SPE-207183-MS Modelling and Simulation of Acid Gas Absorption From Natural Gas by Amine Solution Using Aspen HYSYS

SPE-207183-MS
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Modelling and Simulation of Acid Gas Absorption from Natural Gas by
Amine Solution Using Aspen HYSYS
Victoria Kamnetochi IKPEZE, John Olusoji OWOLABI, Idowu Iyabo OLATEJU, and Abdulwahab GIWA, Afe
Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
Copyright 2021, Society of Petroleum Engineers
This paper was prepared for presentation at the Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition held in Lagos, Nigeria, 2 - 4 August 2021.
This paper was selected for presentation by an SPE program committee following review of information contained in an abstract submitted by the author(s). Contents
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Abstract
This work has been carried out to model and simulate a typical acid gas absorption process using
Aspen HYSYS process simulator. The chemical components involved in the process development were
water, methane, ethane, propane, higher alkanes, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide, nitrogen and amines:
monoethanolamine (MEA), diethanolamine (DEA), triethanolamine (TEA) and methyldiethanolamine
(MDEA). The fluid package selected for the simulation before entering the simulation environment was
Acid Gas – Chemical Solvents. In the simulation environment, the model was developed by picking an
absorber from the Model Palette, placing it and assigning the input and the output streams involved before
inputting the parameters required for model convergence. The carbon dioxide-rich feed gas was made to
enter the absorber at the bottom inlet stream while the lean amine stream entered at the top inlet and showered
down on the uprising gas thereby trapping the carbon dioxide molecules within the gas. The top product
from the absorber was the treated gas while the amine solution and the trapped carbon dioxide left the
absorber as the bottom product. Different simulations were run to investigate the performance of the amines
under the same operating conditions. It was discovered that, of all the four amine solvents considered in
this work for the removal of carbon dioxide by chemical absorption, MEA had the highest efficiency but
would require more dehydration because it had the highest water content. DEA was also found to scrub the
carbon dioxide down to acceptable levels. However, TEA and MDEA barely scrubbed any carbon dioxide
under these conditions, as their carbon dioxide compositions were found to be unacceptable. The analyses
of the results obtained from the simulations indicated that Aspen HYSYS can be used to study the process
of acid gas absorption successfully.
Keywords: Acid gas removal, absorption, modelling, simulation, Aspen HYSYS
Introduction
The natural gas (NG) extracted from independent gas wells usually contains large percentage of methane
gas, some quantity of ethane and with little quantity of other alkanes and small amount of impurities such
as carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide (H2S), etc. Among the non-hydrocarbon components
existing in NG, CO2 and H2S may inflict severe damages on both environment and industrial equipment.
2 SPE-207183-MS
From economical point of view, dissolving CO2 or H2S in water contributes to the production of acidic
solution and, consequently, corrosion problems in pipelines and related equipment would occur during
transportation of NG (Al-Alwani et al., 2019).
Natural gas was discovered accidentally in ancient China as a result of drilling for brines, and it was first
used by the Chinese in about 500 BC. They discovered a way to transport gas which was seeping from the
ground in crude pipelines made of bamboo to where it was used to boil salt water and extract the salt, in
the Ziliujing District of Sichuan (Talipova and Parsegov, 2018).
In 1821, William Hart—known as the "father of natural gas"—dug a small natural gas well near Lake
Erie, in the northeastern United States, before piping the gas through hollow logs to nearby houses. In
the 1620s, French explorers had recorded Native Americans igniting natural gas seeps in the same area
(Aguilera, 2020).
Hart's well was tiny by modern standards, just 27 feet deep, however, his work was seminal to the US
natural gas industry. Following the success of his wells, a group of entrepreneurs formed the Fredonia Gas
Light Company in 1858, the first commercial gas company in the United States. For most of the 19th century,
natural gas was used primarily as fuel for lamps. But it was soon to transition from a source of light to its
modern role as a source of heat (Ikpeze, 2020).
In the 1890s, cities began using electricity for their streetlights so gas producers began searching for
new uses for their product. The invention of the Bunsen burner in 1885 had finally allowed the controlled
burning of natural gas, by mixing it with air in the right proportions, thus opening up new opportunities for
the use of natural gas as a source of heat in applications such as cooking and heating (Olusola, 2021).
The barrier of transporting the gas from well to consumer was soon removed by the materialization of
pipelines. One of the first substantial natural gas pipelines was constructed in the US in 1891, running for
around 120 miles between gas wells in central Indiana to the city of Chicago. More significant pipeline
construction began in the 1920s, and after World War II (Hoier, 2004).
With natural gas now a widely distributed commodity, new uses have been discovered. These include
using natural gas to heat homes and operate appliances as well as generate electricity. Industries have also
begun to use natural gas in manufacturing and processing plants.
In recent decades, the role of natural gas has continued to evolve. Since the late 1980s, the use of natural
gas for electricity generation has been increasing steadily across the world, motivated in part by its higher
combustion efficiency and lower CO2 emissions in comparison to coal. The emergence of Liquefied Natural
Gas in the 1990s has brought about a second revolution in natural gas transport, allowing transit by ship as
well as by pipeline (Igbokoyi and Iledare, 2015).
Natural gas can be associated, found in oil fields, or non-associated, isolated in natural gas fields, and is
also found in coal beds as coalbed methane. It sometimes contains a significant amount of ethane, propane,
butane, and heavier hydrocarbons. The heavier hydrocarbons are removed for commercial use prior to the
methane being sold as a consumer fuel or chemical plant feedstock. Non-hydrocarbons such as carbon
dioxide, nitrogen, and hydrogen sulphide must also be removed before the natural gas can be transported
(Ikpeze, 2020).
Natural gas is a combustible mixture of hydrocarbon gases. While natural gas is formed primarily of
methane, it can also include ethane, propane, butane and pentane. The composition of natural gas can vary
widely depending on the geography on the type of well and location where it is found.
Scholars and researchers have worked extensively on the subject matter of this work. For instance,
Sadegh (2013) developed thermodynamic models for CO2-MDEA-H2O, CO2-MEA-H2O, CO2-MDEA-
MEA-H2O, H2S-MDEA-H2O, H2SCH4-MDEA-H2O systems. He varied the concentrations of amines in
the applied solvents in order to optimize the process. He determined that the optimum absorber pressure
should be high (about 70 bar). He then investigated the effect of pressure on solubility of acid gases in
aqueous alkanol-amines. He concluded that the developed thermodynamic models effectively predicted
SPE-207183-MS 3
both thermodynamic and thermal properties of acid gas-alkanolamine systems over an extensive range of
pressure, temperature and amine concentration. Aaina and Zulkifli (2009) modified an existing process flow
diagram of industrial Acid Gas Removal Unit (AGRU) in terms of solvent used for absorption process.
The mixture of monoethanolamine (MEA) and methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) in aqueous amine solution
was used to replace the existing solvent known as Benfield solution. Simulation using Aspen HYSYS
was then performed to compare both existing and modified absorption processes with respect to four
parameters: absorption column removal efficiency, power consumption, heating duty and cooling duty. They
concluded that amine solution offers a more attractive solvent option to be used in AGRU systems with
results showing that for the same absorption column removal efficiency, amine solution can save 11.2%
annual power consumption. Even though there was no change for heating duty, the cooling duty requirement
however could be reduced by 17% for the amine solution. Sanggie (2014) used monoethanolamine (MEA),
dietanolamine (DEA) and methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) to model the acid gas removal unit process
on Aspen HYSYS. She concluded that MEA, among other amines, was effective in removing almost all
hydrogen sulphide and carbon dioxide. DEA and MDEA allowed for some carbon dioxide to be left in the
sweet gas in levels that are suitable for gas steams with less stringent product specifications. She also studied
the effect of increasing the amine circulation rate, amines concentration and reboiler heat consumption and
concluded that, by increasing the circulation rate, MEA caused the CO2 to be almost completely absorbed
in the column even at the lowest low circulation rate followed by DEA and MDEA. By increasing the
concentration of amine, MEA and MDEA showed that 15 wt% or greater is required to achieve the specified
acid gas removal and 25 wt% for DEA. She noted that one can also reduce heat of reaction by changing
from primary to secondary amine, both which gives almost the same acid gas removal efficiency.
It is known that when acid gases, when contained in quantities above acceptable limits in Natural Gas,
can lead to problems such as hydrate formation, corrosion of equipment, emission of greenhouse gases,
reduced energy output of the gas, amongst others. Therefore, in order to efficiently use natural gas as an
energy source, it must be treated and freed of these acid gases.
Therefore, this work was carried out in order to optimize the acid gas removal process so as to be able to
produce cleaner natural gas with a higher calorific value, maximize absorbent recovery, and obtain higher
degree of contaminant removal.
Methodology
The step-by-step approach employed in this research work are as outlined thus.
Process Modelling
The chemical components involved in the model development were water, methane, ethane, propane, higher
alkanes, CO2, H2S, Nitrogen, and Monoethanolamine (MEA), Diethanolamine (DEA), Triethanolamine
(TEA), and Methyldiethanolamine (MDEA). In the simulation environment, the CO2 rich sour gas enters
the absorber at the bottom inlet while the lean amine stream enters at the top inlet and showers down on
the uprising gas thereby trapping the CO2 molecules within the gas. The top product from the absorber is
the sweet gas while the amine solution and the trapped CO2 leave the absorber as the bottom product. This
process is designed to occur at high pressures and relatively low temperature. There were four simulations
using the four different amines outlined in Table 1.
Table 1—Sweet gas composition in mole% for the processes
Component MEA DEA MDEA TEA
Methane 84.08 84.89 83.31 84.08

Ethane 4.71 4.75 4.66 4.71
Propane 2.94 2.97 2.91 2.94
4 SPE-207183-MS
Component MEA DEA MDEA TEA
i-Butane 0.29 0.30 0.29 0.29

n-Butane 0.59 0.59 0.58 0.59
CO2 0.39 4.32 4.76 0.39
H2O 6.98 2.18 3.48 6.98
MEA 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01
Process Simulation
In this study, the Aspen HYSYS V10 was used to simulate the process since this process simulator has
suitable thermodynamic model and unit operations to simulate the acid gas and amine processes. It can
easily set up the acid gas treatment models as an integral part of a gas processing and this will help to
accelerate the project.
Model Development and Simulation

Aspen HYSYS V10 process simulator was used in developing the Acid Gas Removal Unit (AGRU)
considered. The AGRU consisting of an absorber column only.
Selection of Components and Fluid Package

1. A new model was opened on Aspen HYSYS process simulator;
2. Under ‘Component Lists’ tab in the ‘Properties’ window, ‘Add’ was clicked on;
3. The components were then selected, and ‘<Add’ was clicked; as shown in Figure 1;
4. Under the ‘Fluid Packages’ tab, ‘Acid Gas – Chemical Solvents’ was selected, as shown in Figure 2.
Figure 1—Adding components on Aspen HYSYS

SPE-207183-MS 5
Figure 2—Selecting a fluid package on Aspen HYSYS
Inputting Data for Absorber Column Feed Streams

1. From the Model Palette, an inlet material stream was selected and dragged to the process flow sheet
window;
2. The stream was named ‘lean amine’;
3. The composition and conditions data were as seen in Figure 3 and Figure 4 respectively;
4. Step 1 was repeated, and the stream was named ‘sour gas’;
5. The composition and conditions data were inputted as seen in Figure 5 and Figure 6 respectively.
Figure 3—Lean amine inlet composition

6 SPE-207183-MS
Figure 4—Lean amine inlet conditions
Figure 5—Sour gas inlet composition
Figure 6—Sour gas inlet conditions
Simulating the Absorber Column

1. An absorber was selected from the Model Palette and dragged unto the process flow sheet window;
2. The top stage inlet was clicked, and ‘lean amine to absorber’ was selected
3. ‘Sour gas to absorber’ was selected for the bottom stage inlet;
SPE-207183-MS 7
4. The number of stages was changed to 18;

5. The ovhd vapour outlet stream was named ‘sweet gas’ and the bottoms liquid outlet was named ‘rich
amine’; as seen in Figure 7;
6. ‘Next >’ was clicked, and the top and bottom stage pressures were entered;
7. ‘Next >’ was then clicked, followed by ‘Done…’;
8. The absorber in the process flow sheet window was clicked and the design window was opened;
9. The column name was clicked and renamed ‘Absorber’;
10. In the Design window, ‘Run’ was clicked.
Figure 7—Absorber column configuration
Case Studies
1. In the design window, under the ‘Home’ tab, ‘Case Studies’ was clicked
2. Under the case studies tab, ‘Add’ was clicked
3. A dependent variable and an independent variable were selected
4. ‘Case Study Setup’ was clicked
5. The start, end, and step size values were set
6. ‘Run’ was then clicked
7. These steps were repeated for six case studies.
All above steps were carried out four times, each time, substituting for another amine. The compositions,
operating conditions, and configurations remained the same for all four simulations and the same case
studies were carried out on the four simulations
Results and Discussion

The results from the modelling and simulation of a typical acid gas removal units based on given parameters
and conditions are given and discussed thus.
Effect of Lean Amine Inlet Temperature

Effect of Lean Amine Inlet Temperature on MEA. Shown in Figures 8 – 11 are the results obtained from
the simulations carried out while investigating the effects of lean amine inlet temperature on the system.
8 SPE-207183-MS
Figure 8—Effect of MEA lean amine inlet temperature on rich amine CO2 loading
Figure 9—Effect of MEA lean amine inlet temperature on sweet gas CO2 loading
Figure 10—Effect of MEA lean amine inlet temperature on rich amine CO2 composition
SPE-207183-MS 9
Figure 11—Effect of MEA lean amine inlet temperature on sweet gas CO2 composition
From the results given in Figure 8, it was discovered that an increase in MEA lean amine inlet temperature
increased the CO2 loading in rich amine. However, once the optimum temperature was exceeded, a decline
in the CO2 loading occurred, as can also be seen in the figure. It can be seen from Figure 9 that an increase
in lean amine inlet temperature resulted in sweet gas loading of the CO2. The relationship between the
lean amine inlet temperature and the rich amine CO2 composition was found to be a slightly directly
proportion one because the composition of the rich amine CO2 was observed to increase as the temperature
was increased, as shown in Figure 10. According to the results presented in Figure 11, the sweet gas CO2
composition was found to decrease, though later started to increase, as the lean amine inlet temperature was
increasing. Most of the results obtained in this case simply implied that when the optimum temperature was
exceeded, there was a reverse in the response of the CO2 absorption. All in all, it was discovered that the
optimum inlet temperature range for the lean amine was 40 ℃ - 45 ℃.
Effect of Lean Amine Inlet Temperature on DEA. The increase of DEA inlet temperature led to an
increased CO2loading on the rich amine and a decreased CO2 loading on the sweet gas. The CO2composition
in the sweet gas reduced with an increase in temperature as well, meaning that there was an increased CO2
absorption, as shown in Figures 12 – 15. From these results, the suggested optimum DEA lean amine inlet
temperature range was 55 ℃ to 60 ℃ because it was within this range that CO2 loading on sweet amine
was approache zero (see Figure 13).
Figure 12—Effect of DEA lean amine inlet temperature on rich amine CO2 loading
10 SPE-207183-MS
Figure 13—Effect of DEA lean amine inlet temperature on sweet gas CO2 loading
Figure 14—Effect of DEA lean amine inlet temperature on rich amine CO2 composition
Figure 15—Effect of DEA lean amine inlet temperature on sweet gas CO2 composition
Effect of Lean Amine Inlet Temperature on TEA. Much like the effect on DEA, increase of lean amine
inlet temperature led to a decreased CO2 loading on the sweet gas, but CO2 loading on the rich amine also
decreased.
Similarly, the CO2composition in the sweet gas reduced with an increase in temperature, which implied
an increased CO2 absorption. However, as shown in Figures 16 – 19, the CO2 composition reduced in the
rich amine. From these results, the optimum TEA lean amine inlet temperature range has to be much cooler
than that of MEA and DEA so as to ensure efficient CO2 loading on the rich amine. The temperature can
be in the range of 30 ℃ to 35 ℃ because it was within that range that a sharp drop was noticed in the CO2
loading on sweet gas and, based on the results given in Figure 17, that value started to tend to zero.
SPE-207183-MS 11
Figure 16—Effect of TEA lean amine inlet temperature on rich amine CO2 loading
Figure 17—Effect of TEA lean amine inlet temperature on sweet gas CO2 loading
Figure 18—Effect of TEA lean amine inlet temperature on rich amine CO2 composition
12 SPE-207183-MS
Figure 19—Effect of TEA lean amine inlet temperature on sweet gas CO2 composition
Effect of Lean Amine Inlet Temperature on MDEA. From the results shown in Figures 20 – 23, it was
discovered that like the effect on TEA, increase of lean amine inlet temperature led to a decreased CO2
loading on the sweet gas, although CO2 loading on the rich amine also decreased. In the same vein, the
CO2composition of the sweet gas reduced with an increase in temperature but not before a minimal increase
at about 25 ℃ to 30 ℃, after which there was a steady decrease, which implied an increased CO2 absorption.
The the CO2 composition reduced in the rich amine.
Figure 20—Effect of MDEA lean amine inlet temperature on rich amine CO2 loading
Figure 21—Effect of MDEA lean amine inlet temperature on sweet gas CO2 loading
SPE-207183-MS 13
Figure 22—Effect of MDEA lean amine inlet temperature on rich amine CO2 composition
Figure 23—Effect of MDEA lean amine inlet temperature on sweet gas CO2 composition
Further from these results, in order to ensure efficient CO2 loading on the rich amine, the optimum MDEA
lean amine inlet temperature range has to be much cooler than that of MEA and DEA. However, it should
not be so low to the extent of falling within the range where an increase of CO2 in sweet gas composition
would be noticed; a temperature range of 40 ℃ to 45 ℃ could be suggested because it was within that range
that the CO2 loading on sweet gas and that value starts to tend to zero, as can be seen in Figure 21.
Effect of Absorber Pressure

Effect of Absorber Pressure on MEA. Fom the results given in Figures 24, it was found that the CO2
composition of the rich amine increased continuously with an increase in absorber pressure but after a certain
pressure is exceeded, it started to decrease. As can be seen from Figure 25, the CO2 composition of the sweet
gas was also found to decrease with an increase in pressure until the optimum pressure is exceeded, after
which it began to increase. This was observed to be an indication that there was a decrease in the absorption
of CO2 after the optimum pressure was exceeded. Moreover, rich amine recirculation rate increased with an
increase in absorber operating pressure. Considering the results obtained, the suggested operating pressure
range of the absorber column was obtained to be 30 bar – 34 bar.
14 SPE-207183-MS
Figure 24—Effect of absorber pressure on MEA rich amine CO2 composition
Figure 25—Effect of absorber pressure on sweet gas CO2 composition
Effect of Absorber Pressure on DEA. The results given in Figure 26 showed that the CO2 composition of
the rich amine increased continuously with an increase in absorber pressure while the CO2 composition of
the sweet gas decreased with an increase in pressure, as can be seen in Figure 27. This observation revealed
that there was a decrease in the absorption of CO2 resulting from an increase in the absorber operating
pressure. Also observed was that the rich amine recirculation rate increased with an increase in absorber
operating pressure.
Figure 26—Effect of absorber pressure on DEA rich amine CO2 composition

SPE-207183-MS 15
Effect of Absorber Pressure on TEA. The CO2 composition of the rich amine increased continuously with
an increase in absorber pressure as seen in Figure 28, while the CO2 composition of the sweet gas decreased
with an increase in pressure; it started slowly and then hit a steady decline, as can be seen in Figure 29, This
meant that there was a decrease in the absorption of CO2 resulting from an increase in the absorber operating
pressure. It is suggested that the absorber column should be operated at a pressure higher than 25 bar.
Figure 28—Effect of absorber pressure on TEA rich amine CO2 composition
Effect of Absorber Pressure on MDEA. The results shown in Figure 30 revealed that the CO2 composition
of the rich amine increased continuously with an increase in absorber pressure. The results given in Figure
31 showed that the CO2 composition of the sweet gas decreased with an increase in pressure. This was
16 SPE-207183-MS
found to be an indication that there was a decrease in the absorption of CO2 resulting from an increase in
the absorber operating pressure.
Figure 30—Effect of absorber pressure on MDEA rich amine CO2 composition
It is recommended that the absorber should be operated at pressures above 30 bar in order to ensure
reduced CO2loading on sweet gas.
Conclusion
Of all four amine solvents applied in this project for the removal of CO2 by chemical absorption, MEA had
the highest efficiency for CO2 removal from the sour gas but also the highest H2O content and would require
more dehydration. DEA also scrubbed the CO2 down to acceptable levels. However, TEA and MDEA
barely scrubbed any CO2 under these conditions, as their "sweet gas" CO2 compositions were found to be
unacceptable. In optimizing the MEA absorption process, increasing the absorber operating pressure and
increasing the lean amine flowrate, significantly reduced the CO2 content of the sweet gas while increasing
the lean amine inlet temperature increased the CO2 content. For the optimization of DEA, increasing the
absorber pressure had the most effect on lowering the CO2 content, though increasing the lean amine
temperature and flowrate also lowered the CO2 content. The optimization steps carried out on each process
simulation for the TEA did little to reduce the CO2 content of the sweet gas. The increase of the absorber
operating pressure for the MDEA process simulation helped to minimize the CO2 content of the sweet gas
while an increase in lean amine inlet temperature and flowrate had little effect on that.
Acknowledgment
Special thanks go to Aare Afe Babalola, LL.B, FFPA, FNIALS, FCIArb, LL.D, SAN, OFR, CON – The
Founder and President, and the Management of Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria for
providing a very conducive environment that enabled the accomplishment of this research work.
SPE-207183-MS 17
References
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to Successfully Extract Useful Information from Big Data in the Oil & Gas Industry? Paper
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SPE-207183-MS Modelling and Simulation of Acid Gas Absorption From Natural Gas by Amine Solution Using Aspen HYSYS

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Table 1—Sweet gas composition in mole% for the processes

Component MEA DEA MDEA TEA

Methane 84.08 84.89 83.31 84.08

Component MEA DEA MDEA TEA

i-Butane 0.29 0.30 0.29 0.29

Model Development and Simulation

Selection of Components and Fluid Package

Figure 1—Adding components on Aspen HYSYS

Inputting Data for Absorber Column Feed Streams

Figure 3—Lean amine inlet composition

Figure 5—Sour gas inlet composition

Figure 6—Sour gas inlet conditions

Simulating the Absorber Column

4. The number of stages was changed to 18;

Figure 7—Absorber column configuration

Results and Discussion

Effect of Lean Amine Inlet Temperature

Effect of Absorber Pressure

Figure 25—Effect of absorber pressure on sweet gas CO2 composition

Figure 26—Effect of absorber pressure on DEA rich amine CO2 composition

Figure 28—Effect of absorber pressure on TEA rich amine CO2 composition

Figure 29—Effect of absorber pressure on sweet gas CO2 composition

Figure 31—Effect of absorber pressure on sweet gas CO2 composition

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