2.

8 Spanner and Wrench:

Spanner : Wrenches are tools that provide a grip for tightening or loosening a
fastener, such as a nut or a bolt.

This wrench is made of steel for strength & is often chrome-plated to protect against
corrosion. There are several types of spanner wrenches, each with a uniquely shaped
hook. In addition, some spanners are multi-tool with double-sided hooks.

Types of Spanner:

1. OPEN-ENDED wrenches have two open ends of different sizes and the main
use of this wrench is to loosen and tighten hard to reach nuts and bolts.

2. BOX-ENDED wrenches have a circle end with grooves inside of the circle that
fit hexagon types of bolts. On each end of this wrench, the circle is different
sizes and convenient when the open-ended wrench is not useful.
3. COMBINATION wrenches are open and box ends in one convenient wrench.
So, if you don’t like to carry both carry one.
4. ADJUSTABLE wrenches are open at one end but have an adjustable feature
that allows you to shrink or expand it to the size of the nut or bolt you are
working on.
5. SOCKET wrenches fit completely over the nut or bolt and the socket can
remain in place if you need to adjust or change the handle.
6. LINE wrenches are somewhat like a box-end and an open-end wrench, but
these wrenches are made to deal with a more fragile nut or bolt.
7. RATCHETING wrenches are basically the same as the socket wrench, however,
these wrenches are useful when you are in a hurry to get a job done.
8. TORQUE wrenches are used for a precise tighten on the bolt. An example of
when to use this wrench would be if you are assembling an automobile.
9. CORDLESS RATCHET wrench is a must-have. This wrench for mechanics is a
high powered tool which combines the quick use of a ratchet wrench with the
precision of a torque wrench
Wrenches
For fastening and loosening bolts and pipes, apart from the spanners different types
of wrenches are used. Most of these wrenches are adjustable, with different opening
ranges.

Drilling Machine:

A drilling machine is a type of machine in which the holes are being made on the
workpiece by making use of a rotating tool called drill bit or the twist drill.
Drilling is basically a technology of creating holes. Drilling operations can also be performed
on Lathe machines.

Boring: When we talk about drilling, boring is mostly discussed. Basically, Boring is a process in which
the holes are enlarged that are already being drilled or cored. To perform boring action by a
machine a special holder for the boring tool is required.

A drilling machine (also known as a drilling machine) is an application for cutting holes in or out
of metal, wood or other materials. While drilling machine is indispensable equipment for
machinery manufacturing and various repair factories. According to the purpose and structure,
it is mainly divided into the following categories:

1. Portable drilling machine :-

The portable drilling machines are used to drill small holes and are commonly used in
the entire workshop. This type of drill machine is operated by holding in a hand and the
workpiece where the hole is to be drilled is held in a vice.
2. Sensitive drilling machine ;-
The table and spindle speed and feed mechanism can be moved vertically on the column
for machining small and medium-size workpieces. Sensitive drilling machines are
available in floor and table type; it can enable
the operator to sensitively feel the
pressure required for drilling and
effectively adjust the applied pressure.
3. Radial drilling machine ;-
The spindle speed and feed mechanism
can be moved on the radial arm, the
radial arm can be rotated and lifted, and
the workpiece will be fixed. It is suitable
for processing large, heavy and porous
workpieces, and is widely used in machinery
manufacturing.
4. Gang drilling machine
The gang drilling machine can drill the same or different sizes of holes at the same time
or different time due to it has a number of drill heads placed together. So the specialty
of this machine tool is that it can drill a huge number of holes all in the same efficient
job.

5. Multiple spindle machine

This type of machine tool is similar to the gang drilling machine, which can also drill the
many holes at one time, but all the holes are in the same workpieces and numbers of
similar jobs.

6. Deep hole drilling machine

A specialized machine tool that uses for deep hole drillings such as the deep holes of
 barrels and machine tool spindles. It is generally being a horizontal way to facilitate a
large body and it is often with coolant inside.

Safety Precautions When Using a Drilling

Machine
When you’re using a drill machine –safety precautions should always be your top concern.
Unguarded moving parts of the drilling machine and sudden release of energy from its parts
system can cause serious harm to the operator, so it’s crucial to know the basics of safe
drilling and practice them every time you’re on the machine.

Drill Bits
A drill bit is a special tool applicable in drilling holes in/through products and
materials. It comes in different shapes, sizes, dimensions, designs, etc. As a
result, there are different types of drill bits, each with unique applications .

Due to the different drill bit types and unique applications, choosing the right
one might be challenging. As a result, this article will introduce the different
types of drill bits and their applications in part manufacturing.
Components Of A Drill Bit
Every type of drill bit is unique. Nevertheless, they have the same parts with
little or no alteration. Below are parts common to all types of drill bits used in
part manufacturing:
  Body: This is the part of the drill bit between the shank and point
 Point: This part has a cone shape and is the end point of the drill bit found at
180°.
 Shank: This is the part of the drill bit that fits into the drill.
 Tang: This is the outermost part of the shank that fits into the drilling
machine’s spindle.
 Flutes: These are spiral, helical, or straight grooves made on the body of the
drilling bit. They have a cutting edge, turns chip into curls for easy removal,
and allows the
 introduction of coolants.
 Land: Also called the margin, this is the part of the body with the flutes
 Body Clearance: This is part of the body with a lesser diameter than the drill
bit. It functions by reducing the friction between the drill and the hole.
 Web: The part separating the two flutes.
 Neck: The part that connects the shank and the body.

Types of Drill Bits

According to the shape and size of a hole, there are many types of drill, which are
as follows:
 Flat Drill Bit
 Fluted Drill Bit
 Taper Shank Drill Bit
 Oil hole drill Bit
 Centre Drill Bit
 Counter Bore Drill Bit
 Multi-diameter Drill Bit
 Counter Sink Drill Bit
 Size of Drill Bit

Here are some safety tips:

 Do not wear loose clothing, jewelry, tie, or gloves when operating a machine—these
increase the risk of being caught in the drill bit or spindle.

 Keep all loose clothing buttoned up, or tucked in.

 Wear safety goggles at all times when drilling is in progress. This will protect your eyes from
any ‘chippings’ that are ejected from the machine.

 Do not operate the drill machine without guards or damaged or loose guards, as it is the
first line of defense, preventing ‘metal chips’ from hitting the operator.

 Never hold the work piece with your hands. Always hold it with proper clamps before you
turn on the spindle.
 If you are using a pulley-driven drill machine, then form a habit of replacing the guard every
time after selecting the new speed.

 When drilling, drop the drill guard into place. It minimizes the exposer of rotating items.

Standard and Standardisation:

Standard : A Standard is considered to be the best way or expectation of

performing, building and producing a product, task, process or service. In short it is a
rule or example of how to perform an activity correctly that establishes a clear
expectation for those performing the activity.

Standardisation:

Many processes depend heavily on standardization, which is the process of

establishing, sharing, conforming and then improving standards.

Ex: ISO- Indian Standard Organisation.

Bureau of Indian Standards

Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) is the National Standard Body of India. BIS is responsible for the
harmonious development of the activities of standardization, marking and quality certification of goods
and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.

BIS through its core activities of standardization and conformity assessment, has been benefiting the
national economy by providing safe, reliable and quality goods; minimizing health hazards to consumers;
protecting the environment, promoting exports and imports substitute; controlling over proliferation of
varieties etc. The standards and certification scheme of BIS apart from benefitting the consumers and
industry also support various public policies especially in areas of product safety, consumer protection,
food safety, environment protection, building and construction, etc.

ACTIVITIES
The activities of BIS can be broadly grouped under the following heads:
1. Standards formulation

2. International activities

3. Product Certification

4. Hallmarking
5. Laboratory services

6. Training services - National Institute of Training for Standardisation

7. Consumer Affairs and Publicity

STANDARDS FORMULATION
BIS formulates Indian Standards in line with the national priorities for various sectors that have been
grouped under 14 Departments like Chemicals, Food and Agriculture, Civil, Electro-technical, Electronics
& Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Management & Systems, Metallurgical Engineering,
Petroleum Coal & Related Products, Medical Equipment and Hospital Planning, Textile, Transport
Engineering, Production & General Engineering and Water Resources. Corresponding to these
Departments fourteen Division Councils exist. Each Division Council has a number of Sectional
committees working under it. The standards cover important segments of economy and help the industry
in upgrading the quality of their goods and services.

ELECTRICAL CODE- 2011:Introduction to National Electrical Code-2011. National Electrical Code –

2011 :-

National electrical code describes several indian standards deciding with the various aspects relating
to electrical installation practice. It is there fore recommended that individual parts/ sections of the
code should be read in conjunction with the relevant indian standards. There are 8 parts and each
part contains number of sections. Each section refers the description of the electrical item/ devices,
equipment etc. Here, 20 sections of the part - 1 are described which aspect it covers In part 1, 20
sections are there. Each sections reference is given below.

Section 1 part 1/ section 1 of the code describes the scope of the NEC.

Section 2 covers definition of items with references.

Section 3 covers graphical symbols for diagrams, letter symbols and signs which may be referred for
further details.

Section 4 covers of guidelines for preparation of diagrams, chart and tables in electro technology
and for marking of conductors.

Section 5 covers units and systems of measurement in electro technology.

Section 6 covers standard values of AC and DC distribution voltage preferres values of current ratings
and standard systems frequency.

Section 7 enumerates the fundamental principles of design and execution of electrical installation.
Section 8 covers guidelines for assesing the characteristics of buildings and the electrical installation
there in.

Section 9 Covers the essential design and constructional requirement for electrical wiring
installation.

Section 10 covers guidelines and general requirements associated with circuit calculators.

Section 11 covers requirements of installation work relating to building services that use electrical
power .
Section 12 covers general criteria for selection of equipment.

Section 13 covers general principles of installation and guide lines on initial testing before
commissioning.

Section 14 covers general requirements associated with earthing in electrical installations. Specific
requirements for earthing in individual installations are covered in respective parts of the code.

Section 15 covers guidelines on the basic electrical aspects of lightning protective systems for
buildings and the electrical installation forming part of the system.

Section 16 covers the protection requirements in low voltage electrical installation of buildings.
Section 17 covers causes for low power factor and guidelines for use of capacitors to improve the
same in consumer installations.

Section 18 covers the aspects to be considered for selection of equipment from energy conservation
point of view and guidence on energy audit .

Section 19 covers guidelines on safety procedures and practices in electrical work.

Section 20 gives frequently referred tables in electrical engineering work.

Lifting and handling of loads :

Many of the accidents reported involve injuries caused by lifting and carrying loads. A electrician
may need to install motors, lay heavy cables, do wiring, which may involve a lot of lifting and
carrying of loads. Wrong lifting techniques can result in injury. A load need not necessarily be very
heavy to cause injury. The wrong way of lifting may cause injury to the muscles and joints even
though the load is not heavy. Further injuries during lifting and carrying may be caused by tripping
over an object and falling or striking an object with a load.
5S is a system
The 5S system is a lean manufacturing tool that improves workplace efficiency and
eliminates waste. There are five steps in the system, each starting with the letter S:

1. Sort 2. Set In Order 3. Shine 4. Standardize 5. Sustain

By providing a systematic framework for organization and cleanliness, 5S helps facilities

avoid lost productivity from delayed work or unplanned downtime.

The Steps of 5S

5S was created in Japan, and the original “S” terms were in Japanese, so English translations
for each of the five steps may vary. The basic ideas and the connections between them are
easy to understand, though.
 Step Name Explanation

1. Sort Remove unnecessary items from each area

2. Set In Order Organize and identify storage for efficient use

3. Shine Clean and inspect each area regularly

4. Standardize Incorporate 5S into standard operating procedures

5. Sustain Assign responsibility, track progress, and continue the cycle