Q1-A) What are the advantages of ballscrews over leadscrews?

Q: Why is the difference between lead screws and ball screws so important?
A: First and foremost, it comes down to mechanics. Even though both types of screws are
mechanical linear actuators and can be used in seemingly similar situations, each project
engineer needs to consider the back drive, backlash, thrust, speed, lead accuracy, and
efficiency required for the mechanism.
Ball screws get their name from the ball bearings that minimize friction and optimize
efficiency, while lead screws use sliding surfaces for high friction.

Q: What are the benefits and uses of lead screws and ball screws?
A: Lead screws are quiet, smooth, resistant to corrosion, self-lubricating, and often less
expensive. They’re favored in situations that require higher levels of customization.
Because lead screws are virtually silent and vibration-free, they’re often used for medical
equipment like insulin pumps and in personal computing devices like desktop PCs.
Ball screws, though nosier, can carry heavier loads than their lead screw counterparts, don’t
self-lock, aren’t as rigid as lead screws, and tend to offer significantly higher efficiency,
precision, and accuracy. Ball screws are commonly used in aircraft, power steering, robots,
and semiconductors.

Q1-B) Explain three phase of a typical automation migration strategy.

Automation Migration Strategy

Phase 1: Manual Production

Phase 2: Automated Production

Phase 3: Automated Integrated Production

Q2-B) What is difference punched cards and punched tape?

Punched cards
Large computer centers at universities and other institutions had rows of card punches.
People punched programs and data written on coding sheets onto cards that they then
submitted to the center to run. The biggest drawback of the cards was their handling. Since
each statement needed its own card, a program and its data could easily run into hundreds
or thousands of cards. If a program deck were dropped — they were generally transported
in cardboard boxes — and the cards got out of order, it was a massive task to reorder them.
Cards would also frequently jam in the card reader. Overall, they were nuisance.

Punched tape
Punched tape was a media used for recording programs or data. Where punched cards
carried only one statement per card, punched tape recorded multiple sequential
statements. Each line, perpendicular to the tape’s forward direction, had eight holes for
data that could record one byte, with the presence or absence of a hole indicating the value
of the corresponding bit. To transport the tape, perforations were made in the tape dividing
the eight data holes into a group of five and a group of three.
Tape punches and tape readers were sold cheaply and were not as bulky as card punches
and readers. Tape punches were often attached to teletypewriters so that ASCII codes of
characters could be entered from a keyboard

Q3-A) Explain the difference between modal and non-modal codes.

Pg 50
Q3-B) What are the advantage of LM guideways?
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Q3-C) Differentiate between machine zero, part zero and programmers zero.
Repeated & programmers zero to be mentioned

Q3-A) What is canned cycle?

A canned cycle is a combination of machine movements that perform machining
operation like drilling, milling, boring and tapping. This cycle simplifies the program by
using a single block with a G-code to specify the machining operations usually specified in
several blocks. This cycle is also called as fixed cycle.