UNIT I

The ART OF BREADMAKING

Conversation Questions on Bread

1) What is bread?
2) How important is bread in your life?
3) What do you think of the smell of freshly baked bread?
4) What is the best way to eat bread?
5) Do you usually buy sliced or unsliced loaves of bread?
6) Do you prefer white or brown bread?
7) What kinds of bread from other countries have you tried?
8) Which country makes the best bread?
9) Do you ever leave the crusts?
10 How important is yeast when baking bread?
)
11 Do you know how to make bread?
)
12 Do you prefer bread or bread rolls?
)
13 What is your favorite spread to put on bread?
)
14 Do you ever buy specialty breads?
)
15 How nutritious is bread?
)
16 Which is a better staple food, bread or rice?
)
17 What is your favorite sandwich?
)
18 Do you prefer bread or toast?
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)

Introduction to Baking and Bakery Products

Bread, in all its various forms, is the most widely consumed food in the world.

Bread facts
Bread at a bakery

Different types of bread

Bread is a type of baked food. It is mainly made from dough, which is made mainly
from flour and water. Usually, salt and yeast are added. Bread is often baked in an oven.
Bread can be toasted or used to make sandwiches. Pizza is a food based on bread. There are many
different kinds of bread.
The two main types of bread are:

1. Leavened bread is made by adding yeast or other leavening to the dough. The yeast
produces gas that makes the dough lighter. Leavened bread can be made into larger loaves
baked in an oven. This is the main type of bread eaten in Europe, America, and many parts
of Asia.
2. Unleavened flat bread is baked from a dough of water and flour, with no yeast. It is baked
in flat rounds like tortilla or chapati. This type of bread cannot be made thick, as it would be
too dense to eat. Unleavened bread is eaten throughout the Middle East, Africa, parts
of Asia, and as the Central American tortilla. Baking can be done on a metal plate or hot
stone, or in an oven.

The colour and taste of the bread depend on the kind of flour used and the style of baking. Flour
made from the whole grain gives darker bread. Flour made just from the polished wheat grain

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gives a very white bread. Rye and barley flour give darker types of bread. The type of flour also
changes how long the bread can be kept before going bad. Some strains of wheat are resistant
to fungus, but may not produce a bread as tasty as a weaker strain.

ORIGIN OF BREAD

Before 950; 1950–55; Middle English breed, Old English brēad fragment, morsel, bread; cognate

with German Brot
bread noun [ U  ] UK  /bred/ US  /bred/
Slang. money.
- a food made from flour, water, and usually yeast, mixed together and baked:
a slice  of bread
a loaf of bread
white/brown bread
wholemeal (US whole -wheat) bread
sliced bread
This bread is fresh/stale.
Do you bake your own bread?

More examples
 Shall I cut  you a  slice of bread?
 There is nothing better than fresh bread, straight from the oven.
 This bread is completely free from artificial preservatives (conservanti).
 Do you know a good recipe for whole meal bread?
 We had a quick meal of bread and soup.

COLLOCATIONS (COLOCAȚII)
ADJECTIVES

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fresh

E.g. Eat the bread while it is nice and fresh.

stale (=hard and no longer fresh)

E.g. This bread’s stale – shall I throw it away?

crusty (=having a hard crust that is nice to eat)

E.g. Serve the soup with crusty bread.

mouldy British English, moldy American English (=covered with a green substance that grows on
old food)

E.g. All there was in the house was a loaf of mouldy old bread.

white/brown bread

E.g. Would you like white bread or brown bread?

Whole-wheat bread (also whole meal bread British English) (=bread made with flour that contains
all of the grain- pâine integrală de grâu)

E.g. Whole meal bread is good for you.

home-made/home-baked bread

E.g. I love home-made bread.

PHRASES

a slice/piece of bread

E.g. Can I have another slice of bread?

a loaf of bread

E.g. He’s gone to buy a loaf of bread.

a chunk of bread (=a piece that you pull off a loaf instead of cutting it)

E.g. He tore off a chunk of bread and dipped it in the sauce.

VERBS

make/bake bread

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E.g. We usually make our own bread.

cut/slice bread

E.g. Could you cut some bread?

How to Make a Loaf of White Bread

Ingredients
1/4 cup milk
5 teaspoons sugar (or 1 1/2 tablespoons)
1-teaspoon salt
5 teaspoons butter (or 1 1/2 tablespoons)
1 packet of active dry yeast, or 2 1/4 teaspoons bulk yeast
2 1/2 to 3 1/2 cups flour, bread flour is best but all-purpose or unbleached flour will work too
Cornstarch or nonstick cooking spray (just to prevent the bread from sticking to the bowl or pan)

STEPS:

1. Spray the loaf pan with nonstick cooking

spray. 4. Add about 1 cup of warm water
(38º C) to the yeast.

2. Heat a small bowl by pouring in hot water

and throw the water out. 5. Let it rest until bubbly.
This should take about 10 minutes.
The mixture will strongly smell of yeast and
look foamy when ready-to-use.

3. Add the yeast.

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6. Add the yeast to a large mixing bowl. 10. Turn the dough out onto a lightly
floured surface.

7. Melt the butter and add it along with

11. Knead for 10 minutes by hand.
milk, sugar and salt into the yeast mixture.
To knead by hand, place the heel of
the palm and press the bread dough, turn 1/4
turn, repeat.

8. Add 2 cups flour and stir well.

You can use an electric mixer, or a whisk.
12. Shape dough into a ball.

9. Add the remaining flour, 1/4 cup at-a-

time, until the dough is slightly sticky. 13. Spray a clean mixing bowl with
The dough will start to leave the sides of the nonstick cooking spray.
bowl.

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 17. Remove the dough from the bowl.
14. Add the ball of dough to the mixing
bowl.
Turn to coat with nonstick cooking spray.

18. Roll out using a rolling pin.

15. Cover with the tea towel.

19. Shape into a loaf.

16. Let it rise until double, for about 1 to 1

1/2 hours.

20. Place it into the loaf pan.

21. Let it rise until almost double, 22. Bake at 400º F or 200º C
for about 1 hour. for about 30 minutes.

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23. Take out the bread and let it cool.

24The bread is ready.

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TIPS:

 For a softer crust, brush cooled melted butter on the freshly baked bread crust.
 Spray your hands with nonstick cooking spray to help keep the dough from sticking.
 Try to keep the dough as soft as possible. This will help make a soft loaf of bread.
 You may want to add a pinch of sugar to the yeast water mixture to help proof the yeast.
 Use yeast in bulk. This will help save money when baking. Bulk yeast can be found at
grocery warehouses or ordered online. SAF yeast makes excellent bread.
 Try turning oven on low for a couple minutes to give a nice warm (around 30°C) proving
temperature.

VIDEO: http://www.wikihow.com/Make-a-Loaf-of-White-Bread Homemade bread – video

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E68iNfRHBpIEasy Bread

Task-based activities
Discussions and debates

Read the article “WORLD’S OLDEST BREAD RECIPE FOUND” and circle
any words you do not understand. In groups, pool (grupati) unknown words and
use dictionaries to find their meanings.
Researchers have found the world's oldest example of bread. A research team from the universities
of Cambridge, Copenhagen and London found ancient breadcrumbs while on an archaeological dig
in Jordan. The breadcrumbs were charred and burnt, which is how they survived for so long. The
researchers dated the crumbs and found they were roughly 14,400 years old. This means that people
in the Stone Age were baking bread. The researchers said humans were making bread 4,000 years
earlier than scientists thought. The people who baked the bread lived in Jordan from around 12,500
to 9,500 B.C. They were hunter-gatherers and lived thousands of years before humans settled down
to become farmers.
The researchers discovered 24-burnt breadcrumbs. They analyzed them and found they were made
from cereal plants such as barley, wheat and oats. Lead researcher, Dr Amaia Otaegui, said the bread
took a long time to make. The ancient Jordanians began by grinding cereals into a fine flour. They
then mixed the flour with water to make dough. After that, they baked it in the hot ashes of a
fireplace or on a hot stone. The bread looked like the flat pitta bread still made across the Middle
East today. Another researcher said the bread could be one reason for the agricultural revolution
starting. Stone Age people realized it was easier and more convenient to farm the wheat for bread
instead of gathering it from the wild.

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WORK ON THE VOCABULARY

Paragraph 1

      1 example a. People who belonged to a group who moved around a lot
. and got food by fishing, killing animals and eating wild
vegetables and fruit.
      2 ancient b. Very, very old.
.
      3 archaeological c. Continued to live or exist, even after danger or hard times.
.
      4 survived d. Something that is very much like all other things of its kind.
.
      5 roughly e. Started to live permanently somewhere.
.
      6 hunter-gatherers f. About the study of human history and prehistory through
. digging old sites and looking at the old things people find.
      7 settled down g. About; approximately.
.

    Paragraph 2

      8. analyzed h. A thick, soft mixture of flour and liquid, used for baking
into bread or pastry.
      9. cereal i. A powder obtained by grinding wheat, and used to make
bread, cakes, and pastry.
      10 flour j. A very great and wide-reaching change in the way
. something works or is organized.
      11 dough k. Looked at something carefully to find out new things about
. it.
      12 ashes l. A grain used for food, such as wheat, oats, or corn.
.
      13 revolution m. Involving little trouble or effort.
.
      14 convenient n. The powdery stuff left after the burning of something.
.

Work in pairs / groups, to talk about these topics or words from the article.
What will the article say about them? What can you say about these words and
your life?
        researchers / bread / breadcrumbs / survived / Stone Age / baking / hunter-gatherers
        cereal plants / flour / dough / ashes / Middle East / agricultural revolution / the wild

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I. After reading the article look in your dictionary / computer to find collocates
(words frequently used with another) / (sintagme), other meanings, information,
synonyms … for the words...

'bread'  'recipe'.

 ________________  ________________
 ________________  ________________
 ________________  ________________
 ________________  ________________
 ________________  ________________
 ________________  ________________
 ________________  ________________
 ________________  ________________

• Share your findings with your partners.

II. Read the article and guess if 1-8 below are true (T) or false (F).

1. Archaeologists found an old loaf of bread in Jordan.     T / F

2. Breadcrumbs that archaeologists found were burnt.     T / F
3. The breadcrumbs were over 14,000 years old.     T / F
4. The breadcrumbs come from bread made by hunter-gatherers.     T / F
5. Researchers say the breadcrumbs are from bread made from rice.     T / F
6. The ancient bread probably looked like the pitta bread of today.     T / F
7. The bread started the end of the agricultural revolution.     T / F
8. Hunter-gatherers said gathering wild wheat was easier than farming.     T / F

III. What do you think Stone Age food was like? How does it compare with
today's food?

  Stone Age Food Comparisons with Today

Bread    
Rice    
Egg dishes    
Meat dishes    
Fish dishes    
Desserts    

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IV. Match the following synonyms from the article.
1. example a. about
2. ancient b. favorable
3. found c. discovered
4. roughly d. examined
5. thought e. specimen
6. analyzed f. embers
7. fine g. cause
8. ashes h. very, very old
9. reason i. powdery
10. convenient j. believed

V. Match the phrases from the article: (Sometimes more than one choice is
possible.)
1. the world's oldest a. were baking bread
2. an archaeological b. to farm the wheat
3. people in the Stone Age c. down to become farmers
4. They were hunter- d. the Middle East today
5. before humans settled e. from the wild
6. they were made from cereal plants f. gatherers
7. they baked it in the hot g. such as barley
8. pitta bread still made across h. example of bread
9. it was easier and more convenient i. ashes of a fireplace
10. gathering it j. dig in Jordan

VI. Gap-fill
Put these words into the spaces in the paragraph below.

dig ancient
roughly scientists
example
gatherers flat
survived wheat
down cereals
instead

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ashes analyzed
reason dough

Researchers have found the world's oldest (1) ____________ of bread. A research team from the
universities of Cambridge, Copenhagen and London found (2) ____________ breadcrumbs while on
an archaeological (3) ____________ in Jordan. The breadcrumbs were charred and burnt, which is
how they (4) ____________ for so long. The researchers dated the crumbs and found they were (5)
____________ 14,400 years old. This means that people in the Stone Age were baking bread. The
researchers said humans were making bread 4,000 years earlier than (6) ____________ thought. The
people who baked the bread lived in Jordan from around 12,500 to 9,500 B.C. They were hunter-(7)
____________ and lived thousands of years before humans settled (8) ____________ to become
farmers.

The researchers discovered 24-burnt breadcrumbs. They (9)_________ them and found they were
made from cereal plants such as (10) ____ barley and oats. Lead researcher, Dr Amaia Otaegui,
said the bread took a long time to make. The ancient Jordanians began by grinding (11)________
into a fine flour. They then mixed the flour with water to make (12)________. After that, they baked
it in the hot (13)________ of a fireplace on a hot stone. The bread looked like the (14)________
pitta bread still made across the Middle East today. Another researcher said the bread could be one
(15)________ for the agricultural revolution starting. Stone Age people realized it was easier and
more convenient to farm the wheat for bread (16) ____ of gathering it from the wild.

VII. Which of these words go into the text?

1. (a)     olden     (b)     older     (c)     oldish     (d)     oldest    

2. (a)     whiling     (b)     whatsoever     (c)     whichever     (d)     while    
3. (a)     burning     (b)     burnt     (c)     burns     (d)     burn    
4. (a)     at     (b)     on     (c)     in     (d)     to    
5. (a)     think     (b)     thinks     (c)     thought     (d)     thinking    
6. (a)     down     (b)     over     (c)     up     (d)     on    
7. (a)     it     (b)     them     (c)     they     (d)     their    
8. (a)     as     (b)     was     (c)     has     (d)     that's    
9. (a)     by     (b)     of     (c)     at     (d)     on    
10. (a)     not     (b)     nor     (c)     or     (d)     ore    
11. (a)     major     (b)     big     (c)     one     (d)     that    
12. (a)     steadying     (b)     stead     (c)     steady     (d)     instead

Researchers have found the world's (1) ____ example of bread. A research team from the
universities of Cambridge, Copenhagen and London found ancient breadcrumbs (2) ____ on an
archaeological dig in Jordan. The breadcrumbs were charred and (3) ____, which is how they
survived for so long. The researchers dated the crumbs and found they were roughly 14,400 years
old. This means that people (4) ____ the Stone Age were baking bread. The researchers said humans
were making bread 4,000 years earlier than scientists (5) ____. The people who baked the bread
lived in Jordan from around 12,500 to 9,500 B.C. They were hunter-gatherers and lived thousands of
years before humans settled (6) ____ to become farmers.

The researchers discovered 24-burnt breadcrumbs. They analyzed (7) ____ and found they were
made from cereal plants such (8) ____ barley, wheat and oats. Lead researcher, Dr Amaia Otaegui,
13
said the bread took a long time to make. The ancient Jordanians began (9) ____ grinding cereals into
a fine flour. They then mixed the flour with water to make dough. After that, they baked it in the hot
ashes of a fireplace (10) ____ on a hot stone. The bread looked like the flat pitta bread still made
across the Middle East today. Another researcher said the bread could be (11) ____ reason for the
agricultural revolution starting. Stone Age people realized it was easier and more convenient to farm
the wheat for bread (12) ____ of gathering it from the wild.

VIII. Put the words in the right order.

1. oldest   of   bread   .   the   example   world's   Researchers   found

2. archaeological   Jordan   .   While   dig   on   an   in
3. burnt,   they   The   breadcrumbs   is   which   how   survived   .
4. bread   4,000   years   scientists   than   thought   .   earlier   Making
5. before   become   settled   Years   down   to   farmers   .   humans
6. researchers   breadcrumbs   .   The   24   burnt   discovered
7. flour   .   Jordanians   fine   began   into   by   cereals   grinding
8. in   ashes   .   hot   that,   it   baked   After   they
9. starting   .   agricultural   reason   One   for   the   revolution
10. to   It   was   farm   wheat   .   the   more   convenient

IX. Circle the correct word (20 pairs). Talk about the connection between each
pair of words in italics, and why the correct word is correct.
Researchers have found the world's oldest exemplar / example of bread. A research team from the
universities of / for Cambridge, Copenhagen and London found ancient breadcrumbs while on an
archaeological dig / digger in Jordan. The breadcrumbs were charred and burning / burnt, which is
how they survived for so length / long. The researchers dated the crumbs and found they were
roughly 14,400 years old. This meaning / means that people in the Stone Age were baking /
baked bread. The researchers said humans were making bread 4,000 years earlier than
scientists thought / taught. The people who baked the bread lived in / on Jordan from around
12,500 to 9,500 B.C. They were hunter-gatherers and lived thousands of years before humans
settled up / down to become farmers.

The researchers discovered / discovery 24 burnt breadcrumbs. They analyzed them and found they
were made from serial / cereal plants such as barley, wheat and oat / oats. Lead researcher, Dr
Amaia Otaegui, said the bread took a long time for / to make. The ancient Jordanians began by
grinding cereals into a fine / finely flour. They then mixed the flour with water to make dough. After
that, they baked them / it in the hot ashes of a fireplace or on a hot stone. The bread looked like the
flat pitta bread still made across / cross the Middle East today. Another researcher said the bread
could be one reason / reasoning for the agricultural revolution starting. Stone Age people realized it
was easier and more convenience / convenient to farm the wheat for bread instead of gathering /
gather it from the wild.

X. Spell the words:

14
Paragraph 1

1. the world's oldest lxmaeep of bread

2. ennacit breadcrumbs
3. how they vvesurid for so long
4. they were hoyrglu 14,400 years old
5. They were hunter-trsrehage
6. before humans seteltd down to become farmers

Paragraph 2

7. They anzdlyae them
8. they were made from clerea plants
9. into a fine ulofr
10. with water to make dhugo
11. the agricultural lintooervu
12. it was easier and more nnneevoitc

COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS ON THE ARTICLE:

1. How many universities did the researchers come from?

2. In what country were breadcrumbs found?
3. How old were the breadcrumbs?
4. Why did the breadcrumbs survive for so long?
5. What kind of people were the people who made the bread?
6. How many breadcrumbs did the researchers find?
7. What did the people grind into a fine flour?
8. What did the people bake the bread on?
9. What did researchers say bread could have caused the beginning of?
10. Where did the ancient people gather wheat from?

ROLE PLAY
Role A – Pitta Bread
You think pitta bread is the best kind of bread. Tell the others three reasons why. Tell them what is
wrong with their kinds of bread. Also, tell the others, which is the worst of these (and why):
baguette, bread roll or sandwich bread.
Role B – Baguette
You think baguette is the best kind of bread. Tell the others three reasons why. Tell them what is
wrong with their kinds of bread. Also, tell the others, which is the worst of these (and why): pitta
bread, bread roll or sandwich bread.
Role C – Bread Roll
You think bread roll is the best kind of bread. Tell the others three reasons why. Tell them what is
wrong with their kinds of bread. Also, tell the others, which is the worst of these (and why):
baguette, pitta bread or sandwich bread.
Role D – Sandwich Bread
You think sandwich bread is the best kind of bread. Tell the others three reasons why. Tell them

15
 what is wrong with their kinds of bread. Also, tell the others which is the worst of these (and why):
baguette, bread roll or pitta bread.

OVER TO YOU:
WRITING:

1. Bread is the greatest food on Earth.

2. Write a magazine article about food from ancient recipes being healthier than the food we
eat today.

ADDITIONAL MATERIAL:

HISTORY OF BREAD PRODUCTION

The bread making process originated in ancient times. The basis of the operation is to mix flour with
other ingredients, for example, water, fat, salt and some source of aeration followed by baking. As
long ago as 2,000 BC, the Egyptians knew how to make fermented bread. The practice was to use a
little old dough, or leaven, to "start" the new dough. These two doughs were mixed together and
allowed to ferment (rise) for some hours before baking. They made an astonishing 50 varieties of
bread, paid wages with bread, and painted bread making scenes in their tombs.
A variety of methods has since been developed in making leaven. The Baker's Patent required the
fermentation of hops and scalded malt for at least two to three days.
In the early 1900's it was discovered that traditional long fermentation times could be reduced from
18 to 3-4 hours by the use of very small amounts of certain chemicals, called oxidants, in bread or
flour. Oxidants, when added to dough, not only speed up the process but also produce a superior
loaf.

FANTASTIC FACT

This loaf of bread is 4000 years old (approximately). The triangular loaf was one of many objects
found under the foundation of Mentuhotep II's mortuary temple at Deir el Bahari in Western Thebes.
Mentuhotep II reigned from c.2008 to 1957 B.C.
The Egyptians believed the temple was a miniature representation of the universe. The objects
placed in the foundation deposits were intended to symbolically stabilise and protect the corners and
the boundary walls of the temple. They believed they would be rewarded with a stable universe
where there was an abundance of food such as bread.

https://www.bakeinfo.co.nz/Facts/Bread-making/Bread-production
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The bakery tools and equipments are classified under two categories:

1. Small equipments

2. Large equipments

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Small equipment and their use:
1) Mixing bowls: A variety of stainless steel bowls are used for whipping eggs, mixing of creams
and storage purpose.

2) Muffin pan: The different size of baking pans with cup shaped indentation for baking muffins.
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3) Savarin moulds: Small ring shaped doughnut shaped moulds for baking savarins.

4) Ordinary and textured rolling pin: Ordinary rolling pins help roll the dough and the textured
rolling pins are useful to make design over the biscuit dough, and on sheets of marzipan and
pastillage.

5) Table scraper: Use to cut pieces of dough. It is available in plastic or metals.

6) Baking tray: Use for baking goods. It is available in various sizes.

7) Pastry brush: Use to brush the items with egg wash, glaze etc.

8) Tart pan: Available in many shapes and sizes. They may be made in one piece or with a removal
bottom to make it easier to remove the baked tart from the pan.

9) Bread moulds: various size of mould are used to prepare a variety of breads.

10) Bread knife: Bread knife is a flexible rounded tipped tool used in pastry section for spreading
cream, glaze on cakes for mixing and bowl scraping.

11) Pastry bag and nozzles: The plastic, nylon bag is used to pipe the fillings, cream and various
toppings. Nozzles are available in different designs and are used for decorating items such as cake
icings and whipped creams.

12) Sieves: These are used to shift aerate and helps remove any large foreign raw materials from dry
ingredients.

13) Timers: These are essential for baking.

14) Wooden spoons: To stir ingredients in a bowl.

15) Juicer: To squeeze juice from different fruits and vegetables.

16) Hand blender: To whisk small quantities of egg or cream

17) Sugar thermometer: Used to measure the temperature of the sugar or the density of the sugar
syrup.

18) Cooling wire rack: To pull sponge cakes and yeast products and thus prevents from
sweetening.

Beside this small equipment includes weighing scale, Madeleine cups, cream horn mould,
chopping board, oven gloves and various sizes of cake moulds.

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Large equipment and their use:

 Weighing machines:
Raw material measurement used in proper weighing scale is very important for the quality product
for the accurate quantity.

 Flour sifter:
Flour sifter is an essential part of food safety system (HACCP). It will aerate the flour and other
ingredients for getting better volume of finish products.

 Spiral dough mixture:

Spiral dough mixture is a specially design for making large quantity of yeast dough. There are two
models of mixtures available in the market. Most models have a single vertical mixing arm or hook.
Another model machine is having two-agitator arm, which are mounted on vertically on circular
poles.

 Planetary cake mixture:

Two types of mixture are available in the market:

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1. Bench model

2. Floor model

 Dough divider:
The dough divider machine divides the bulk dough into desire size. The dough density should be
even otherwise the weight might change. Single pocket divider will be easier to use.

 Burn divider and rounder:

Burn divider and rounder divides the doughs into many pieces at once and it then automatically
rounded all of them, greatly speeding the makeup of the dough products.

 Bread slicer:
Gravity feed slicer are best suited to the small, wholesale and large retail bakery where a great
number of sliced breads are produced. All types of white and sweet bread can be sliced without
wastage or damage. The cut slices come out at the output end.

 Dough sheeter:
A dough sheeter rolls out portion of dough into sheets of uniform thickness. The machine consists of
a canvas conveyer belt that feeds the dough through a pair of rollers.

 Deck oven:
There are single, double and three decked oven available in the market. Types of oven, the product
trays or moulds are placed on the oven floor. Bread baked directly on the flour of the ovens and not
in pans is often called hearth breads. Deck oven for baking breads are equipped with steam injectors.

 Rotary rack oven:

A rack oven is a large oven into which entire racks full of sheet pans can be wheeled for baking.
They are also equipped with steam injectors. Rotary rack ovens are excellent for large scale
production. It can be fired with gas or electricity.

 Refrigerator:
To store the food items at right temperature.

 Sorbet machine:
Designed to churn puree along with sweetening and other flavourings machines.

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