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MODULE 7
Intr od
AUTOMOTIVE TECHNOLOGY
ucti on
Automotive technology is the practical application of knowledge about self-propelled vehicles
or machines. Students studying automotive technology learn about engine construction, fuel and
ignition systems, power trains, brakes, transmissions, electronic and diagnostic equipment, and more.

A. Learning Outcomes
At the end of the semester, the student must be able to:
1. identified the different tools and equipment used in automotive
2. familiarized with the different use of automotive tools.
3. valued the importance of automotive technology in daily life.
B. Pre Test

DIRECTION: Read the questions carefully and choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. __________________ a box-end wrench is a good option for loosening stuck fasteners because you can
apply more torque without risking damage to a ratchet mechanism.
A. Box wrench
B. Double ended wrench
C. Tire wrench
D. Spark wrench
2. These are made in various shapes and sizes and for many uses. Some are used for gripping
something round like a pipe or rod, some are used for twisting wires, and others are designed to be
used for a combination of tasks including cutting wire.
A. Pliers
B. Wrenches
C. Cutting tools
D. Measuring tools
3. The jaws of these pliers have an angled edge designed to cut through thick wire.
A. Wrenches
B. Diagonal side cutting pliers
C. Hose pliers
D. Measuring tools
4. These pliers are designed to compress hose and spring clamps, making the connection tighter.
A. Pliers
B. Tire pliers
C. Linesman pliers
D. Hose clamp pliers
5. ____________a tool with a flattened, cross-shaped, or star-shaped tip that fits into the head of a
screw to turn it.
A. Philip screw
B. Tire pliers
C. Screw driver
D. Hose clamp pliers

6. These are an adjustable type of pliers with a toothed groove along the upper handle, allowing the
lower jaw to be locked into a number of positions.
A. Tongue and Grave pliers
B. Tongue and Grape pliers
C. Tongue and Groove pliers
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D. Tongue and Grieve pliers

7. Similar in appearance to tongs, the tips of its caws are tapered to allow it to dig under the head of nails and
pull them out.
A. Snap Ring Pliers
B. Long Nose Pliers
C. Locking Pliers
D. Nail Puller Pliers
8. A pneumatic tool, air tool, air-powered tool or pneumatic-powered tool is a type of power tool, driven by
compressed air supplied by an air compressor.
A. Air trims
B. Air fryer
C. Air tools
D. Air equipment
9. ________________ are used to permanently connect metal pieces with heat generated from electrical
energy.
A. Welding machine
B. Welding appliances
C. Welding tools
D. Welding equipment
10. ________________ is the most common or recognizable hammer in the market
A. Black sledge hammer
B. Claw hammer
C. Sledge hammer
D. Rubber hammer

C. Content
1. Classification of tools
1.1. BASIC HAND TOOLS

- This refers to the different tools which is commonly used by all the mechanics. These
tools include screw drivers, wrenches, pliers and etc. Basic hand tools can be
functional even without electricity. Simply the used of hands may do.

a. SCREW DRIVERS- a tool with a flattened, cross-shaped, or star-shaped tip that fits into
the head of a screw to turn it. There are two basic types of screw driver.

- Phillip Screw Driver- a screwdriver that is designed to be used with a type of screw
(called a Phillips-head screw) that has a slot in its top that looks like a cross.

Flat head screw driver

b. WRENCHES - also called spanner, tool, usually operated by hand, for tightening bolts
and nuts. Some wrenches have ends with straight-sided slots that fit over the part being tightened;
these tools are known as open-end wrenches and are made in various sizes to fit specific bolt and nut
sizes.
Combination Wrench

The combination wrench gets its name from combining an open-end wrench and a boxed end wrench.
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Box Wrench- a box-end wrench is a good option for loosening stuck fasteners because you can apply
more torque without risking damage to a ratchet mechanism.

Double-ended Wrench- a one-piece wrench with a U-shaped opening that grips two opposite faces of
the bolt or nut. Double-ended, with a different-sized opening at each end. This allows a greater range
of movement in enclosed spaces by flipping the wrench over

Tire Wrench- a tool intended for removing lug nuts of the automobile wheel.

Spark Plug Wrench- this tool is exclusively used to remove an engine’s spark plug.

Allen Wrench- an L-shaped metal bar with a

hexagonal head at each end, used to turn bolts and screws having hexagonal sockets.
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Socket Wrench - a ratchet tool with a series of detachable sockets for tightening and loosening nuts of
different sizes.

C. PLIERS- are made in various shapes and sizes and for many uses. Some are used for
gripping something round like a pipe or rod, some are used for twisting wires, and others are
designed to be used for a combination of tasks including cutting wire.

Long Nose Pliers/Needle Nose Pliers- The nose of this tool is elongated for more precision and
contains a cutting edge near the base. A highly versatile tool, it can be used for bending, shaping, and
cutting wire.

Snap Ring Pliers- These pliers have short, round jaws to aid in closing snap rings. These rings are
open-ended loops that fit into grooves of a dowel or other round object. Once closed, the ring can
rotate freely, but is unable to slide sideways. They are commonly used for the gears on mountain
bikes and similar vehicles.

Hose Clamp Pliers- These pliers are designed to compress hose and spring clamps, making the
connection tighter. As a result, they come in a wide range of designs. The most common models have
a peg-shaped tooth on each jaw, which is used to pinch the clamp. Some models may also be used
directly on the hose.

Diagonal Side Cutting Pliers- The jaws of these pliers have an angled edge designed to cut through
thick wire. They are quite strong and can also be used to cut nails. Thus they are useful in carpentry
as well as electrical work.
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Slip Joint Pliers- Closely related to the adjustable wrench, these pliers have an adjustable fulcrum to
alter the width of the jaws. Many variants have notches for the fulcrum’s bolt to slip into when the jaws
are open, letting you lock on a specific width. They are often used for plumbing applications and can
perform many of the same duties as wrenches.

Tongue and Groove Pliers- These are an adjustable type of pliers with a toothed groove along the
upper handle, allowing the lower jaw to be locked into a number of positions. The angled jaws make
this tool useful for turning nuts and bolts.

Oil Filter Pliers- These odd looking pliers have a C-shaped pair of toothed jaws, with one being much
longer than the other. They’re used in the automotive industry to remove oil filter casings.

Piston Ring Pliers- There are two major design of piston ring pliers, both of which are used to remove
and replace piston rings in engines. The first has simple curved tips on the jaws that can be used to
spread a piston ring for easy removal.

Bent Nose Pliers- This variation of needle nose pliers has a set of jaws that are bent at an angle at the
midpoint (most commonly 45 or 90 degrees). This allows them to grip surfaces without getting in the
way when multiple pliers are needed or the angle is too difficult to reach with normal needle nose
pliers.
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Combination Pliers- These multipurpose tools have three separate sections in the jaws. From the tip,
the first part is a serrated gripping surface. A round serrated section behind this makes gripping tubes
and other thick round objects easier.

Linesman Pliers- While the name might not seem familiar, chances are you’ve seen or used these at
some point. Easily identified by the jaws, which have a shorter gripping surface towards the tip and a
cutting surface in the middle, this is a highly versatile tool used most often in electrical work. Due to
the multi-tool function and strength of the jaws, this too can be used to bend, twist, and curt metal that
might be too tough for other pliers. In some cases, the insulated handles are capable of protecting the
user from electrical shocks, although most models are not rated against shock.

Locking Pliers/Vise Grip- As the name implies, the jaws of these pliers are designed to lock in place,
making them excellent for gripping stripped screws and bolts. A wide variety of jaw shapes are
available for this tool, allowing you to choose a design that best fits your needs.

Nail Puller Pliers- Similar in appearance to tongs, the tips of its caws are tapered to allow it to dig
under the head of nails and pull them out. Some variations also have a claw on the back of the right
jaw to provide additional leverage.

d. HAMMERS- a tool with a heavy metal head mounted at right angles at the end of a
handle, used for jobs such as breaking things and driving in nails.

Claw Hammer- This is the most common or recognizable hammer in the market. What sets the claw
hammer apart from other types is the curved, forked claw located at the back, which makes it easier to
grip nail heads. It is excellent for levering out nails, and its versatility is a significant contributor to its
popularity.
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Sledge Hammer- A sledgehammer features a long handle and a metallic, double-sided head that is
similar to that of a mallet and is designed for large and heavy blows. It can be used to drive stakes, or
break up masonry and concrete, making it an excellent demolition tool.

Rubber Mallet- This is the most commonly used mallet. It features a rubber head designed to handle
soft blows. A rubber mallet can be used in woodworking, upholstery and on sheet metal.

Blacksmith Sledge Hammer- The blacksmith’s hammer is similar in terms of characteristics to a

sledgehammer, the only difference being the length of its handle and the slightly-tapered second
head. A blacksmiths hammer is mostly used to shape white-hot steel. It was initially designed for that
purpose.

Ballpeen Hammer- This hammer is mostly used by engineers. The main difference between a ball-
peen hammer and other types of hammers is that its peen is rounded. It can be used to round metal
pins’ edges, fasteners, to close rivets and shape metals. In the past, ball peen hammers were used as
a vital tool in a fabrication method known as “peening”, hence its nickname, “a machinist’s hammer.”

e. MEASURING TOOLS
- Push-Pull Rule- is a measuring tape that coils into a compact case. It is used for
measuring long, short, straight lengths.
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Vernier Caliper- a linear measuring instrument consisting of a scaled rule with a projecting arm at one
end, to which is attached a sliding vernier with a projecting arm that forms a jaw with the other
projecting arm.

Torque Wrench- is a tool used to control and apply a specific torque to a fastener such as a bolt or a
nut. It is a fundamental element in general mechanics, tire changing operations and industrial
maintenance & repair industries, to ensure customers' safety.

Steel Square- An instrument having a least one right angle and two or more straight edges, used by
carpenters for testing the accuracy of right angles and for laying out work.

f. CLAMPING TOOLS
Bench Vise- a holding device attached to a workbench; has two jaws to hold work piece firmly in
place. synonyms: vise. types: machinist's vise, metalworking vise. a vise with two parallel iron jaws
and a wide opening below.

C-Clamp- A C-clamp or G-clamp or G-cramp is a type of clamp device typically used to hold a wood or
metal work piece, and often used in, but are not limited to, carpentry and welding.

g. LIFTING TOOLS- jack is a mechanical lifting device used to apply great forces or lift
heavy loads. A mechanical jack employs a screw thread for lifting heavy equipment.
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Crocodile Jack-

Bottle Type jack

Mechanical Jack

h. CUTTING TOOLS

Tin Snip- a pair of clippers for cutting sheet metal.

Hack Saw- A hacksaw is a hand-powered, small-toothed saw used for cutting metal pipes, rods,
brackets, etc. Hacksaws can also cut through plastic. The hacksaw has a U-shaped frame and a
handle at one end. The blade can be installed to cut on either the push or pull stroke; cutting on the
push stroke is more common.

i. FLARING TOOLS- Flaring tools use pressure to make a fabricated mechanical joint for
joining or sealing copper tubing with a flare connection. Flaring allows you to connect tubes to each
other or another kind of fitting. Flared ends tend to have an approximately conical shape.

1.2. POWER TOOLS

a. PORTABLE ELECTRIC DRILL- Used primarily for boring holes in nearly all materials,
the electric drill can also be used for a variety of other tasks, facilitated by a number of
accessories and attachments.
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b. AIR TOOLS- A pneumatic tool, air tool, air-powered tool or pneumatic-powered tool is
a type of power tool, driven by compressed air supplied by an air compressor.
Pneumatic tools can also be driven by compressed carbon dioxide (CO2) stored in
small cylinders allowing for portability.
Air Impact Wrench- An impact wrench (also known as an impactor, impact gun, air wrench, air gun,
rattle gun, torque gun, windy gun) is a socket wrench power tool designed to deliver high torque output
with minimal exertion by the user, by storing energy in a rotating mass, then delivering it suddenly to
the output shaft.

Air Compressor- An air compressor is a pneumatic device that converts power into potential energy
stored in pressurized air.

Air Powered Drill- A pneumatic drill is operated by air under pressure and is very powerful.

Pneumatic Sander- is a power tool used to smooth surfaces by abrasion with sandpaper. Sanders
have a means to attach the sandpaper and a mechanism to move it rapidly contained within a housing
with means to hand-hold it or fix it to a workbench.

Pneumatic Grease Gun- A grease gun is a common workshop and garage tool used for lubrication.
Air-powered (pneumatic), where compressed air is directed to the gun by hoses, the air pressure
serving to force the grease through the aperture.

Spray Gun- a device resembling a gun which is used to spray a liquid such as paint or pesticide under
pressure.
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c. PORTABLE ELECTRIC GRINDING MACHINE- Portable grinders are handheld power

tools that are used for grinding, cutting or polishing. These versatile tools can be used
for a variety of tasks when used with the proper grinder wheels according to the
manufacturer's recommendations, including removing paint, rust or mortar, cleaning,
cutting or polishing metal.

d. BENCH DRILL- A drill press (also known as a pedestal drill, pillar drill, or bench drill) is
a style of drill that may be mounted on a stand or bolted to the floor or workbench.
Portable models are made, some including a magnetic base.

d. WELDING MACHINE- Welding machines are used to permanently connect metal

pieces with heat generated from electrical energy. They are available in a variety of sizes and output
voltages, from a small hobby model with an 80-amp output to an industrial model with a 12,000-amp
output for spot welding.

1.3. AUTOMOTIVE EQUIPMENT

a. FOUR POST LIFTER- This type of lift allows the vehicle to be driven onto two runways
and lifted by its tires. The advantage of this lift is that, there is full access to the
underside of the vehicle.
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b. TWO POST LIFTER- A two post above ground lift is designed to raise cars and trucks
for easy access to wheel assemblies and the underside of the vehicle. A two post
above ground lift is normally mounted to an existing concrete surface. Thicker
concrete is required for two post lifts exceeding a 12,000 LB. capacity.

c. COMPUTERIZED TIRE BALANCING MACHINE- A computerized balancer is a highly

accurate machine that senses weight distribution imbalances in a wheel assembly. In a
perfect scenario, the tires and wheels should complement each other while
maintaining an equal weight balance.

d. COMPUTERIZED WHEEL ALIGNMENT MACHINE- a technology which used in

squaring or aligning the front wheels towards the rear wheels. This includes camber,
toe in and toe out, thrust angle alignment and caster.

2. What is automobile?
An Automobile is a self-propelled vehicle which contains the power source for its propulsion
and is used for carrying passengers and goods on the ground, such as car, bus, trucks, etc.
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3. Types of Automobile
The automobiles are classified by the
following ways; 3.1. On the Basis of Load:

Heavy transport vehicle (HTV) or heavy motor

vehicle (HMV),

Light transport vehicle (LTV), Light motor vehicle (LMV).

3.2. On the Basis of Wheels:

- Two wheeler vehicle
- Three wheeler vehicle
- Four wheeler vehicle
- Six wheeler vehicle
- Ten wheeler and above

3.3. On the basis of Fuel Used:

- Petrol vehicle, e.g. motorcycle, scooter, cars, etc.
- Diesel vehicle, e.g. trucks, buses, etc.
- Electric vehicle which use battery to drive.
- Steam vehicle, e.g. an engine which uses steam engine.
- Gas vehicle, e.g. LPG and CNG vehicles, where LPG is liquefied

3.4. On the basis of body style:

- Sedan
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Hatchback

Coupe car- A coupe or coupé is a passenger car with a sloping or truncated rear roofline and two
doors. The term coupé was first applied to horse-drawn carriages for two passengers without rear-
facing seats. It comes from the French translation of "cut".

Station Wagon Convertible

Van Special purpose vehicle, e.g. ambulance, milk van, etc.

3.5. On the basis of Transmission:

- Conventional vehicles with manual transmission, e.g. car with 5 gears.
- Semi-automatic
- Automatic: In automatic transmission, gears are not required to be changed manually.
3.6. On the basis of Drive:
- Left hand drive
- Right hand drive
3.7. On the basis of Driving Axle
- Front wheel drive
- Rear wheel drive
- All wheel drive
3.8. Position of Engine:
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- Engine in Front - Most of the vehicles have engine in the front. Example: most of the
cars,
- Engine in the Rear Side Very few vehicles have engine located in the rear. Example:
Nano car.
4. Major components of automobile
- Engine- serves as the power source or power plant of the automobile. The power
generated by the engine causes the vehicle to propel or run.
- Body- This is where the passengers are located. It is an enclosed compartment
wherein drivers and passengers can sit and rest while travelling.
- Chassis- The chassis of an automobile incorporates all the major assemblies of
automobile. It holds the entire body of the vehicle.
- Powertrain- transmits power of the engine to the drive wheels. This includes
transmission, clutch, propeller differential and drive wheels.
- Wheels- this carries the overall weights of the vehicle.
5. Different automotive systems
- Engine Systems
a. Fuel System- is responsible in delivering the fuel from the fuel tank into the engine
cylinder. This includes fuel tank, fuel line, fuel filter, carburetor or injection pump (for diesel engine
only).
b. Air Induction System- The components of an engine involved in delivering fuel and
air into the combustion chamber. The system includes the fuel injectors, the intake manifold, the
throttle body and the air metering device (on petrol engines), intake valves and the air filter assembly.
c. Lubricating System- is an engine system which responsible in lubricating the oil in
the different internal components of an engine. This includes the oil pump, oil filter and oil galleries.
d. Cooling System- a system which responsible in cooling down the engine
temperature. It prevents the engine from getting hot to avoid overheating that will
lead to serious engine damage.
- Electrical Systems
a. Lighting System- An electrical circuit which provide illumination inside and outside
the vehicle. This includes the head lights, dome lights, clearance lights, tail lights, reverse lights, brake
lights and horn also.
b. Starting System- an electrical circuit which allows the starter motor to activate
during starting or cranking of the engine as the driver turns on the engine.
c. Ignition System- an electrical circuit which provides spark for the engine
combustions through the use of spark plug.
d. Charging System- responsible in charging the automobile battery which is the
source of all the electrical loads of the entire vehicle.
Under chassis Systems
a. Powertrain/Drive Train Systems- this includes clutch, transmission, propeller,
differential and drive wheels. This system is responsible in transmitting the
engine power from the engine to the drive wheels.
b. Braking System- this slows or stop the vehicle.
c. Suspension System- is the system of tires, tire air, springs, shock absorbers
and linkages that connects a vehicle to its wheels and allows relative motion
between the two.[1] Suspension systems must support both road
holding/handling and ride quality.
d. Steering System- this use to control the vehicle’s direction.
Air-conditioning System- a system which provides comfortability for the passengers by
giving a fresh and cold air inside the passenger’s compartment.
- This purifies the air
- This dehumidifies the air

6. OHM’S Law- is a formula used to calculate the relationship between voltage, current and resistance
in an electrical circuit.
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- Georg Ohm, in full Georg Simon Ohm, (born March 16, 1789, Erlangen, Bavaria
[Germany]—died July 6, 1854, Munich), German physicist who discovered the law, named after him,
which states that the current flow through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference
(voltage) and inversely proportional to the resistance.
- Andre-Marie Ampere- The SI unit of electric current, the ampere, is named in his
honor.
- Alessandro Volta- The volt (symbol: V) is the derived unit for electric potential, electric
potential difference (voltage), and electromotive force. It is named after the Italian
physicist Alessandro Volta (1745–1827).

- E stands for voltage and the unit is volts

- I stand for current and the unit is amperes
- R stands for resistance and the unit is ohms

7. Basic Electronic Symbol

D. Learning Activity:

Activity no.__
Direction: Create a 1-minute video showing the proper usage of any of the 2 automotive tools. Make
sure that the video is in high resolution.
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The video will be graded based on the following criteria

Excellent (25) Good (20) Fair (15) Poor (10)

Craftsmanship Work is excellent and Work is fair clean Some marks are clearly Many marks are
and Neatness very clean with no with few marks in the seen throughout the clearly seen
visible marks with the execution of the execution of the tools and throughout the
execution of tools and tools and equipment. equipment. execution of the tools
equipment. and equipment.
Voice projection The voice is well The voice is loud but The voice is shaky but the The voice is not well
modulated and the some points are important points are shown. modulated and the
information are clearly missed. information are not
stated. well established.

D. Assessment:
F. Reference
https://cdn.fbsbx.com/v/t59.2708-
21/247631798_179784967657413_1938614528699051213_n.pdf/LET-REVIEWER.pdf?
_nc_cat=110&ccb=1-
5&_nc_sid=0cab14&_nc_eui2=AeG5sBufixKcDiKFLIjrNdecos9y1DRP-
YSiz3LUNE_5hIevfAy9KIaIEFS3MTfr1fVym7qSly67SuukgVPiqZId&_nc_ohc=T9YOkU--
NCkAX8bxQkx&_nc_ht=cdn.fbsbx.com&oh=70d82c159c4c504d7329d32116031d0d&oe=6
19CA545&dl=1

G. Rubric

Excellent (25) Good (20) Fair (15) Poor (10)

Craftsmanship and Work is excellent and Work is fair clean with few Some marks are clearly Many marks are clearly seen
Neatness very clean with no visible marks in the execution of seen throughout the throughout the execution of the tools
marks. the tools and equipment. execution of the tools and and equipment.
equipment.
Voice projection The voice is well The voice is loud but some The voice is shaky but the The voice is not well modulated and
modulated and the points are missed. important points are shown. the information are not well
information are clearly established.
stated.
H. Answer Key