

AN ACT STRENGTHENING THE PHILIPPINE DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT SYSTEM,
PROVIDING FOR THE NATIONAL DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK AND
INSTITUTIONALIZING THE NATIONAL DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND MANAGEMENT PLAN,
APPROPRIATING FUNDS THEREFOR AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES.It enacted by the Senate and House of
Representatives of the Philippines in Congress assembled:

Section 1. Title. - This Act shall be known as the "Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act
of 2010".

Section 2. Declaration of Policy. - It shall be the policy of the State to:

(a) Uphold the people's constitutional rights to life and property by addressing the root causes of
vulnerabilities to disasters, strengthening the country's institutional capacity for disaster risk reduction
and management and building the resilience of local communities to disasters including climate change
impacts;

(b) Adhere to and adopt the universal norms, principles and standards of humanitarian assistance and
the global effort on risk reduction as concrete expression of the country's commitment to overcome
human sufferings due to recurring disasters;
(c) Incorporate internationally accepted principles of disaster risk management in the creation and
implementation of national, regional and local sustainable development and poverty reduction
strategies, policies, plans and budgets;

(d) Adopt a disaster risk reduction and management approach that is holistic, comprehensive,
integrated, and proactive in lessening the socioeconomic and environmental impacts of disasters
including climate change, and promote the involvement and participation of all sectors and all
stakeholders concerned, at all levels, especially the local community;

(e) Develop, promote, and implement a comprehensive National Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Plan (NDRRMP) that aims to strengthen the capacity of the national government and the
local government units (LGUs), together with partner stakeholders, to build the disaster resilience of
communities, and' to institutionalize arrangements and measures for reducing disaster risks, including
projected climate risks, and enhancing disaster preparedness and response capabilities at all levels;

(f) Adopt and implement a coherent, comprehensive, integrated, efficient and responsive disaster risk
reduction program incorporated in the development plan at various levels of government adhering to
the principles of good governance such as transparency and accountability within the context of poverty
alleviation and environmental protection;

(g) Mainstream disaster risk reduction and climate change in development processes such as policy
formulation, socioeconomic development planning, budgeting, and governance, particularly in the areas
of environment, agriculture, water, energy, health, education, poverty reduction, land-use and urban
planning, and public infrastructure and housing, among others;

(h) Institutionalize the policies, structures, coordination mechanisms and programs with continuing
budget appropriation on disaster risk reduction from national down to local levels towards building a
disaster-resilient nation and communities;

(i) Mainstream disaster risk reduction into the peace process and conflict resolution approaches in order
to minimize loss of lives and damage to property, and ensure that communities in conflict zones can
immediately go back to their normal lives during periods of intermittent conflicts;

(j) Ensure that disaster risk reduction and climate change measures are gender responsive, sensitive to
indigenous know ledge systems, and respectful of human rights;

(k) Recognize the local risk patterns across the country and strengthen the capacity of LGUs for disaster
risk reduction and management through decentralized powers, responsibilities, and resources at the
regional and local levels;

(l) Recognize and strengthen the capacities of LGUs and communities in mitigating and preparing for,
responding to, and recovering from the impact of disasters;
(m) Engage the participation of civil society organizations (CSOs), the private sector and volunteers in
the government's disaster risk reduction programs towards complementation of resources and effective
delivery of services to the Citizenry;

(n) Develop and strengthen the capacities of vulnerable and marginalized groups to mitigate, prepare
for, respond to, and recover from the effects of disasters;

(o) Enhance and implement a program where humanitarian aid workers, communities, health
professionals, government aid agencies, donors, and the media are educated and trained on how they
can actively support breastfeeding before and during a disaster and/or an emergency; and

(p) Provide maximum care, assistance and services to individuals and families affected by disaster,
implement emergency rehabilitation projects to lessen the impact of disaster, and facilitate resumption
of normal social and economic activities.

Section 3. Definition of Terms. - For purposes of this Act, the following shall refer to:

(a) "Adaptation" - the adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected
climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities.

(b) "Capacity" - a combination of all strengths and resources available within a community, society or
organization that can reduce the level of risk, or effects of a disaster. Capacity may include infrastructure
and physical means, institutions, societal coping abilities, as well as human knowledge, skills and
collective attributes such as social relationships, leadership and management. Capacity may also be
described as capability.

(c) "Civil Society Organizations" Or "CSOs" - non-state actors whose aims are neither to generate profits
nor to seek governing power. CSOs unite people to advance shared goals and interests. They have a
presence in public life, expressing the interests and values of their members or others, and are based on
ethical, cultural, scientific, religious or philanthropic considerations. CSOs include nongovernment
organizations (NGOs), professional associations, foundations, independent research institutes,
community-based organizations (CBOs), faith-based organizations, people's organizations, social
movements, and labor unions.

(d) "Climate Change" - a change in climate that can' be identified by changes in the mean and/or
variability of its properties and that persists for an extended period typically decades or longer, whether
due to natural variability or as a result of human activity.

(e) "Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction and Management" or "CBDRRM" - a process of disaster
risk reduction and management in which at risk communities are actively engaged in the identification,
analysis, treatment, monitoring and evaluation of disaster risks in order to reduce their vulnerabilities
and enhance their capacities, and where the people are at the heart of decision-making and
implementation of disaster risk reduction and management activities.
(f) "Complex Emergency" - a form of human-induced emergency in which the cause of the emergency as
well as the assistance to the afflicted IS complicated by intense level of political considerations.

(g) "Contingency Planning" - a management process that analyzes specific potential events or emerging
situations that might threaten society or the environment and establishes arrangements in advance to
enable timely, effective and appropriate responses to such events and situations.

(h) "Disaster" - a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society involving widespread
human, material, economic or environmental losses and impacts, which exceeds the ability of the
affected community or society to cope using its own resources. Disasters are often described as a result
of the combination of: the exposure to a hazard; the conditions of vulnerability that are present; and
insufficient capacity or measures to reduce or cope with the potential negative consequences, Disaster
impacts may include loss of life, injury, disease and other negative effects on human, physical, mental
and social well-being, together with damage to property, destruction of assets, loss of services, Social
and economic disruption and environmental degradation.1avvphi1

(i) "Disaster Mitigation" - the lessening or limitation of the adverse impacts of hazards and related
disasters. Mitigation measures encompass engineering techniques and hazard-resistant construction as
well as improved environmental policies and public awareness.

(j) "Disaster Preparedness" - the knowledge and capacities developed by governments, professional
response and recovery organizations, communities and individuals to effectively anticipate, respond to,
and recover from, the Impacts of likely, imminent or current hazard events or conditions. Preparedness
action is carried out within the context of disaster risk reduction and management and aims to build the
capacities needed to efficiently manage all types of emergencies and achieve orderly transitions from
response to sustained recovery. Preparedness is based on a sound analysis of disaster risk and good
linkages with early warning systems, and includes such activities as contingency planning, stockpiling of
equipment and supplies, the development of arrangements for coordination, evacuation and public
information, and associated training and field exercises. These must be supported by formal
institutional, legal and budgetary capacities.

(k) "Disaster Prevention" - the outright avoidance of adverse impacts of hazards and related disasters. It
expresses the concept and intention to completely avoid potential adverse impacts through action taken
in advance such as construction of dams or embankments that eliminate flood risks, land-use
regulations that do not permit any settlement in high-risk zones, and seismic engineering designs that
ensure the survival and function of a critical building in any likely earthquake.

(l) "Disaster Response" - the provision of emergency services and public assistance during or
immediately after a disaster in order to save lives, reduce health impacts, ensure public safety and meet
the basic subsistence needs of the people affected. Disaster response is predominantly focused on
immediate and short-term needs and is sometimes called "disaster relief".
(m) "Disaster Risk" - the potential disaster losses in lives, health status, livelihood, assets and services,
which could occur to a particular community or a Society over some specified future time period.

(n) "Disaster Risk Reduction" - the concept and practice of reducing disaster risks through systematic
efforts to analyze and manage the causal factors of disasters, including through reduced exposures to
hazards, lessened vulnerability of people and property, wise management of land and the environment,
and improved preparedness for adverse events.

(o) "Disaster Risk Reduction and Management" - the systematic process of using administrative
directives, organizations, and operational skills and capacities to implement strategies, policies and
improved coping capacities in order to lessen the adverse impacts of hazards and the possibility of
disaster. Prospective disaster risk reduction and management refers to risk reduction and management
activities that address and seek to avoid the development of new or increased disaster risks, especially if
risk reduction policies are not put m place.

(p) "Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Information System" - a specialized database which
contains, among others, information on disasters and their human material, economic and
environmental impact, risk assessment and mapping and vulnerable groups.

(q) "Early Warning System" - the set of capacities needed to generate and disseminate timely and
meaningful warning information to enable individuals, communities and organizations threatened by a
hazard to prepare and to act appropriately and in sufficient time to reduce the possibility of harm or
loss. A people-centered early warning system necessarily comprises four (4) key elements: knowledge of
the risks; monitoring, analysis and forecasting of the hazards; communication or dissemination of alerts
and warnings; and local capabilities to respond to the warnings received. The expression "end-to-end
warning system" is also used to emphasize that warning systems need to span all steps from hazard
detection to community response.

(r) "Emergency" - unforeseen or sudden occurrence, especially danger, demanding immediate action.

(s) "Emergency Management" - the organization and management of resources and responsibilities for
addressing all aspects of emergencies, in particular preparedness, response and initial recovery steps.

(t) "Exposure" - the degree to which the elements at risk are likely to experience hazard events of
different magnitudes.

(u) "Geographic Information System" - a database which contains, among others, geo-hazard
assessments, information on climate change, and climate risk reduction and management.

(v) "Hazard" - a dangerous phenomenon, substance, human activity or condition that may cause loss of
life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihood and services, social and economic
disruption, or environmental damage.

(w) "Land-Use Planning" - the process undertaken by public authorities to identify, evaluate and decide
on different options for the use of land, including consideration of long-term economic, social and
environmental objectives and the implications for different communities and interest groups, and the
subsequent formulation and promulgation of plans that describe the permitted or acceptable uses.

(x) "Mitigation" - structural and non-structural measures undertaken to limit the adverse impact of
natural hazards, environmental degradation, and technological hazards and to ensure the ability of at-
risk communities to address vulnerabilities aimed at minimizing the impact of disasters. Such measures
include, but are not limited to, hazard-resistant construction and engineering works, the formulation
and implementation of plans, programs, projects and activities, awareness raising, knowledge
management, policies on land-use and resource management, as well as the enforcement of
comprehensive land-use planning, building and safety standards, and legislation.

(y) "National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Framework" or "NDRRMF" - provides for
comprehensive, all hazards, multi-sectoral, inter-agency and community-based approach to disaster risk
reduction and management.

(z) "National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan" or "NDRRMP" - the document to be
formulated and implemented by the Office of Civil Defense (OCD) that sets out goals and specific
objectives for reducing disaster risks together with related actions to accomplish these objectives.

The NDRRMP shall provide for the identification of hazards, vulnerabilities and risks to 'be managed at
the national level; disaster risk reduction and management approaches and strategies to be applied m
managing said hazards and risks; agency roles, responsibilities and lines of authority at all government
levels; and vertical and horizontal coordination of disaster risk reduction and management in the pre-
disaster and post-disaster phases. It shall be in conformity with the NDRRMF.

(aa) "Post-Disaster Recovery" - the restoration and improvement where appropriate, of facilities,
livelihood and living conditions. of disaster-affected communities, including efforts to reduce disaster
risk factors, in accordance with the principles of "build back better".

(bb) "Preparedness" - pre-disaster actions and measures being undertaken within the context of disaster
risk reduction and management and are based on sound risk analysis as well as pre-disaster activities to
avert or minimize loss of life and property such as, but not limited to, community organizing, training,
planning, equipping, stockpiling, hazard mapping, insuring of assets, and public information and
education initiatives. This also includes the development/enhancement of an overall preparedness
strategy, policy, institutional structure, warning and forecasting capabilities, and plans that define
measures geared to help at-risk communities safeguard their lives and assets by being alert to hazards
and taking appropriate action in the face of an Imminent threat or an actual disaster.

(cc) "Private Sector" - the key actor in the realm of the economy where the central social concern and
process are the mutually beneficial production and distribution of goods and services to meet the
physical needs of human beings. The private sector comprises private corporations, households and
nonprofit institutions serving households.

(dd) "Public Sector Employees" - all persons in the civil service.

(ee) "Rehabilitation" - measures that ensure the ability of affected communities/areas to restore their
normal level of functioning by rebuilding livelihood and damaged infrastructures and increasing the
communities' organizational capacity.

(ff) "Resilience" - the ability of a system, community or society exposed to hazards to resist, absorb,
accommodate and recover from the effects of a hazard in a timely and efficient manner, including
through the preservation and restoration of its essential basic structures and functions.

(gg) "Response" - any concerted effort by two (2) or more agencies, public or private, to provide
assistance or intervention during or immediately after a disaster to meet the life preservation and basic
subsistence needs of those people affected and in the restoration of essential public activities and
facilities.

(hh) "Risk" - the combination of the probability of an event and its negative consequences.

(ii) "Risk Assessment" - a methodology to determine the nature and extent of risk by analyzing potential
hazards and evaluating existing conditions of vulnerability that together could potentially harm exposed
people, property, services, livelihood and the environment on which they depend. Risk assessments
with associated risk mapping include: a review of the technical characteristics of hazards such as their
location, intensity, frequency and probability; the analysis of exposure and vulnerability including the
physical, social, health, economic and environmental dimensions; and the evaluation of the
effectiveness of prevailing and alternative coping capacities in respect to likely risk scenarios.

(jj) "Risk Management" - the systematic approach and practice of managing uncertainty to minimize
potential harm and loss. It comprises risk assessment and analysis, and the implementation of strategies
and specific actions to control, reduce and transfer risks. It is widely practiced by organizations to
minimize risk in investment decisions and to address operational risks such as those of business
disruption, production failure, environmental damage, social impacts and damage from fire and natural
hazards.

(kk) "Risk Transfer" - the process of formally or informally shifting the financial consequences of
particular risks from one party to another whereby a household, community, enterprise or state
authority will obtain resources from the other party after a disaster occurs, in exchange for ongoing or
compensatory social or financial benefits provided to that other party.

(ll) "State of Calamity" - a condition involving mass casualty and/or major damages to property,
disruption of means of livelihoods, roads and normal way of life of people in the affected areas as a
result of the occurrence of natural or human-induced hazard.

(mm) "Sustainable Development" - development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It contains within it two (2) key
concepts: (1) the concept of "needs", in particular, the essential needs of the world's poor, to which
overriding priority should be given; and (2) the idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology
and social organizations on the environment's ability to meet present and future needs. It is the
harmonious integration of a sound and viable economy, responsible governance, social cohesion and
harmony, and ecological integrity to ensure that human development now and through future
generations is a life-enhancing process.

(nn) "Vulnerability" - the characteristics and circumstances of a community, system or asset that make it
susceptible to the damaging effects of a hazard. Vulnerability may arise from various physical, social,
economic, and environmental factors such as poor design and construction of buildings, inadequate
protection of assets, lack of public information and awareness, limited official recognition of risks and
preparedness measures, and disregard for wise environmental management.

(oo) "Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups" - those that face higher exposure to disaster risk and poverty
including, but not limited to, women, children, elderly, differently-abled people, and ethnic minorities.

Section 4. Scope. - This Act provides for the development of policies and plans and the implementation
of actions and measures pertaining to all aspects of disaster risk reduction and management, including
good governance, risk assessment and early warning, knowledge building and awareness raising,
reducing underlying risk factors, and preparedness for effective response and early recovery.

Section 5. National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council. - The present National Disaster
Coordinating Council or NDCC shall henceforth be known as the National Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Council, hereinafter referred to as the NDRRMC or the National Council.

The National Council shall be headed by the Secretary of the Department of National Defense (DND) as
Chairperson with the Secretary of the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) as Vice
Chairperson for Disaster Preparedness, the Secretary of the Department of Social

Welfare and Development (DSWD) as Vice Chairperson for Disaster Response, the Secretary of the
Department of Science and Technology (DOST) as Vice Chairperson for Disaster Prevention and
Mitigation, and the Director-General of the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) as
Vice Chairperson for Disaster Rehabilitation and Recovery.

The National Council's members shall be the following:

(a) Secretary of the Department of Health (DOH);

(b) Secretary of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR);

(c) Secretary of the Department of Agriculture (DA);

(d) Secretary of the Department of Education (DepED);

(e) Secretary of the Department of Energy (DOE);

(f) Secretary of the Department of Finance (DOF);

(g) Secretary of the Department of Trade and Industry (DT!);

(h) Secretary of the Department of Transportation and Communications (DOTC);

(i) Secretary of the Department of Budget and Management (DBM);

(j) Secretary of the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH);

(k) Secretary of the Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA);

(l) Secretary of the Department of Justice (DOJ);

(m) Secretary of the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE);

(n) Secretary of the Department of Tourism (DOT);

(o) The Executive Secretary;

(p)Secretary of the Office of the Presidential Adviser on the Peace Process (OPAPP);

(q) Chairman, Commission on Higher Education (CHED);

(r) Chief of Staff, Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP);

(s) Chief, Philippine National Police (PNP);

(t) The Press Secretary;

(u) Secretary General of the Philippine National Red Cross (PNRC);

(v) Commissioner of the National Anti-Poverty Commission-Victims of Disasters and Calamities Sector
(NAPCVDC);

(w) Chairperson, National Commission on the Role of Filipino Women;

(x) Chairperson, Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council (HUDCC);

(y) Executive Director of the Climate Change Office of the Climate Change Commission;

(z) President, Government Service Insurance System (GSIS);

(aa) President, Social Security System (SSS)

(bb) President, Philippine Health Insurance Corporation (PhilHealth);

(cc) President of the Union of Local Authorities of the Philippines (ULAP);

(dd) President of the League of Provinces of the Philippines (LPP);

(ee) President of the League of Cities of the Philippines (LCP);

(ff) President of the League of Municipalities of the Philippines (LMP);

(gg) President of the Liga ng Mga Barangay (LMB);

(hh) Four (4) representatives from the CSOs

(ii) One (1) representative from the private sector; and

(jj) Administrator of the OCD.

The representatives from the CSOs and the private sector shall be selected from among their respective
ranks based on the criteria and mechanisms to be set for this purpose by the National Council.

Section 6. Powers and Functions of the NDRRMC. - The National Council, being empowered with policy-
making, coordination, integration, supervision, monitoring and evaluation functions, shall have the
following responsibilities:

(a) Develop a NDRRMF which shall provide for a comprehensive, all-hazards, multi-sectoral, inter-agency
and community-based approach to disaster risk reduction and management. The Framework shall serve
as the principal guide to disaster risk reduction and management efforts in the country and shall be
reviewed on a five(5)-year interval, or as may be deemed necessary, in order to ensure its relevance to
the times;

(b) Ensure that the NDRRMP is consistent with the NDRRMF;

(c) Advise the President on the status of disaster preparedness, prevention, mitigation, response and
rehabilitation operations being undertaken by the government, CSOs, private sector, and volunteers;
recommend to the President the declaration of a state of calamity in areas extensively damaged; and
submit proposals to restore normalcy in the affected areas, to include calamity fund allocation;

(d) Ensure a multi-stakeholder participation in the development, updating, and sharing of a Disaster Risk
Reduction and Management Information System and Geographic Information System-based national
risk map as policy, planning and decision-making tools;

(e) Establish a national early warning and emergency alert system to provide accurate and timely advice
to national or local emergency response organizations and to the general public through diverse mass
media to include digital and analog broadcast, cable, satellite television and radio, wireless
communications, and landline communications;

(f) Develop appropriate risk transfer mechanisms that shall guarantee social and economic protection
and increase resiliency in the face of disaster;

(g) Monitor the development and enforcement by agencies and organizations of the various laws,
guidelines, codes or technical standards required by this Act;

(h) Manage and mobilize resources for disaster risk reduction and management including the National
Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Fund;
(i) Monitor and provide the necessary guidelines and procedures. on the Local Disaster Risk Reduction
and Management Fund (LDRRMF) releases as well as utilization, accounting and auditing thereof;

(j) Develop assessment tools on the existing and potential hazards and risks brought about by climate
change to vulnerable areas and ecosystems in coordination with the Climate Change Commission;

(k) Develop vertical and horizontal coordination mechanisms for a more coherent implementation of
disaster risk reduction and management policies and programs by sectoral agencies and LGUs;

(l) Formulate a national institutional capability building program for disaster risk reduction and
management to address the specific' weaknesses of various government agencies and LGUs, based on
the results of a biennial baseline assessment and studies;

(m) Formulate, harmonize, and translate into policies a national agenda for research and technology
development on disaster risk reduction and management;

(n) In coordination with the Climate Change Commission, formulate and implement a framework for
climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction and management from which all policies,
programs, and projects shall be based;

(o) Constitute a technical management group composed of representatives of the abovementioned

departments, offices, and organizations, that shall coordinate and meet as often as necessary to
effectively manage and sustain national efforts on disaster risk reduction and management;

(p) Task the OCD to conduct periodic assessment and performance monitoring of the member-agencies
of the NDRRMC, and the Regional Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Councils (RDRRMCs), as
defined in the NDRRMP; and

(q) Coordinate or oversee the Implementation of the country's obligations with disaster management
treaties to which it IS a party and see to It that the country's disaster management treaty obligations be
incorporated in its disaster risk reduction and management frameworks, policies, plans, programs and
projects.

Section 7. Authority of the NDRRMC Chairperson. - The Chairperson of the NDRRMC may call upon other
instrumentalities or entities of the government and nongovernment and civic organizations for
assistance In terms of the use of their facilities and resources for the protection and preservation of life
and properties in the whole range of disaster risk reduction and management. This authority includes
the power to call on the reserve force as defined in Republic Act No. 7077 to assist in relief and rescue
during disasters or calamities.

Section 8. The Office of Civil Defense. - The Office of Civil Defense (OCD) shall have the primary mission
of administering a comprehensive national civil defense and disaster risk reduction and management
program by providing leadership in the continuous development of strategic and systematic approaches
as well as measures to reduce the vulnerabilities and risks to hazards and manage the consequences of
disasters.
The Administrator of the OCD shall also serve as Executive Director of the National Council and, as such,
shall have the same duties and privileges of a department undersecretary. All appointees shall be
universally acknowledged experts in the field of disaster preparedness and management and of proven
honesty and integrity. The National Council shall utilize the services and facilities of the OCD as the
secretariat of the National Council.

Section 9. Powers and Functions of the OCD. - The OCD shall have the following powers and functions:

(a) Advise the National Council on matters relating to disaster risk reduction and management
consistent with the policies and scope as defined in this Act;

(b) Formulate and implement the NDRRMP and ensure that the physical framework, social, economic
and environmental plans of communities, cities, municipalities and provinces are consistent with such
plan. The National Council shall approve the NDRRMP;

(c) Identify, assess and prioritize hazards and risks in consultation with key stakeholders;

(d) Develop and ensure the implementation of national standards in carrying out disaster risk reduction
programs including preparedness, mitigation, prevention, response and rehabilitation works, from data
collection and analysis, planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation;

(e) Review and evaluate the Local Disaster risk Reduction and Management Plans (LDRRMPs) to facilitate
the integration of disaster risk reduction measures into the local Comprehensive Development Plan
(CDP) and Comprehensive Land-Use Plan (CL UP);

(f) Ensure that the LG U s, through the Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Offices
(LDRRMOs) are properly informed and adhere to the national standards and programs;

(g) Formulate standard operating procedures for the deployment of rapid assessment teams,
information sharing among different government agencies, and coordination before and after disasters
at all levels;

(h) Establish standard operating procedures on the communication system among provincial, city,
municipal, and barangay disaster risk reduction and management councils, for purposes of warning and
alerting them and for gathering information on disaster areas before, during and after disasters;

(i) Establish Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Training Institutes in such suitable location as may
be deemed appropriate to train public and private individuals, both local and national, in such subject as
disaster risk reduction and management among others. The Institute shall consolidate and prepare
training materials and publications of disaster risk reduction and management books and manuals to
assist disaster risk reduction and management workers in the planning and implementation of this
program and projects. The Institute shall conduct research programs to upgrade know ledge and skills
and document best practices on disaster risk reduction and management. The Institute is also mandated
to conduct periodic awareness and education programs to accommodate new elective officials and
members of the LDRRMCs;
(j) Ensure that all disaster risk reduction programs, projects and activities requiring regional and
international support shall be in accordance with duly established national policies and aligned with
international agreements;

(k) Ensure that government agencies and LGUs give toppriority and take adequate and appropriate
measures in disaster risk reduction and management;

(l) Create an enabling environment for substantial and sustainable participation of CSOs, private groups,
volunteers and communities, and recognize their contributions in the government's disaster risk
reduction efforts;

(m) Conduct early recovery and post-disaster needs assessment institutionalizing gender analysis as part
of it

(n) Establish an operating facility to be known as the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
Operations Center (NDRRMOC) that shall be operated and staffed on a twenty-four (24) hour basis;

(o) Prepare the criteria and procedure for the enlistment of accredited community disaster volunteers
(ACDVs). It shall include a manual of operations for the volunteers which shall be developed by the OCD
in consultation with various stakeholders;

(p) Provide advice and technical assistance and assist in mobilizing necessary resources to increase the
overall capacity of LGUs, specifically the low income and in high-risk areas;

(q) Create the necessary offices to perform its mandate as provided under this Act; and

(r) Perform such other functions as may be necessary for effective operations and implementation of
this Act.

Section 10. Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Organization at the Regional Level. - The current
Regional Disaster Coordinating Councils shall henceforth be known as the Regional Disaster Risk
Reduction and Management Councils (RDRRMCs) which shall coordinate, integrate, supervise, and
evaluate the activities of the LDRRMCs. The RDRRMC shall be responsible in ensuring disaster sensitive
regional development plans, and in case of emergencies shall convene the different regional line
agencies and concerned institutions and authorities.

The RDRRMCs shall establish an operating facility to be known as the Regional Disaster Risk Reduction
and Management Operations Center (RDRRMOC) whenever necessary.

The civil defense officers of the OCD who are or may be designated as Regional Directors of the OCD
shall serve as chairpersons of the RDRRMCs. Its Vice Chairpersons shall be the Regional Directors of the
DSWD, the DILG, the DOST, and the NEDA. In the case of the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao
(ARMM), the Regional Governor shall be the RDRRMC Chairperson. The existing regional offices of the
OCD shall serve as secretariat of the RDRRMCs. The RDRRMCs shall be composed of the executives of
regional offices and field stations at the regional level of the government agencies.
Section 11. Organization at the Local Government Level. - The existing Provincial, City, and Municipal
Disaster Coordinating Councils shall henceforth be known as the Provincial, City, and Municipal Disaster
Risk Reduction and Management Councils. The Barangay Disaster Coordinating Councils shall cease to
exist and its powers and functions shall henceforth be assumed by the existing Barangay Development
Councils (BDCs) which shall serve as the LDRRMCs in every barangay.

(a) Composition: The LDRRMC shall be composed of, but not limited to, the following:

(1) The Local Chief Executives, Chairperson;

(2) The Local Planning and Development Officer, member;

(3) The Head of the LDRRMO, member;

(4) The Head of the Local Social Welfare and Development Office, member;

(5) The Head of the Local Health Office, member;

(6) The Head of the Local Agriculture Office, member;

(7) The Head of the Gender and Development Office, member;

(8) The Head of the Local Engineering Office, member;

(9) The Head of the Local Veterinary Office, member;

(10) The Head of the Local Budget Office, member;

(11) The Division Head/Superintendent of Schools of the DepED, member;

(12) The highest-ranking officer of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) assigned in the area,
member;

(13) The Provincial Director/City/Municipal Chief of the Philippine National Police (PNP), member;

(14) The Provincial Director/City/ Municipal Fire Marshall of the Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP),
member;

(15) The President of the Association of Barangay Captains (ABC), member;

(16) The Philippine National Red Cross (PNRC), member;

(17) Four (4) accredited CSOs, members; and

(18) One (1) private sector representative, member.

(b) The LDRRMCs shall have the following functions:

(1) Approve, monitor and evaluate the implementation of the LDRRMPs and regularly review and test
the plan consistent with other national and local planning programs;

(2) Ensure the integration of disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation into local
development plans, programs and budgets as a strategy in sustainable development and poverty
reduction;

(3) Recommend the implementation of forced or preemptive evacuation of local residents, necessary;
and

(4) Convene the local council once every three (3) months or as necessary.

Section 12. Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office (LDRRMO). - (a) There shall be
established an LDRRMO in every province, city and municipality, and a Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction
and Management Committee (BDRRMC) in every · barangay which shall be responsible for setting the
direction, development, implementation and coordination of disaster risk management programs within
their territorial jurisdiction.

(b) The LDRRMO shall be under the office of the governor, city or municipal mayor, and the punong
barangay in case of the BDRRMC. The LDRRMOs shall be initially organized and composed of a DRRMO
to be assisted by three (3) staff responsible for: (1) administration and training; (2) research and
planning; and (3) operations and warning. The LDRRMOs and the BDRRMCs shall organize, train and
directly supervise the local emergency response teams and the ACDVs.

(c) The provincial, city and municipal DRRMOs or BDRRMCs shall perform the following functions with
impartiality given the emerging challenges brought by disasters of our times:

(1) Design, program, and coordinate disaster risk reduction and management activities consistent with
the National Council's standards and guidelines;

(2) Facilitate and support risk assessments and contingency planning activities at the local level;

(3) Consolidate local disaster risk information which includes natural hazards, vulnerabilities, and climate
change risks, and maintain a local risk map;

(4) Organize and conduct training, orientation, and knowledge management activities on disaster risk
reduction and management at the local level;

(5) Operate a multi-hazard early warning system, linked to disaster risk reduction to provide accurate
and timely advice to national or local emergency response organizations and to the general public,
through diverse mass media, particularly radio, landline communications, and technologies for
communication within rural communities;

(6) Formulate and implement a comprehensive and - integrated LDRRMP in accordance with the
national, regional and provincial framework, and policies on disaster risk reduction in close coordination
with the local development councils (LDCs);
(7) Prepare and submit to the local sanggunian through the LDRRMC and the LDC the annual LDRRMO
Plan and budget, the proposed programming of the LDRRMF, other dedicated disaster risk reduction
and management resources, and other regular funding source/s and budgetary support of the
LDRRMO/BDRRMC;

(8) Conduct continuous disaster monitoring and mobilize instrumentalities and entities of the LGUs,
CSOs, private groups and organized volunteers, to utilize their facilities and resources for the protection
and preservation of life and properties during emergencies in accordance with existing policies and
procedures;

(9) Identify, assess and manage the hazards vulnerabilities and risks that may occur in their locality;

(10) Disseminate information and raise public awareness about those hazards. vulnerabilities and risks,
their nature, effects, early warning signs and counter-measures;

(11) Identify and implement cost-effective risk reduction measures/strategies;

(12) Maintain a database of human resource, equipment, directories, and location of critical
infrastructures and their capacities such as hospitals and evacuation centers;

(13) Develop, strengthen and operationalize mechanisms for partnership or networking with the private
sector, CSOs, and volunteer groups;

(14) Take all necessary steps on a continuing basis to maintain, provide, or arrange the provision of, or
to otherwise make available, suitably-trained and competent personnel for effective civil defense and
disaster risk reduction and management in its area;

(15) Organize, train, equip and supervise the local emergency response teams and the ACDV s, ensuring
that humanitarian aid workers are equipped with basic skills to assist mothers to breastfeed;

(16) Respond to and manage the adverse effects of emergencies and carry out recovery activities in the
affected area, ensuring that there is an efficient mechanism for immediate delivery of food, shelter and
medical supplies for women and children, endeavor to create a special place where internally-displaced
mothers can find help with breastfeeding, feed and care for their babies and give support to each other;

(17) Within its area, promote and raise public awareness of and compliance with this Act and legislative
provisions relevant to the purpose of this Act;

(18) Serve as the secretariat and executive arm of the LDRRMC;

(19) Coordinate other disaster risk reduction and management activities;

(20) Establish linkage/network with other LGUs for disaster risk reduction and emergency response
purposes;

(21) Recommend through the LDRRMC the enactment of local ordinances consistent with the
requirements of this Act;
(22) Implement policies, approved plans and programs of the LDRRMC consistent with the policies and
guidelines laid down in this Act;

(23) Establish a Provincial/City/Municipal/Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction and Management

Operations Center;

(24) Prepare and submit, through the LDRRMC and the LDC, the report on the utilization of the LDRRMF
and other dedicated disaster risk reduction and management resources to the local Commission on
Audit (COA), copy furnished the regional director of the OCD and the Local Government Operations
Officer of the DILG; and

(25) Act on other matters that may be authorized by the LDRRMC.

(d) The BDRRMC shall be a regular committee of the existing BDC and shall be subject thereto. The
punong barangay shall facilitate and ensure the participation of at least two (2) CSO representatives
from existing and active community-based people's organizations representing the most vulnerable and
marginalized groups in the barangay.

Section 13. Accreditation, Mobilization, and Protection of Disaster Volunteers and National Service
Reserve Corps, CSOs and the Private Sector. - The government agencies, CSOs, private sector and LGUs
may mobilize individuals or organized volunteers to augment their respective personnel complement
and logistical requirements in the delivery of disaster risk reduction programs and activities. The
agencies, CSOs, private sector, and LGUs concerned shall take full responsibility for the enhancement,
welfare and protection of volunteers, and shall submit the list of volunteers to the OCD, through the
LDRRMOs, for accreditation and inclusion in the database of community disaster volunteers.

A national roster of ACDVs, National Service Reserve Corps, CSOs and the private sector shall be
maintained by the OCD through the LDRRMOs. Accreditation shall be done at the municipal or city level.

Mobilization of volunteers shall be in accordance with the guidelines to be formulated by the NDRRMC
consistent with the provisions of this Act. Any volunteer who incurs death or injury while engaged in any
of the activities defined under this Act shall be entitled to compensatory benefits and individual
personnel accident insurance as may be defined under the guidelines.

Section 14. Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction Education into the School Curricula and Sangguniang
Kabataan (SK) Program and Mandatory Training for the Public Sector Employees. - The DepED, the
CHED, the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA), in coordination with the OCD,
the National Youth Commission (NYC), the DOST, the DENR, the DILG-BFP, the DOH, the DSWD and
other relevant agencies, shall integrate disaster risk reduction and management education in the school
curricula of secondary and tertiary level of education, including the National Service Training Program
(NSTP), whether private or public, including formal and nonformal, technical-vocational, indigenous
learning, and out-of-school youth courses and programs.

The NDRRMC, the RDRRMCs, the LDRRMCs, the LDRRMOs, the BDRRMCs and the SK councils shall
encourage community, specifically the youth, participation in disaster risk reduction and management
activities, such as organizing quick response groups, particularly in identified disaster-prone areas, as
well as the inclusion of disaster risk reduction and management programs as part of the SK programs
and projects.

The public sector employees shall be trained in emergency response and preparedness. The training is
mandatory for such employees to comply with the provisions of this Act.

Section 15. Coordination During Emergencies. - The LDRRMCs shall take the lead in preparing for,
responding to, and recovering from the effects of any disaster based on the following criteria:

(a) The BDC, if a barangay is affected;

(b) The city/municipal DRRMCs, If two (2) or more barangays are affected;

(c) The provincial DRRMC, if two (2) or more cities/municipalities are affected;

(d) The regional DRRMC, if two (2) or more provinces are affected; and

(e) The NDRRMC, if two (2) or more regions are affected.

The NDRRMC and intermediary LDRRMCs shall always act as support to LGUs which have the primary
responsibility as first disaster responders. Private sector and civil society groups shall work in accordance
with the coordination mechanism and policies set by the NDRRMC and concerned LDRRMCs

Section 16. Declaration of State of Calamity. - The National Council shall recommend to the President of
the Philippines the declaration of a cluster of barangays, municipalities, cities, provinces, and regions
under a state of calamity, and the lifting thereof, based on the criteria set by the National Council. The
President's declaration may warrant international humanitarian assistance as deemed necessary.

The declaration and lifting of the state of calamity may also be issued by the local sanggunian, upon the
recommendation of the LDRRMC, based on the results of the damage assessment and needs analysis.

Section 17. Remedial Measures. - The declaration of a state of calamity shall make mandatory the
Immediate undertaking of the following remedial measures by the member-agencies concerned as
defined in this Act:

(a) Imposition of price ceiling on basic necessities and prime commodities by the President upon the
recommendation of the implementing agency as provided for under Republic Act No. 7581, otherwise
known as the "Price Act", or the National Price Coordinating Council;

(b) Monitoring, prevention and control by the Local Price Coordination Council of
overpricing/profiteering and hoarding of prime commodities, medicines and petroleum products;

(c) Programming/reprogramming of funds for the repair and safety upgrading of public infrastructures
and facilities; and
(d) Granting of no-interest loans by government financing or lending institutions to the most affected
section of the population through their cooperatives or people's organizations.

Section 18. Mechanism for International Humanitarian Assistance. - (a) The importation and donation of
food, clothing, medicine and equipment for relief and recovery and other disaster management and
recovery-related supplies is hereby authorized in accordance with Section 105 of the Tariff and Customs
Code of the Philippines, as amended, and the prevailing provisions of the General Appropriations Act
covering national internal revenue taxes and import duties of national and local government agencies;
and

(b) Importations and donations under this section shall be considered as importation by and/or donation
to the NDRRMC, subject to the approval of the Office of the President.

Section 19. Prohibited Acts. - Any person, group or corporation who commits any of the following
prohibited acts shall be held liable and be subjected to the penalties as prescribed in Section 20 of this
Act:

(a) Dereliction of duties which leads to destruction, loss of lives, critical damage of facilities and misuse
of funds;

(b) Preventing the entry and distribution of relief goods in disaster-stricken areas, including appropriate
technology, tools, equipment, accessories, disaster teams/experts;

(c) Buying, for consumption or resale, from disaster relief agencies any relief goods, equipment or other
and commodities which are intended for distribution to disaster affected communities;

(d) Buying, for consumption or resale, from the recipient disaster affected persons any relief goods,
equipment or other aid commodities received by them;

(e) Selling of relief goods, equipment or other aid commodities which are intended for distribution to
disaster victims;

(f) Forcibly seizing relief goods, equipment or other aid commodities intended for or consigned to a
specific group of victims or relief agency;

(g) Diverting or misdelivery of relief goods, equipment or other aid commodities to persons other than
the rightful recipient or consignee;

(h) Accepting, possessing, using or disposing relief goods, equipment or other aid commodities not
intended for nor consigned to him/her;

(i) Misrepresenting the source of relief goods, equipment or other aid commodities by:

(1) Either covering, replacing or defacing the labels of the containers to make it appear that the goods,
equipment or other aid commodities came from another agency or persons;
(2) Repacking the! goods, equipment or other aid commodities into containers with different markings
to make it appear that the goods came from another agency or persons or was released upon the
instance of a particular agency or persons;

(3) Making false verbal claim that the goods, equipment or other and commodity m its untampered
original containers actually came from another agency or persons or was released upon the instance of a
particular agency or persons;

(j) Substituting or replacing relief goods, equipment or other aid commodities with the same items or
inferior/cheaper quality;

(k) Illegal solicitations by persons or organizations representing others as defined in the standards and
guidelines set by the NDRRMC;

(l) Deliberate use of false at inflated data in support of the request for funding, relief goods, equipment
or other aid commodities for emergency assistance or livelihood projects; and

(m) Tampering with or stealing hazard monitoring and disaster preparedness equipment and
paraphernalia.

Section 20. Penal Clause. - Any individual, corporation, partnership, association, or other juridical entity
that commits any of the prohibited acts provided for in Section 19 of this Act shall be prosecuted and
upon conviction shall suffer a fine of not less than Fifty thousand pesos (Php50,000.00) or any amount
not to exceed Five hundred thousand pesos (php500,000.00) or imprisonment of not less than six (6)
years and one (1) day or more than twelve (12) years, or both, at the discretion of the court, including
perpetual disqualification from public office if the offender IS a public officer, and confiscation or
forfeiture in favor of the government of the objects and the instrumentalities used in committing any of
herein prohibited acts.

If the offender is a corporation, partnership or association, or other juridcal entity, the penalty shall be
imposed upon the officer or officers of the corporation, partnership, association or entity responsible for
the violation without prejudice to the cancellation or revocation of these entities license or accreditation
issued to them by any licensing or accredited body of the government. If such offender is an alien, he or
she shall, in addition to the penalties prescribed in this Act, be deported without further proceedings
after service of the sentence.

However, the prosecution for offenses set forth in Section 19 of this Act shall be without prejudice to
any liability for violation of Republic Act No. 3185, as amended, otherwise known as the Revised Penal
Code, and other civil liabilities.

Section 21. Local Disaster Risk" Reduction and Management Fund (LDRRMF). - The present Local
Calamity Fund shall henceforth be known as the Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Fund
(LDRRMF). Not less than five percent (5%) of the estimated revenue from regular sources shall be set
aside as the LDRRMF to support disaster risk management activities such as, but not limited to, pre-
disaster preparedness programs including training, purchasing life-saving rescue equipment, supplies
and medicines, for post-disaster activities, and for the payment of premiums on calamity insurance. The
LDRRMC shall monitor and evaluate the use and disbursement of the LDRRMF based on the. LDRRMP as
incorporated in the local development plans and annual work and financial plan. Upon the
recommendation of the LDRRMO and approval of the sanggunian concerned, the LDRRMC may transfer
the said fund to support disaster risk reduction work of other LDRRMCs which are declared under state
of calamity.

Of the amount appropriated for LDRRMF, thirty percent (30%) shall be allocated as Quick Response Fund
(QRF) or stand-by fund for relief and recovery programs in order that situation and living conditions of
people In communities or areas stricken by disasters, calamities, epidemics, or complex emergencies,
may be normalized as quickly as possible.

Unexpended LDRRMF shall accrue to a special trust fund solely for the purpose of supporting disaster
risk reduction and management activities of the LDRRMCs within the next five (5) years. Any such
amount still not fully utilized after five (5) years shall revert back to the general fund and will be
available for other social services to be identified by the local sanggunian.

Section 22. National Disaster Risk" Reduction and Management Fund. - (a) The present Calamity Fund
appropriated under the annual General Appropriations Act shall henceforth be known as the National
Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Fund (NDRRM Fund) and it shall be used for disaster risk
reduction or mitigation, prevention and preparedness activities such as but not limited to training of
personnel, procurement of equipment, and capital expenditures. It can also be utilized for relief,
recovery, reconstruction and other work or services in connection with natural or human induced
calamities which may occur during the budget year or those that occurred in the past two (2) years from
the budget year.

(b) The specific amount of the NDRRM Fund and the appropriate recipient agencies and/or LGUs shall be
determined upon approval of the President of the Philippines in accordance with the favorable
recommendation of the NDRRMC.

(c) Of the amount appropriated for the NDRRM Fund, thirty percent (30%) shall be allocated as Quick
Response Fund (QRF) or stand-by fund for relief and recovery programs in order that situation and living
conditions of people in communities or areas stricken by disasters, calamities, epidemics, or complex
emergencies, may be normalized as quickly as possible.

(d) All departments/agencies and LGUs that are allocated with DRRM fund shall submit to the NDRRMC
their monthly statements on the utilization of DRRM funds and make an accounting thereof in
accordance with existing accounting and auditing rules.

(e) All departments, bureaus, offices and agencies of the government are hereby authorized to use a
portion of their appropriations to implement projects designed to address DRRM activities in accordance
with the guidelines to be issued by the NDRRMC in coordination with the DBM.
Section 23. Funding of the OCD. - As lead agency to carry out the provisions of this Act, the OCD shall be
allocated a budget of One billion pesos (Php1,000,000,000.00) revolving fund starting from the
effectivity of this Act.

Section 24. Annual Report. - The National Council, through the OCD, shall submit to the Office of the
President, the Senate and the House of Representatives, within the first quarter of the succeeding year,
an annual report relating to the progress of the implementation of the NDRRMP.

Section 25. Implementing Rules and Regulations. - The NDRRMC. through its Chairperson. shall issue the
necessary rules and regulations for the effective implementation of this Act within ninety (90) days after
approval of this Act. The OCD. in consultation with key stakeholders. shall take the lead in the
preparation of the implementing rules and regulations with the active involvement of the technical
management group of the NDRRMC.

Section 26. Congressional Oversight Committee. - There is hereby created a Congressional Oversight
Committee to monitor and oversee the implementation of the provisions of this Act. The Committee
shall be composed of six (6) members from the Senate and six (6) members from the House of
Representatives with the Chairpersons of the Committees on National Defense and Security of both the
Senate and the House of Representatives as joint Chairpersons of this Committee. The five (5) other
members from each Chamber are to be designated by the Senate President and the Speaker of the
House of Representatives. respectively. The minority shall be entitled to pro rata represent3tion but
shall have at least two (2) representatives from each Chamber.

Section 27. Sunset Review. - Within five (5) years after the effectivity of this Act, or as the need arises,
the Congressional Oversight Committee shall conduct a sunset review. For purposes of this Act, the term
"sunset review" shall mean a systematic evaluation by the Congressional Oversight Committee of the
accomplishments and impact of this Act, as well as the performance and organizational structure of its
implementing agencies, for purposes of determining remedial legislation.

Section 28. Repealing Clause. - Presidential Decree No. 1566 and all other laws, decrees, executive
orders, proclamations and other executive issuance's which are inconsistent with or contrary to the
provisions of this Act are hereby amended or repealed accordingly.

Section 29. Separability Clause. - If any provision of this Act shall be held unconstitutional or invalid, the
other provisions not otherwise affected shall remain m full force and effect.

Section 30. Effectivity Clause. - This Act shall take effect fifteen (15) days following its complete
publication in the Official Gazette or in two (2) national newspapers of general circulation.

Approved,

(Sgd.) PROSPERO C. NOGRALES

Speaker of the House of Representatives (Sgd.) JUAN PONCE ENRILE

President of the Senate

This Act which is a consolidation of Senate Bill No. 3086 and House Bill No, 6985 was finally passed by
the Senate and the House of Representatives on February 1, 2010.

E. EO 579

AMENDING EXECUTIVE ORDER NUMBERED FOUR HUNDRED AND FORTY-THREE, FIXING CEILING PRICES
OF COMMODITIES, GOODS AND ARTICLES OF DIRECT SHIPMENTS TO PORTS OF ENTRY IN LUZON OTHER
THAN MANILA, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES

By virtue of the powers vested in me by section 3 of Republic Act No. 509, entitled “An Act declaring
national policy, authorizing the President of the Philippines for a limited period to fix ceiling prices of
commodities and to promulgate rules and regulations regarding prices of commodities to effectuate
such policy, and authorizing the appropriation of a certain sum for the purpose,” and upon the
recommendation of the Price Administration Board, I, Elpidio Quirino, President of the Philippines, do
hereby order:

SECTION 1. Section 3 of Executive Order No. 443, dated May 29, 1951, is hereby repealed by setting up
new reduced ceiling prices for Galvanized Plain Wire as follows:

SEC. 2. The ceiling prices fixed in this Order include the 17 per cent special excise tax on foreign
exchange, 7 per cent sales tax and 1 per cent municipal tax.

SEC. 3. All controlled commodities, goods and articles of direct shipments to ports of entry in Luzon
other than Manila, shall have for their importer’s ceiling prices the prices fixed for Zone 1.

SEC. 4. This Order shall take effect immediately.

Done in the City of Manila, this 24th day of March, in the year of Our Lord, nineteen hundred and fifty-
three, and of the Independence of the Philippines, the seventh.

F. REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9512

December 12, 2008

AN ACT TO PROMOTE ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS THROUGH ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION AND

FOR OTHER PURPOSES

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Philippines in Congress assembled:

Section 1. Title. – This Act shall be known as the “National Environmental Awareness and Education Act
of 2008“.
Section 2. Declaration of Policy. – Consistent with the policy of the State to protect and advance the
right of the people to a balanced and healthful ecology in accord with the rhythm and harmony of
nature, and in recognition of the vital role of the youth in nation building and the role of education to
foster patriotism and nationalism, accelerate social progress, and promote total human liberation and
development, the state shall promote national awareness on the role of natural resources in economic
growth and the importance of environmental conservation and ecological balance towards sustained
national development.

Section 3. Scope of Environmental Education. – The Department of Education (DepEd), the Commission
on Higher Education (CHED), the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA), the
Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD), in coordination with the Department of
Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) and
other relevant agencies, shall integrate environmental education in its school curricula at all levels,
whether public or private, including in barangay daycare, preschool, non-formal, technical vocational,
professional level, indigenous learning and out-of-school youth courses or programs. Environmental
education shall encompass environmental concepts and principles, environmental laws, the state of
international and local environment, local environmental best practices, the threats of environmental
degradation and its impact on human well-being, the responsibility of the citizenry to the environment
and the value of conservation, protection and rehabilitation of natural resources and the environment in
the context of sustainable development. It shall cover both theoretical and practicum modules
comprising activities, projects, programs including, but not limited to, tree planting; waste minimization,
segregation, recycling and composting; freshwater and marine conservation; forest management and
conservation; relevant livelihood opportunities and economic benefits and other such programs and
undertakings to aid the implementation of the different environmental protection law.

Section 4. Environmental Education and Activities as Part of National Service Training Program. – The
CHED and the TESDA shall include environmental education and awareness programs and activities in
the National Service Training Program under Republic Act No. 9163, as part of the Civic Welfare Training
Service component required for all baccalaureate degree courses and vocational courses with a
curriculum of at least two (2) years.

Section 5. Declaration of Environmental Awareness Month. – Pursuant to the policy set forth in this Act,
the month of November of every year shall be known as the “Environmental Awareness Month”
throughout the Philippines.

Section 6. Interagency and Multi-sectoral Effort. – The DepEd, CHED, TESDA, DENR, DOST and other
relevant agencies, in consultation with experts on the environment and the academe, shall lead in the
implementation of public education and awareness programs on environmental protection and
conservation through collaborative interagency and multi-sectoral effort at all levels.

The DENR shall have the primary responsibility of periodically informing all agencies concerned on
current environmental updates, including identifying priority environmental education issues for
national action and providing strategic advice on the environmental education activities. The DepEd,
CHED, TESDA, DENR, DOST, DSWD and barangay units shall ensure that the information is disseminated
to the subject students.

The DOST is mandated to create programs that will ensure that students receive science-based quality
information on environmental issues to encourage the development of environment-friendly solutions,
devices, equipment and facilities.

Section 7. Capacity-Building. – The DepEd, CHED and TESDA, in coordination with the DENR and other
relevant agencies, shall undertake capacity-building programs nationwide such as trainings, seminars,
workshops on environmental education, development and production of environmental education
materials, and teacher-education courses and related livelihood programs.

Section 8. Separability Clause. – If any part, section or provision of this Act shall be held invalid or
unconstitutional, the other provisions shall not be affected thereby.

Section 9. Repealing Clause. – All other acts, laws, executive orders, presidential issuances, rules and
regulations or any part thereof which are inconsistent with this Act are hereby repealed or modified
accordingly.

Section 10. Effectivity. – This Act shall take effect fifteen (15) days after its publication in the Official
Gazette or in at least two (2) newspapers of general circulation.

G. CMO NO. 33 SERIES OF 2009

H. National Security Concerns

National security is the requirement to maintain the survival of the state through the use of economic
power, diplomacy, power projection and political power.

The concept developed mostly in the United States after World War II.

Initially focusing on military might, it now encompasses a broad range of facets, all of which impinge on
the non military or economic security of the nation and the values espoused by the national society.

Accordingly, in order to possess national security, a nation needs to possess economic security, energy
security, environmental security, etc.

Security threats involve not only conventional foes such as other nation-states but also non-state actors
such as violent non-state actors, narcotic cartels, multinational corporations and non-governmental
organisations; some authorities include natural disasters and events causing severe environmental
damage in this category.

Measures taken to ensure national security include: using diplomacy to rally allies and isolate threats
marshalling economic power to facilitate or compel cooperation maintaining effective armed forces
implementing civil defense and emergency preparedness measures (including anti-terrorism legislation)
ensuring the resilience and redundancy of critical infrastructure using intelligence services to detect and
defeat or avoid threats and espionage, and to protect classified information using counterintelligence
services or secret police to protect the nation from internal threats.

1.National Security

a. 1.Internal Threats -Internal security is the act of keeping peace within the borders of a sovereign
state or other self-governing territories, generally by upholding the national law and defending against
internal security threats. Responsibility for internal security may range from police to paramilitary
forces, and in exceptional circumstances, the military itself.

a. 2.External Threats-

a. 3. Role in f Youth in National Security - Engaging the youth from all communities in India would
empower and encourage them to play a larger role in national security. ... There is an urgent need to
promote awareness, through educational institutions, about national security and its impact on various
facets of the country's well-being.

2.Merida Convention - The United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC), adopted in Merida,
Mexico in 2003, represents a remarkable achievement for international anti-corruption efforts. With
endorsements from more than 140 state signatories representing every region of the world, the UNCAC
offers a comprehensive, global framework for combating corruption.
3.Anti Trafficking Law

Republic Act 9208: Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2003

An Act to institute policies to eliminate trafficking in persons especially women and children,
establishing the necessary institutional mechanisms for the protection and support of trafficked persons,
providing penalties for its violations, and for other purposes.

Section 1.Title. — This Act shall be known as the “Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2003.”

Section 2.Declaration of Policy. — It is hereby declared that the State values the dignity of every human
person and guarantees the respect of individual rights. In pursuit of this policy, the State shall give
highest priority to the enactment of measures and development of programs that will promote human
dignity, protect the people from any threat of violence and exploitation, eliminate trafficking in persons,
and mitigate pressures for involuntary migration and servitude of persons, not only to support trafficked
persons but more importantly, to ensure their recovery, rehabilitation and reintegration into the
mainstream of society.

It shall be a State policy to recognize the equal rights and inherent human dignity of women and men as
enshrined in the United Nations Universal Declaration on Human Rights, United Nations Convention on
the Rights of the Child, United Nations Convention on the Protection of Migrant Workers and their
Families, United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime Including its Protocol to
Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children and all other
relevant and universally accepted human rights instruments and other international conventions to
which the Philippines is a signatory.

Section 3.Definition of Terms. — As used in this Act:

(a) Trafficking in Persons — refers to the recruitment, transportation, transfer or harboring, or receipt
of arsons with or without the victim’s consent or knowledge, within or across national borders by means
of threat or use of force, or other forms of coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of power or of
position, taking advantage of the vulnerability of the persons, or, the giving or receiving of payments or
benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person for the purpose of
exploitation which includes at a minimum, the exploitation or the prostitution of others or other forms
of sexual exploitation, forced labor or services, slavery, servitude or the removal or sale of organs.

The recruitment transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of a child for the purpose of exploitation
shall also be considered as “trafficking in persons” even if it does not involve any of the means set forth
in the preceding paragraph.

(b) Child — refers to a person below eighteen (18) years of age or one who is over eighteen (18) but is
unable to fully take care of or protect himself/herself from abuse, neglect, cruelty, exploitation, or
discrimination because of a physical or mental disability or condition.
(c) Prostitution — refers to any act, transaction, scheme or design involving the use of a person by
another, for sexual intercourse or lascivious conduct in exchange for money, profit or any other
consideration.

(d) Forced Labor and Slavery — refer to the extraction of work or services from any person by means
of enticement, violence, intimidation or threat, use of force or coercion, including deprivation of
freedom, abuse of authority or moral ascendancy, debt-bondage or deception.

(e) Sex Tourism — refers to a program organized by travel and tourism-related establishment and
individuals which consists of tourism packages or activities, utilizing and offering escort and sexual
services as enticement for tourists. This includes sexual services and practices offered during rest and
recreation periods for members of the military.

(f) Sexual Exploitation — refers to participation by a person in prostitution or the production of

pornographic materials as a result of being subjected to a threat, deception, coercion, abduction, force,
abuse of authority, debt bondage, fraud or through abuse of a victim’s vulnerability.

(g) Debt Bondage — refers to the pledging by the debtor of his/her personal services or labor or those
of a person under his/her control as security or payment for a debt, when the length and nature of
services is not clearly defined or when the value of the services as reasonably assessed is not applied
toward the liquidation of the debt.

(h) Pornography — refers to any representation, through publication, exhibition, cinematography,

indecent shows, information technology, or by whatever means, of a person engaged in real or
simulated explicit sexual activities or any representation of the sexual parts of a person for primarily
sexual purposes.

(i) Council — shall mean the Inter-Agency Council Against Trafficking created under Sec. 20 of this Act.

Section 4. Acts of Trafficking in Persons. — It shall be unlawful for any person, natural or judicial, to
commit any of the following acts.

(a) To recruit, transport, transfer, harbor, provide, or receive a person by any means, including those
done under the pretext of domestic or overseas employment or training or apprenticeship, for the
purpose of prostitution, pornography, sexual exploitation, forced labor, slavery, involuntary servitude or
debt bondage;

(b) To introduce or match for money, profit, or material, economic or other consideration, any person
or, as provided for under Republic Act No. 6955, any Filipino women to a foreign national, for marriage
for the purpose of acquiring, buying, offering, selling or trading him/her to engage in prostitution,
pornography, sexual exploitation, forced labor, slavery, involuntary servitude or debt bondage;

(c) To offer or contract marriage, real or simulated, for the purpose of acquiring, buying, offering,
selling, or trading them to engage in prostitution, pornography, sexual exploitation, forced labor or
slavery, involuntary servitude or debt bondage;
(d) To undertake or organize tours and travel plans consisting of tourism packages or activities for the
purpose of utilizing and offering persons for prostitution, pornography or sexual exploitation;

(e) To maintain or hire a person to engage in prostitution or pornography;

(f) To adopt or facilitate the adoption of persons for the purpose of prostitution, pornography, sexual
exploitation, forced labor, slavery, involuntary servitude or debt bondage;

(g) To recruit, hire, adopt, transport or abduct a person, by means of threat or use of force, fraud
deceit, violence, coercion, or intimidation for the purpose of removal or sale of organs of said person;
and

(h) To recruit, transport or adopt a child to engage in armed activities in the Philippines or abroad.

Section 5. Acts that Promote Trafficking in Persons. — The following acts which promote or facilitate
trafficking in persons shall be unlawful:

(a) To knowingly lease or sublease, use or allow to be used any house, building or establishment for
the purpose of promoting trafficking in persons;

(b) To produce, print and issue or distribute unissued, tampered or fake counseling certificates,
registration stickers and certificates of any government agency which issued these certificates and
stickers as proof of compliance with government regulatory and pre-departure requirements for the
purpose of promoting trafficking in persons;

(c) To advertise, publish, print, broadcast or distribute, or cause the advertisement, publication,
printing broadcasting or distribution by any means, including the use of information technology and the
internet, of any brochure, flyer, or any propaganda material that promotes trafficking in persons;

(d) To assist in the conduct of misrepresentation or fraud for purposes of facilitating the acquisition of
clearances and necessary exit documents from government agencies that are mandate to provide pre-
departure registration and services for departing persons for the purpose of promoting trafficking in
persons;

(e) To facilitate, assist or help in the exit and entry of persons from/to the country at international and
local airports, territorial boundaries and seaports who are in possession of unissued, tampered or
fraudulent travel documents for the purpose of promoting trafficking in persons;

(f) To confiscate, conceal, or destroy the passport, travel documents, or personal documents or
belongings of trafficked persons in furtherance of trafficking or to prevent them from leaving the
country or seeking redress from the government or appropriate agencies; and

(h) To knowingly benefit from, financial or otherwise, or make use of, the labor or services of a person
held to a condition of involuntary servitude, forced labor, or slavery.

Section 6. Qualified Trafficking in Persons. — The following are considered as qualified trafficking:
(a) When the trafficked person is a child;

(b) When the adoption is effected through Republic Act No. 8043, otherwise known as the “Inter-
Country Adoption Act of 1995” and said adoption is for the purpose of prostitution, pornography, sexual
exploitation, forced labor, slavery, involuntary servitude or debt bondage;

(c) When the crime is committed by a syndicate, or in large scale. Trafficking is deemed committed by a
syndicate if carried out by a group of three (3) or more persons conspiring or confederating with one
another. It is deemed committed in large scale if committed against three (3) or more persons,
individually or as a group;

(d) When the offender is an ascendant, parent, sibling, guardian or a person who exercise authority
over the trafficked person or when the offense is committed by a public officer or employee;

(e) When the trafficked person is recruited to engage in prostitution with any member of the military
or law enforcement agencies;

(f) When the offender is a member of the military or law enforcement agencies; and

(g) When by reason or on occasion of the act of trafficking in persons, the offended party dies,
becomes insane, suffers mutilation or is afflicted with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) or the
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS).

Sec. 7. Confidentiality. — At any stage of the investigation, prosecution and trial of an offense under
this Act, law enforcement officers, prosecutors, judges, court personnel and medical practitioners, as
well as parties to the case, shall recognize the right to privacy of the trafficked person and the accused.
Towards this end, law enforcement officers, prosecutors and judges to whom the complaint has been
referred may, whenever necessary to ensure a fair and impartial proceeding; and after considering all
circumstances for the best interest of the parties order a closed-door investigation, prosecution or trial.
The name and personal circumstances of the trafficked person or of the accused, or any other
information tending to establish their identities and such circumstances or information shall not be
disclosed to the public.

In cases when prosecution or trial is conducted behind closed-doors, it shall be unlawful for any editor,
publisher, and reporter or columnist in case of printed materials, announcer or producer in case of
television and radio, producer and director of a film in case of the movie industry, or any person utilizing
tri-media facilities or information technology to cause publicly of any case of trafficking in persons.

Section 8. Prosecution of Cases. — Any person who has personal knowledge of the commission of any
offense under this Act, the trafficked person, the parents, spouse, siblings, children or legal guardian
may file a complaint for trafficking.

Section 9. Venue. — A criminal action arising from violation of this Act shall be filed where the offense
was committed, or where any of its elements occurred, or where the trafficked person actually resides
at the time of the commission of the offense: provided, that the court where the criminal action is first
filed shall acquire jurisdiction to the exclusion of other courts.

Section 10. Penalties and Sanctions. — The following penalties and sanctions are hereby established for
the offenses enumerated in this Act:

(a) Any person found guilty of committing any of the acts enumerated in Sec. 4 shall suffer the penalty
of imprisonment of twenty (20) years and a fine of not less than One million pesos (P1,000,000.00) but
not more than Two million pesos (P2,000,000.00);

(b) Any person found guilty of committing any of the acts enumerated in Sec. 5 shall suffer the penalty
of imprisonment of fifteen (15) years and a fine of not less than Five hundred thousand pesos
(P500,000.00) but not more than One million pesos (P1,000,000.00);

(c) Any person found guilty of qualified trafficking under Sec. 6 shall suffer the penalty of life
imprisonment and a fine of not less than Two million pesos (P2,000,000.00) but not more than Five
million pesos (P5,000,000.00);

(d) Any person who violates Sec. 7, hereof shall suffer the penalty of imprisonment of six (6) years and
a fine of not less than Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) but not more than One million pesos
(P1,000,000.00);

(e) If the offender is a corporation, partnership, association, club, establishment or any judicial person,
the penalty shall be imposed upon the owner, president, partner, manager; and/or any responsible
officer who participated in the commission of the crime or who shall have knowingly permitted or failed
to prevent its commission;

(f) The registration with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and license to operate of the
erring agency, corporation, association religious group, tour or travel agent, club or establishment, or
any place of entertainment shall be cancelled and revoked permanently. The owner, president, partner
or manager thereof shall not be allowed to operate similar establishments in different name;

(g) If the offender is a foreigner, he shall be immediately deported after serving his sentence and be
barred permanently from entering the country;

(h) Any employee or official of government agencies who shall issue or approve the issuance of travel
exit clearances, passports, registration certificates, counseling certificates, marriage license, and other
similar documents to persons, whether judicial or natural, recruitment agencies, establishments or other
individuals or groups, who fail to observe the prescribed procedures and the requirements as provided
for by laws, rules and regulations, shall beheld administratively liable, without prejudice to criminal
liability under this Act. The concerned government official or employee shall, upon conviction, be
dismissed from the service and be barred permanently to hold public office. His/her retirement and
other benefits shall likewise be forfeited; and
(i) Conviction by final judgment of the adopter for any offense under this Act shall result in the
immediate rescission of the decree of adoption.

Section 11. Use of Trafficked Persons. — Any person who buy or engages the services of trafficked
persons for prostitution shall be penalized as follows:

(a) First offense — six (6) months of community service as may be determined by the court and a fine
of Fifty thousand pesos (P50,000.00); and

(b) Second and subsequent offenses — Imprisonment of one (1) year and a fine of One hundred
thousand pesos (P100,000.00).

Section 12. Prescriptive Period. — Trafficking cases under this Act shall prescribe in ten (10) years:
provided, however, that trafficking cases committed by a syndicate or in a large scale as defined under
Sec. 6 shall prescribe in twenty (20) years.

The prescriptive period shall commence to run from the day on which the trafficked person is delivered
or released from the conditions of bondage and shall be interrupted by the filing of the complaint or
information and shall commence to run again when such proceedings terminate without the accused
being convicted or acquitted or are unjustifiably stopped for any reason not imputable to the accused.

Section 13. Exemption from Filing Fees. — When the trafficked person institutes a separate civil action
for the recovery of civil damages, he/she shall be exempt from the payment of filing fees.

Section 14. Confiscation and Forfeiture of the Proceeds and Instruments Derived from Trafficking in
Persons. — In addition to the penalty imposed for the violation of this Act, the court shall order the
confiscation and forfeiture, in favor of the government, of all the proceeds and properties derived from
the commission of the crime; unless they are the property of a third person not liable for the unlawful
act: provided, however, that all awards for damages shall be taken from the personal and separate
properties of the offender: provided further, that if such properties are insufficient, the balance shall be
taken from the confiscated and forfeited properties.

When the proceeds, properties and instruments of the offense have been destroyed, diminished in
value or otherwise rendered worthless by any act or omission, directly or indirectly, or it has been
concealed, removed, converted or transferred to prevent the same from being found or to avoid
forfeiture or confiscation, the offender shall be ordered to pay the amount equal to the value of the
proceeds, property or instruments of the offense.

Section 15. Trust Fund. — All fines imposed under this Act and the proceeds and properties forfeited
and confiscated pursuant to Sec. 14 hereof shall accrue to a Trust Fund to be administered and managed
by the Council to be used exclusively for programs that will prevent acts of trafficking and protect,
rehabilitate, reintegrate trafficked persons into the mainstream of society. Such programs shall include,
but not limited to, the following:

(a) Provision for mandatory services set forth in Sec. 23 of this Act;
(b) Sponsorship of a national research program on trafficking and establishment of a data collection
system or monitoring and evaluation purposes;

(c) Provision of necessary technical and material support services to appropriate government agencies
and non-government organizations (NGOs);

(d) Sponsorship of conferences and seminars to provide venue for consensus building amongst the
public, the academe, government, NGOs and international organizations; and

(e) Promotion of information and education campaign on trafficking.

Section 16. Programs that Address Trafficking in Persons. — The government shall establish and
implement preventive, protective and rehabilitative programs for trafficked persons. For this purpose,
the following agencies are hereby mandated to implement the following programs:

(a) Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA) — shall make available its resources and facilities overseas for
trafficked persons regardless of their manner of entry to the receiving country, and explore means to
further enhance its assistance in eliminating trafficking activities through closer networking with
government agencies in the country and overseas, particularly in the formulation of policies and
implementation of relevant programs.

The DFA shall take necessary measures for the efficient implementation of the Machine Readable
Passports to protect the integrity of Philippine passports, visas and other travel documents to reduce
the incidence of trafficking through the use of fraudulent identification documents. It shall establish and
implement a pre-marriage, on-site and pre-departure counseling program on intermarriages.

(b) Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) — shall implement rehabilitative and
protective programs for trafficked persons. It shall provide counseling and temporary shelter to
trafficked persons and develop a system for accreditation among NGOs for purposes of establishing
centers and programs for intervention in various levels of the community.

(c) Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) — shall ensure the strict implementation and
compliance with the rules and guidelines relative to the employment of persons locally and overseas. It
shall likewise monitor, document and report cases of trafficking in persons involving employers and
labor recruiters.

(d) Department of Justice (DOJ) — shall ensure the prosecution of persons accused of trafficking and
designate and train special prosecutors who shall handle and prosecute cases of trafficking. It shall also
establish a mechanism for free legal assistance for trafficked persons, in coordination with the DSWD,
Integrated Bar of the Philippines (IBP) and other NGOs and volunteer groups.

(e) National Commission on the Role of Filipino Women (NCRFW) — shall actively participate and
coordinate in the formulation and monitoring of policies addressing the issue of trafficking in persons in
both its local and international advocacy for women’s issues.
(f) Bureau of Immigration (BI) — shall strictly administer and enforce immigration and alien
administration laws. It shall adopt measures for the apprehension of suspected traffickers both at the
place of arrival and departure and shall ensure compliance by the Filipino fiances/fiancees and spouses
of foreign nationals with the guidance and counseling requirements as provided for in this Act.

(g) Philippine National Police (PNP) — shall be the primary law enforcement agency to undertake
surveillance, investigation and arrest of individuals or persons suspected to be engaged in trafficking. It
shall closely coordinate with various law enforcement agencies to secure concerted efforts for effective
investigations and apprehension of suspected traffickers. It shall also establish a system to receive
complaints and calls to assist trafficked persons and conduct rescue operations.

(h) Philippine Overseas Employment Administration (POEA) — shall implement an effective pre-
employment orientation seminars and pre-departure counseling programs to applicants for overseas
employment. It shall likewise formulate a system of providing free legal assistance to trafficked persons.

(i) Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) — shall institute a systematic information
and prevention campaign and likewise maintain a databank for the effective monitoring documentation
and prosecution of cases on trafficking in persons.

(j) Local government units (LGUs) — shall monitor and document cases of trafficking in persons in their
areas of jurisdiction, effect the cancellation of licenses of establishments which violate the provisions of
this Act and ensure effective prosecution of such cases. They shall also undertake an information
campaign against trafficking in persons through the establishment of the Migrants Advisory and
Information Network (MAIN) desks in municipalities or provinces in coordination with DILG, Philippine
Information Agency (PIA), Commission on Filipinos Overseas (CFO), NGOs and other concerned agencies.
They shall encourage and support community based initiatives which address the trafficking in persons.
In implementing this Act, the agencies concerned may seek and enlist the assistance of NGOs, people’s
organizations (POs), civic organizations and other volunteer groups

Section 17. Legal Protection to Trafficked Persons. — Trafficked persons shall be recognized as victims of
the act or acts of trafficking and as such shall not be penalized for crimes directly related to the acts of
trafficking enumerated in this Act or in obedience to the order made by the trafficker in relation thereto.
In this regard, the consent of a trafficked person to the intended exploitation set forth in this Act shall be
irrelevant.

Section 18. Preferential Entitlement Under the Witness Protection Program. — Any provision of Republic
Act No. 6981 to the contrary notwithstanding, any trafficked person shall be entitled to the witness
protection program provided therein.

Section 19. Trafficked Persons Who are Foreign Nationals. — Subject to the guidelines issued by the
Council, trafficked persons in the Philippines who are nationals of a foreign country shall also be entitled
to appropriate protection, assistance and services available to trafficked persons under this Act:
provided, that they shall be permitted continued presence in the Philippines for a length of time
prescribed by the Council as necessary to effect the prosecution of offenders.
Section 20. Inter-Agency Council Against Trafficking. — There is hereby established an Inter-Agency
Council Against Trafficking, to be composed of the Secretary of the Department of Justice as Chairperson
and the Secretary of the Department of Social Welfare and Development as Co-Chairperson and shall
have the following as members:

(a) Secretary, Department of Foreign Affairs;

(b) Secretary, Department of Labor and Employment;

(c) Administrator, Philippine Overseas Employment Administration;

(d) Commissioner, Bureau of Immigration;

(e) Director-General, Philippine National Police;

(f) Chairperson, National Commission on the Role of Filipino Women; and

(g) Three (3) representatives from NGOs, who shall be composed of one (1) representative each from
among the sectors representing women, overseas Filipino workers (OFWs) and children, with a proven
record of involvement in the prevention and suppression of trafficking in persons. These representatives
shall be nominated by the government agency representatives of the Council, for appointment by the
President for a term of three (3) years.

The members of the Council may designate their permanent representatives who shall have a rank not
lower than an assistant secretary or its equivalent to meetings, and shall receive emoluments as may be
determined by the Council in accordance with existing budget and accounting rules and regulations.

Section 21. Functions of the Council. — The Council shall have the following powers and functions:

(a) Formulate a comprehensive and integrated program to prevent and suppress the trafficking in
persons;

(b) Promulgate rules and regulations as may be necessary for the effective implementation of this Act;

(c) Monitor and oversee the strict implementation of this Act;

(d) Coordinate the programs and projects of the various member agencies to effectively address the
issues and problems attendant to trafficking in persons,

(e) Coordinate the conduct of massive information dissemination and campaign on the existence of
the law and the various issues and problems attendant to trafficking through the LGUs, concerned
agencies, and NGOs;

(f) Direct other agencies to immediately respond to the problems brought to their attention and report
to the Council on action taken;
(g) Assist in filing of cases against individuals, agencies, institutions or establishments that violate the
provisions of this Act;

(h) Formulate a program for the reintegration of trafficked persons in cooperation with DOLE, DSWD,
Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA), Commission on Higher Education
(CHED), LGUs and NGO’s.

(i) Secure from any department, bureau, office, agency, or instrumentality of the government or from
NGOs and other civic organizations such assistance as may be needed to effectively implement this Act;

(j) Complement the shared government information system for migration established under Republic
Act No. 8042, otherwise known as the “Migrant Workers and Overseas Filipinos Act of 1995” with data
on cases of trafficking in persons, and ensure that the proper agencies conduct a continuing research
and study on the patterns and scheme of trafficking in persons which shall form the basis for policy
formulation and program direction;

(k) Develop the mechanism to ensure the timely, coordinated, and effective response to cases of
trafficking in persons;

(l) Recommend measures to enhance cooperative efforts and mutual assistance among foreign
countries through bilateral and/or multilateral arrangements to prevent and suppress international
trafficking in persons;

(m) Coordinate with the Department of Transportation and Communications (DOTC), Department of
Trade and Industry (DTI), and other NGOs in monitoring the promotion of advertisement of trafficking in
the internet;

(n) Adopt measures and policies to protect the rights and needs of trafficked persons who are foreign
nationals in the Philippines;

(o) Initiate training programs in identifying and providing the necessary intervention or assistance to
trafficked persons; and

(p) Exercise all the powers and perform such other functions necessary to attain the purposes and
objectives of this Act.

Section 22. Secretariat to the Council. — The Department of Justice shall establish the necessary
Secretariat for the Council.

Section 23. Mandatory Services to Trafficked Persons. — To ensure recovery, rehabilitation and
reintegration into the mainstream of society; concerned government agencies shall make available the
following services to trafficked persons:

(a) Emergency shelter or appropriate housing;

(b) Counseling;
(c) Free legal services which shall include information about the victims rights and the procedure for
filling complaints, claiming compensation and such other legal remedies available to them, in a language
understood by the trafficked person;

(d) Medical or psychological services;

(e) Livelihood and skills training; and

(f) Educational assistance to a trafficked child.

Sustained supervision and follow through mechanism that will track the progress of recovery,
rehabilitation and reintegration of the trafficked persons shall be adopted and carried out.

Section 24. Other Services for Trafficked Persons. —

(a) Legal Assistance. — Trafficked persons shall be considered under the category “Overseas Filipino in
Distress” and may avail of the legal assistance created by Republic Act No. 8042, subject to the
guidelines as provided by law.

(b) Overseas Filipino Resource Centers. — The services available to overseas Filipinos as provided for
by Republic Act No. 8042 shall also be extended to trafficked persons regardless of their immigration
status in the host country.

(c) The Country Team Approach. — The country team approach under Executive Order No. 74 of 1993,
shall be the operational scheme under which Philippine embassies abroad shall provide protection to
trafficked persons insofar as the promotion of their welfare, dignity and fundamental rights are
concerned.

Section 25. Repatriation of Trafficked Persons. — The DFA, in coordination with DOLE and other
appropriate agencies, shall have the primary responsibility for the repatriation of trafficked persons,
regardless of whether they are documented or undocumented.

If, however, the repatriation of the trafficked persons shall expose the victims to greater risks, the DFA
shall make representation with the host government for the extension of appropriate residency permits
and protection, as may be legally permissible in the host country.

Section 26. Extradition. — The DOJ, in consultation with DFA, shall endeavor to include offenses of
trafficking in persons among extraditable offenses.

Section 27. Reporting Requirements. — The Council shall submit to the President of the Philippines and
to Congress an annual report of the policies, programs and activities relative to the implementation of
this Act.

Section 28. Funding. — The heads of the departments and agencies concerned shall immediately include
in their programs and issue such rules and regulations to implement the provisions of this Act, the
funding of which shall be included in the annual General Appropriations Act.
Section 29. Implementing Rules and Regulations. — The Council shall promulgate the necessary
implementing rules and regulations within sixty (60) days from the effectivity of this Act.

Section 30. Non-restriction of Freedom of Speech and of Association, Religion and the Right to Travel. —
Nothing in this Act shall be interpreted as a restriction of the freedom of speech and of association,
religion and the right to travel for purposes not contrary to law as guaranteed by the Constitution.

Section 31. Separability Clause. — If, for any reason, any Sec. or provision of this Act is held
unconstitutional or invalid, the other Sec.s or provisions hereof shall not be affected thereby.

Section 32. Repealing Clause. — All laws, presidential decrees, executive orders and rules and
regulations, or parts thereof, inconsistent with the provisions of this Act are hereby repealed or
modified accordingly: provided, that this Act shall not in any way amend or repeal the provision of
Republic Act No. 7610, otherwise known as the “Special Protection of Children Against Child Abuse,
Exploitation and Discrimination Act.”

Section 33. Effectivity. — This Act shall take effect fifteen (15) days from the date of its complete
publication in at least two (2) newspapers of general .

4.EO No. 3 s 2001

EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 3

DEFINING POLICY AND ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE FOR GOVERNMENT’S COMPREHENSIVE PEACE

EFFORTS

WHEREAS, a primary objective of the government is the attainment of a just, comprehensive and
enduring peace under the rule of law and in accordance with constitutional processes, which is the basic
foundation for sustainable economic and human development and national prosperity;

WHEREAS, a just comprehensive and enduring peace requires not merely the end of internal armed
conflicts, but just as importantly the resolution of root causes of the armed conflicts and social unrest,
transformation of Philippine society to one characterized by justice, equity, tolerance, harmonious
pluralism, and full respect for human rights;

WHEREAS, the nationwide public consultations of the National Unification Commission recommended a
comprehensive, integrated and holistic peace process comprising “Three Principles and Six Paths to
Peace” as necessary for the attainment of a just and enduring peace;

WHEREAS, this comprehensive, integrated and holistic peace process was adopted as government policy
under Executive Order No. 125, s. 1993, which created the Office of the Presidential Adviser on the
Peace Process;

WHEREAS, there is a desire to reaffirm the government’s continuing commitment to this comprehensive
peace process and to consolidate its gains;
WHEREAS, in line with the Administration’s policy to reconstruct the peace process, there is a need to
strengthen and streamline processes and rationalize structures towards an effective and integrated
approach to the pursuit of peace, responsive to the changing situation of conflict in the country and
lessons learned from the past implementation;

WHEREAS, there is a need to further enhance the contribution of civil society to the comprehensive
peace process by institutionalizing the people’s participation:

NOW, THEREFORE, I, GLORIA MACAPAGAL-ARROYO, President of the Republic of the Philippines, by

virtue of the powers vested in me by law, do hereby order:

Section 1. Scope. The government’s policy framework for peace, including the systematic approach and
the administrative structure for carrying out the comprehensive peace process, shall be governed by this
Executive Order.

Section 2. The Systematic Approach to Peace. The government shall continue to pursue a
comprehensive, integrated and holistic approach to peace that is guided by the principles and processes
laid down in this Executive Order. These shall provide the framework for the implementation,
coordination, monitoring and integration of all government peace initiatives, and guide its partnership
with civil society in the pursuit of a just and enduring peace.

Section 3. The Three Principles of the Comprehensive Peace Process. The comprehensive peace process
shall continue to be governed by the following underlying principles:

a. A comprehensive peace process should be community-based, reflecting the sentiments, values and
principles important to all Filipinos. Thus, it shall be defined not by the government alone, nor by the
different contending groups only, but by all Filipinos as one community.

b. A comprehensive peace process aims to forge a new social compact for a just, equitable, humane and
pluralistic society. It seeks to establish a genuinely pluralistic society, where all individuals and groups
are free to engage in peaceful competition for predominance of their political programs without fear,
through the exercise of rights and liberties guaranteed by the Constitution, and where they may
compete for political power through an electoral system that is free, fair and honest.

c. A comprehensive peace process seeks a principled and peaceful resolution to the internal armed
conflicts, with neither blame nor surrender, but with dignity for all concerned.

Section 4. The Six Paths to Peace. The components of the comprehensive peace process comprise the
processes known as the “Paths to Peace”. These component processes are interrelated and not mutually
exclusive, and must therefore be pursued simultaneously in a coordinated and integrated fashion. They
shall include, but may not be limited to, the following:

a. PURSUIT OF SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL REFORMS. This component involves the vigorous
implementation of various policies, reforms, programs and projects aimed at addressing the root causes
of internal armed conflicts and social unrest. This may require administrative action, new legislation or
even constitutional amendments.

b. CONSENSUS-BUILDING AND EMPOWERMENT FOR PEACE. This component includes continuing

consultations on both national and local levels to build consensus for a peace agenda and process, and
the mobilization and facilitation of people’s participation in the peace process.

c. PEACEFUL, NEGOTIATED SETTLEMENT WITH THE DIFFERENT REBEL GROUPS. This component involves
the conduct of face-to-face negotiations to reach peaceful settlement with the different rebel groups. It
also involves the effective implementation of peace agreements.

d. PROGRAMS FOR RECONCILIATION, REINTEGRATION INTO MAINSTREAM SOCIETY AND

REHABILITATION. This component includes programs to address the legal status and security of former
rebels, as well as community-based assistance programs to address the economic, social and
psychological rehabilitation needs of former rebels, demobilized combatants and civilian victims of the
internal armed conflicts.

e. ADDRESSING CONCERNS ARISING FROM CONTINUING ARMED HOSTILITIES. This component involves
the strict implementation of laws and policy guidelines, and the institution of programs to ensure the
protection of non-combatants and reduce the impact of the armed conflict on communities found in
conflict areas

f. BUILDING AND NURTURING A CLIMATE CONDUCIVE TO PEACE. This component includes peace
advocacy and peace education programs, and the implementation of various confidence-building
measures.

Section 5. Administrative Structure. The administrative Structure for carrying out the comprehensive
peace process shall be as follows:

a. THE PRESIDENCY. The President shall exercise active and focused leadership that is essential for the
effective pursuit of the comprehensive peace process.

b. PRESIDENTIAL ADVISER ON THE PEACE PROCESS. The Presidential Adviser on the Peace Process
(PAPP) shall be charged with the management and supervision of the comprehensive peace process. The
PAPP shall be appointed by the President and shall have the rank and remuneration of a Cabinet
Member. He shall have the authority to coordinate and integrate, in behalf of the president, all existing
peace efforts. As such, the PAPP shall have direct supervision and control over the specific structures
and programs designed for the implementations of the comprehensive peace process. He shall have the
following functions and responsibilities:

1) Advise and assist the President in the management, direction and supervision of the comprehensive
peace process;

2) Recommend to the President policies, programs and actions to implement the comprehensive peace
process;
3) Report to the President on the progress of implementation of the comprehensive peace process;

4) Supervise the government agencies and instrumentalities, to include their program and activities,
purposely created for the implementation of various components of the comprehensive peace process,
such as the Government Peace Negotiating Panels and the National Program for Unification and
Development;

5) Coordinate with other government agencies involved in the implementation of the comprehensive
peace process, including the National Amnesty Commission and the National Anti-Poverty Commission,
as well as the various departments and instrumentalities which should participate or provide support to
the overall effort;

6) Conduct regular dialogues with the National Peace Forum and other peace partners to seek relevant
information, comments and recommendations as well as to render appropriate and timely reports on
the progress of the comprehensive peace process.

7) Perform such other functions as directed by the President.

c. GOVERNMENT PEACE NEGOTIATING PANELS. There shall be established Government Peace

Negotiating Panels (GPNPs) for negotiations with different rebel groups, to be composed of a Chairman
and four (4) members who shall be appointed by the President as her official emissaries to conduct
negotiations, dialogues, and face-to-face discussions with rebel groups. They shall report to the
President, through the PAPP, on the conduct and progress of their negotiations.

The GPNPs shall each be provided technical support by a Panel Secretariat under the direct control and
supervision of the respective Panel Chairmen. They shall be authorized to hire consultants and to
organize their own Technical Committees to assist in the technical requirements for the negotiations.

Upon conclusion of a final peace agreement with any of the rebel groups, the concerned GPNP shall be
dissolved. Its Panel Secretariat shall be retained in the Office of the Presidential Adviser on the Peace
Process (OPAPP) for the purpose of providing support for the monitoring of the implementation of the
peace agreement.

d. PANEL OF ADVISERS. There shall be a Panel of Advisers for each of the GPNPs, composed of
representatives from the Senate, House of Representatives, members of the Cabinet and
representatives of civil society and other advisers as may be designated by the President upon
recommendation of the PAPP, which shall function as an advisory body to their respective GPNPs on the
conduct of their negotiations.

Section 6. National Program for Unification and Development Council. The National Program For
Unification and Development Council (NPUDC) shall be charged with the implementation of programs
for the reconciliation and reintegration into mainstream society of former rebels, through area-based
projects and activities to address their economic, social and psychological rehabilitation needs.
Section 7. The National Amnesty Commission. The National Amnesty Commission (NAC) shall take
charge of the government’s amnesty program to address the legal status and security of former
combatants. The PAPP shall be in active coordination with the NAC in ensuring the appropriate response
of government to the needs of former combatants.

Section 8. The National Peace Forum. To crystallize the partnership between the government and civil
society in the pursuit of a just and enduring peace, there shall be a National Peace Forum (NPF) which
shall function as an advisory body to the PAPP. It shall be the principal forum for the PAPP to consult
with and seek advise from the peace advocates, peace partners and concerned sectors of society on
both national and local levels, on the implementation of the comprehensive peace process, as well as
for government-civil society dialogue and consensus-building on peace agenda and initiatives.

Section 9. The Office of the Presidential Adviser on the Peace Process. The Office of the Presidential
Adviser on the Peace Process (OPAPP) shall provide technical and administrative support to the PAPP in
the discharge of his functions for the coordination and implementation of all components of the
comprehensive peace process.

The secretariat of the National Peace Forum (NPF ) established under EO 115, s. 1999 shall be integrated
into and function as a component unit of the OPAPP.

Administrative support services for the GPNPs shall be provided by the OPAPP.

Section 10. Implementing Rules and Regulations. Subject to the approval of the Office of the President,
the PAPP shall promulgate the necessary implementing rules and regulations to carry out the provisions
of this Executive Order.

Section 11. Funding. The approved budgets of the OPAPP, the National Program for Unification and
Development Council and the National Peace Forum for the current year shall be the source of funds for
the implementation of the comprehensive peace process for the year 2001. Appropriations for
succeeding years shall be incorporated in the budget of the OPAPP and other agencies concerned.

Section 12. Repealing Clause. All Executive Orders, rules and regulations and other issuances, or parts
thereof, which are inconsistent with this Executive Order are hereby repealed or modified accordingly.

Section 13. Effectivity. This Executive Order shall take effect immediately.

5. Proclamation Order No. 675 s, 2004

PROCLAMATION NO. 675

DECLARING THE MONTH OF SEPTEMBER 2004 AND EVERY YEAR THEREAFTER AS “NATIONAL PEACE
CONSCIOUSNESS MONTH”

WHEREAS, Executive Order No. 3, s. 2001, mandates the continuing pursuit of a comprehensive peace
process along six major peace-making and peace-building components, otherwise known as the Six
Paths to Peace, to wit:
• Pursuit of social, economic and political reforms to address the root causes of armed conflicts and
social unrest;

• Consensus-building and empowerment for peace through consultations and people participation;

• Peaceful, negotiated settlement with different rebel groups and the effective implementation of peace
agreements;

• Programs for reconciliation, reintegration into mainstream society and rehabilitation of former rebels
and their communities;

• Addressing concerns arising from continuing armed conflicts, such as the protection of non-
combatants and the reduction of the impact of armed conflicts on communities; and

•Building and nurturing a climate conducive to peace through peace education and advocacy programs
and confidence-building measures.

WHEREAS, there is a need to instill greater consciousness and understanding among the Filipino people
on the comprehensive peace process to strengthen and sustain institutional and popular support for and
participation in this effort, as well as in the global movement spearheaded by the United Nations to
promote a Culture of Peace based on nonviolence, respect for fundamental rights and freedoms,
tolerance, understanding and solidarity;

WHEREAS, Proclamation No. 161 dated February 28, 2002 specifically addresses the above concern by
way of an annual observance of a National Peace Consciousness Week from February 28 to March 6;

WHEREAS, there is a need to reset the period of observance of the National Peace Consciousness Week
to September of every year to allow more active participation from the citizenry and institutions,
including educational institutions, as well as to expand the week-long celebration to a period of one
month;

WHEREAS, the month of September holds several significant milestones in the history of pursuing the
peace process in the country, some of which are as follows:

• Creation of the National Unification Commission, through Executive Order No. 19 issued on September
1, 1992, which undertook nationwide consultations in 1992–1993 to lay the foundations of the
Philippine Government’s agenda for a just, comprehensive and lasting peace;

• Issuance of Executive Order No. 125 in September 15, 1993 by then Pres. Fidel V. Ramos which
provided for the administrative and policy structure to pursue the NUC-proposed comprehensive peace
process agenda, including the creation of the Office of the Presidential Adviser on the Peace Process;

•Signing of a Final Peace Agreement by the Philippine Government and the Moro National Liberation
Front on September 2, 1996; and
•Signing of a Peace Pact, or “Sipat” by the Philippine Government and the Cordillera People’s Liberation
Army on September 13, 1986.

WHEREAS, the month of September has international significance relative to the global advocacy for
peace because of activities such as:

•Annual observance of the United Nations’ International Day of Peace on September 21;

• Launching of the 2001–2010 International Decade for a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the
Children of the World on September 19, 2000; and

• Commemoration of the September 11, 2001 terrorist bombings in the United States of America which
roused not only the world, but the Philippines as well, to take firm action against the horrors of
international and domestic terrorism.

NOW, THEREFORE, I, GLORIA MACAPAGAL-ARROYO, President of the Republic of the Philippines, by

virtue of the powers vested in me by law, do hereby declare the month of September 2004 and every
year thereafter as “National Peace Consciousness Month.”

All concerned Government agencies and instrumentalities, including local government units,
government-owned and controlled corporations, as well as members of the private sector and civil
society groups, are hereby enjoined and encouraged to initiate and participate in relevant and
meaningful activities in celebration of the National Peace Consciousness Month to instill greater
consciousness and understanding among the Filipino people of the comprehensive peace process and
the Culture of Peace agenda.

The Office of the Presidential Adviser on the Peace Process (OPAPP) shall be the lead Government
agency to coordinate and monitor the observance of the National Peace Consciousness Month.

This Proclamation supersedes Proclamation No. 161, series of 2002. All other executive issuances,
orders, rules and regulations or parts thereof inconsistent with this Proclamation are hereby repealed or
modified accordingly.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the Republic of the
Philippines to be affixed.DONE in the City of Manila, this 20th day of July, in the year of Our Lord, Two
Thousand and Four.

6.Executive Order No. 570 s 2006

INSTITUTIONALIZING PEACE EDUCATION IN BASIC EDUCATION AND TEACHER EDUCATION

WHEREAS, the Philippines adheres to the policy of peace, equality, justice, and freedom, as enunciated
in the 1987 Constitution;

WHEREAS, the attainment of a just, comprehensive and lasting peace is a paramount agenda of the
Government as spelled out in Executive Order No. 3, series of 2001, and the Medium-Term Philippine
Development Plan 2004-2010, as well as in support of the United Nation’s Declaration and Programme
of Action to promote and strengthen a culture of peace in the new millennium;

WHEREAS, EO No. 3 calls for building and nurturing a climate conducive to peace through peace
advocacy and peace education programs;

WHEREAS, the Office of the Presidential Adviser on the Peace Process (OPAPP) has established
partnership with public and private schools and non-government organizations in promoting and
implementing peace education;

WHEREAS, OPAPP and the Department of Education (DepEd) have developed elementary and high
school peace education exemplars, which were launched in September 2005;

NOW, THEREFORE, I, GLORIA MACAPAGAL ARROYO, President of the Philippines, by virtue of the powers
vested in me by law, do hereby order:

Section 1. The DepEd shall mainstream peace education in the basic formal and non-formal education
curriculum, utilizing the existing peace education exemplars and other peace related modules, and
enhance the knowledge and capability of supervisors, teachers and non-teaching personnel on peace
education through the conduct of in-service trainings.

Section 2. The Commission on Higher Education (CHED) shall introduce and mainstream peace education
in teacher education.

Section 3. The OPAPP, in collaboration with DepEd and CHED shall strengthen linkage with private
schools in promoting peace education.

Section 4. The OPAPP, DepEd and CHED shall establish/enhance mechanisms and appropriate funds in
their respective departments to ensure the sustained implementation of peace education in the
educational system.

Section 5. All issuances, rules and regulations which are inconsistent with any provisions of this
Executive Order are hereby repealed, amended or modified accordingly.

Section 6. This Executive Order shall take effect immediately.

Done in the City of Manila, this 26th day of September, in the year of our Lord, Two Thousand and Six.

7.CMO No. 1 s. 2019