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§ The
length
of
a
vector
x
is
also
called
the
norm
(or
Euclidean
norm)
of
the
vector,
denoted
as
|x|.
The
posi#on
vector
of
a
given
point
A
:
{x,
y,
z}
is
the
vector
from
the
origin
of
the
axes
to
the
point
A.
§ The
point-‐slope
form
of
the
equa#on
of
a
line
that
passes
through
a
point
P
:
(x1,
y1),
and
has
a
slope
m
is
§ The
two-‐point
form
of
the
equa#on
of
a
line
that
passes
through
two
points
P1
:
(x1,
y1)
and
P2
:
(x2,
y2)
is
§ The
two-‐intercept
form
of
a
line
with
x
intercept
a
and
y
intercept
b
is
given
as
§ The plane specified in this form has its X, Y and Z intercepts at
§ The
plane
through
(x1,
y1,
z1)
and
(x2,
y2,
z2),
and
parallel
to
the
direc#on
[a,
b,
c]T
is
given
by
§ Subtrac+on:
1.
If
AT
=
A,
then
A
is
called
a
Symmetric
Matrix.
If
AT
=
−A,
then
A
is
called
a
Skew
Symmetric
Matrix.
2. (AT
)T
=
A
3. (A
+
B)T
=
AT
+
BT
4. (AB)T
=
BTAT
5. (cA)T
=cAT
where
Adjoint(A)
=
CT
,
and
C
is
the
matrix
of
co-‐factors
of
A.
1. AA−1
=
I
2. (AB)−1
=
B−1A−1
3. (AT
)−1
=
(A−1)T
. .
has
a
nonzero
solu#on
x.
Such
a
scalar
λ
is
called
the
eigenvalue
of
A,
and
any
nonzero
n
×
1
vector,
x,
is
called
the
eigenvector
corresponding
to
λ.
§ Given
a
matrix
A,
the
eigenvalues
of
A,
denoted
by
λ,
can
be
computed
by
finding
the
roots
of
the
equa#on
|A
−
λI|
=
0.
§ Example:
§ Example:
§ Example:
§ If
a
sta#onary
point
is
not
a
local
minimum
or
maximum,
it
is
an
inflecFon
point.
The
sufficient
condi#ons
of
op#mality
can
be
used
to
differen#ate
between
sta#onary
points
and
inflec#on
points.
§ An
inflec#on
point
is
a
point
on
a
con#nuously
differen#able
plane
curve
at
which
the
curve
crosses
its
tangent,
that
is,
the
curve
changes
from
being
concave
(concave
downward)
to
convex
(concave
upward),
or
vice
versa.
§ Points
of
inflec#on
can
also
be
categorized
according
to
whether
fʹ′(x)
is
zero
or
not
zero.
§ if
fʹ′(x)
is
zero,
the
point
is
a
sta#onary
point
of
inflec#on
§ if
fʹ′(x)
is
not
zero,
the
point
is
a
non-‐sta#onary
point
of
inflec#on
fʹ′ʹ′(x) = 12x − 6 80
60
Y-axis
At
point
x1
=
2,
fʹ′ʹ′(x)
=
18
>
0,
f(x)
=
−19.
40
0
At
point
x2
=
−1,
fʹ′ʹ′(x)
=
−18
<
0,
f(x)
=
8.
-20
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Op#miza#on
in
Prac#ce
with
MATLAB:
for
Engineering
Students
and
Professionals
41
§ This
sub-‐problem
is
a
simple
demonstra#on
of
how
constrained
op#miza#on
is
some#mes
performed.
§ Let
us
add
another
component
to
the
previous
func#on,
giving
it
the
form,
f(x)
=
2x3
−
3x2
−
12x+
1
+
R(x
−
6)2,
where
R
is
a
constant.