Homework 8

Interplanetary Transfer Analysis: Jupiter targeting,

circular orbit adjustment to match Jupiter Moon Io

Ahad Ali, John Broucek, Cassie Chan, Paul Poungsangchaun

In partial fulfillment of requirements for Texas A&M Aerospace Engineering Orbital Mechanics

December 07, 2021

 Target
Primary Target: Jupiter
Secondary target: Move Hawking into Jupiter Moon Io’s orbit, no attempt was made to orbit Io.

Orbital Parameters (Ideal)

Path a e i (°) Ω (°) , ω (°) Φ (°) ∆𝑣 (km/s)
RAAN Argument of periapsis-
angle relative to ascending
node to the periapsis

Initial 6978 0 23.45 0 270 0 N/A

Hyperbolic Departure -5156.58 2.353 23.45 N/A* N/A* N/A* 6.282

from Earth

Transfer Trajectory 4.6395 E8 0.9623 23.45 N/A* N/A* N/A*

Hyperbolic Arrival to 3.97642 E6 1.018 23.45 N/A* N/A* N/A* -17.469

Jupiter

Jupiter Circular Orbit 71490 0 23.45 N/A* N/A* N/A* -16.902

Hohmann Transfer to Io 426595 0.7101 23.45 N/A* N/A* N/A* 12.953

Circularization of 2001.6 0 23.45 N/A* N/A* N/A* -52.071

Io/Final Orbit

*These values are of arbitrary significance and unnecessary due to the assumption of a constant, coplanar existence of the planets. Given the
satellite never has to move from the sun equatorial plane, the other quantities are arbitrary and have no significance.

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 Assumptions
1. Assume Two-Body Problem.
a. This simplifies the math to how the material was composed in lecture material.
Reference material was given in this nature and observed through the hand computation
method.
2. Assume all bodies are coplanar.
a. This removes the need to perform highly specific inclination burns based on
instantaneous positions of the orbital bodies which cannot be easily computed by hand
given the nature of the motion of the planets.
3. Assume it starts in a circular parking orbit.
a. This simplifies the departure from earth and ensures Hawking is leaving at a predictable
location on the orbit.
4. Assume ϕ𝐸 = 0, ϕ𝑆 = 0
a. This results in the time duration being easier to compute as a result of unknown positions
of the planets.
5. Assume ϕ𝐽 = 0, ϕ𝐼𝑜 = 0
a. This results in the time duration being easier to compute as a result of unknown positions
of the planets.

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 Hand Calculations
Constants
ℎ1 = 200 𝑘𝑚 𝑟𝐸 = 6378 𝑘𝑚 𝑟𝑜 = 6378 + 200 = 6978 𝑘𝑚
6 9 3 2
𝑅𝐸 = 149. 6 · 10 𝑘𝑚 𝑅𝐽 = 7. 783 · 10 𝑘𝑚 /𝑠 (mean distance from the sun)\
9 3 2 3 2 3 2
µ𝑆𝑢𝑛 = 132. 7 · 10 𝑘𝑚 /𝑠 µ𝐸 = 398600 𝑘𝑚 /𝑠 µ𝐽 = 126686534 𝑘𝑚 /𝑠
𝑇𝐽 = 1186 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠
𝑟𝐽 = 71490 𝑘𝑚 ℎ𝑓 = 2000 𝑘𝑚 (minimum) 𝑟𝑝𝑓 = 71490 + 20000 = 73490 𝑘𝑚
Earth Departure
𝑣0 = µ𝐸/𝑟 = 398600/6978 = 7. 558 𝑘𝑚/𝑠
6 9 8
𝑎𝑡𝑟1 = (𝑅𝐸 + 𝑅𝐽)/2 = (149. 6 · 10 + 7. 783 · 10 )/2 = 4. 6395 · 10
9 6 8
𝑣1 = µ𝑆((2/𝑅𝐸) − (1/𝑎𝑡𝑟1)) = 132. 7 · 10 ((2/(149. 6 · 10 )) − (1/(4. 6395 · 10 )))
= 38. 575 𝑘𝑚/𝑠
Assume Earth Orbit is Circular
9 6
𝑣𝐸 = µ𝑆/𝑅𝐸 = 132. 7 · 10 /149. 6 · 10 = 29. 783 𝑘𝑚/𝑠
∆𝑣1 = 𝑣1 − 𝑣𝐸 = 38. 575 − 29. 783 = 8. 792 𝑘𝑚/𝑠 = 𝑣∞
2
𝑣ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑐 = 𝑣∞ + 2(µ𝐸/𝑟0) = 13. 840 𝑘𝑚/𝑠
∆𝑣𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 𝑣ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑐 − 𝑣0 = 13. 840 − 7. 558 = 6. 282 𝑘𝑚/𝑠 = ∆𝑣𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡
2
𝑎ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎 =− µ𝐸/(2ε) =− µ/(2 * (𝑣∞ /2)) =− 5156. 58 𝑘𝑚
𝑟0 = 𝑎ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎(1 − 𝑒) → 𝑒 = 1 − 𝑟0/𝑎ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎 = 1 + 6978/5156. 58 = 2. 353
Arrival at Jupiter ∆𝑣
𝑣𝐴 = µ𝑆((2/𝑅𝐽) − (1/𝑎𝑡𝑟2))
9 9 8
= 132. 7 · 10 ((2/(7. 783 · 10 )) − (1/(4. 6395 · 10 ))) = 7. 415 𝑘𝑚/𝑠
9 9
𝑣𝑓 = µ𝑆/𝑟𝑝𝑓 = 132. 7 · 10 /7. 783 · 10 = 13. 058 𝑘𝑚/𝑠
𝑣∞ = 𝑣𝐴 − 𝑣𝐽 = 7. 415 − 13. 058 = − 5. 643 𝑘𝑚/𝑠
2 2
𝑣𝑝 = 𝑣∞ + 2(µ𝑠/𝑟𝑝𝑓) = (− 5. 643) + 2(126686534/73490) = 58. 988 𝑘𝑚/𝑠

𝑣𝑐𝑖𝑟, 𝐽 = µ𝑠/𝑟𝑝𝑓 = 126686534/73490 = 41. 519 𝑘𝑚/𝑠

∆𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑟 =− 𝑣𝑝 + 𝑣𝑐𝑖𝑟, 𝐽 =− 58. 988 + 41. 519 =− 17. 469 𝑘𝑚/𝑠

∆𝑡𝑜𝑡, 𝑡𝑜 𝐽 = |∆𝑣𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒| + |∆𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑟| = 6. 282 + 17. 469 = 23. 751 𝑘𝑚/𝑠
2 6
𝑎ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎 =− µ𝐽/(2ε) =− µ/(2 * (𝑣∞ /2)) =− 3. 97642 · 10 𝑘𝑚

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 𝑟0 = 𝑎ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎(1 − 𝑒) → 𝑒 = 1 − 𝑟0/𝑎ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎 = 1. 018
Timing
Assume ϕ𝐸 = 0, ϕ𝑆 = 0
3 9 9 8
𝑛𝐽 = µ𝑆/𝑅𝐽 = 132. 7 · 10 /7. 783 · 10 = 1. 6777 · 10 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠

3 8 9 7
𝑡𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 = π 𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 /µ𝑆 = π 4. 6395 · 10 /132. 7 · 10 = 8. 618 · 10 𝑠𝑒𝑐
8 7
𝑛𝑆𝑡𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 = 1. 6777 · 10 × 8. 618 · 10 = 1. 4458 𝑟𝑎𝑑
ϕ0 = π − 𝑛𝐽𝑡𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 = 1. 69579 𝑟𝑎𝑑
8
𝑡 = ϕ0/𝑛𝐽 = 1. 011 · 10 𝑠𝑒𝑐 = 1169. 837 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 = 3. 205 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠
3 6
𝑇1 = 2π 𝑛𝐸 /µ𝑆 = 31. 56 · 10
3 7
𝑇2 = 2π 𝑅𝐽 /µ𝑆 = 37. 45 · 10
7
𝑇𝑠𝑦𝑛 = (𝑇1𝑇2)/|𝑇1 − 𝑇2| = 3. 4567 · 10 𝑠𝑒𝑐 = 400 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠
Circularization around Jupiter Parking Orbit
𝑣1 = 𝑣𝑝, 𝑎𝑟𝑟 = 58. 998 𝑘𝑚/𝑠

𝑣𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐 = µ𝐽/𝑟𝐽 = 126686534/71490 = 42. 096 𝑘𝑚/𝑠

∆𝑣𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐, 𝐽 = 𝑣𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐 − 𝑣1 = 42. 096 − 58. 998 =− 16. 902 𝑘𝑚/𝑠

EXTRA CREDIT

Establish Transfer to Io
𝑅1 = 71490 𝑘𝑚 𝑅2 = 𝑅𝐼𝑂 = 421700 𝑘𝑚
20 22 3 2
µ𝐼𝑂 = 𝐺𝑚𝐼𝑜 = 6. 6753 · 10 × 8. 9319 · 10 = 5961. 444 𝑘𝑚 𝑠
𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 = (𝑅1 + 𝑅2)/2 = (71490 + 421700)/2 = 426595 𝑘𝑚

𝑣𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 = µ𝐽((2/𝑅1) − (1/𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟))

= 126686534((2/(71490)) − (1/(426595))) = 55. 049 𝑘𝑚/𝑠

𝑣𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐 = 𝑣1 = 42. 096 𝑘𝑚/𝑠
∆𝑣𝐼𝑜, 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 = 𝑣2 − 𝑣1 = 55. 049 − 42. 096 = 12. 953 𝑘𝑚/𝑠
Circularizing at Io (establish orbit at 200 km from surface of Io)
𝑅𝐼𝑜 = 80 + 1821. 6 = 2001. 6 𝑘𝑚

𝑣𝐼𝑜, 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐 = µ𝐼𝑜/𝑅𝐼𝑜 = 5961. 444/2001. 6 = 2. 478 𝑘𝑚/𝑠

𝑣𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 = 55. 049 𝑘𝑚/𝑠
∆𝑣𝐼𝑜, 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐 = 𝑣2 − 𝑣1 = 𝑣𝐼𝑜, 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐 − 𝑣𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 = 2. 978 − 55. 049 =− 52. 071 𝑘𝑚/𝑠

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 ∆𝑣𝑡𝑖𝑡, 𝐼𝑜 = |∆𝑣𝐼𝑜, 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑟| + |∆𝑣𝐼𝑜, 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐| = 65. 024 𝑘𝑚/𝑠
Timing
assume ϕ𝐽 = 0, ϕ𝐼𝑜 = 0
3
𝑛𝐼𝑜 = µ𝐽/𝑅𝐼𝑜 = 126686534/1821. 63 = 0. 1447 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
3 4
𝑡𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 = π 𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠 /126686534 = 1087956 · 10 𝑠𝑒𝑐 = 3. 022 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
𝑛𝐼𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 = 1575. 060 𝑟𝑎𝑑
ϕ0 = 20795 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑡 = ϕ0/𝑛𝐼𝑜 = 14. 364
Final ∆𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
∆𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 = ∆𝑣𝑡𝑜𝑡, 𝑡𝑜 𝐽 + ∆𝑣𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐 + ∆𝑣𝑡𝑜𝑡, 𝐼𝑜 = 23. 751 + 16. 902 + 65. 024 = 105. 677 𝑘𝑚/𝑠

5
 FreeFlyer Report

Timeline
1. Begin: 03/5/2068 0:00:00:00
2. The departure date and time (when you leave the parking orbit): 03/30/2068 05:00:00.00
a. ∆𝑣𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 = 6. 2823 km/s
3. Jupiter Arrival: 11/30/2068 20:27:06.26
a. ∆𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙 = 17. 655 km/s
b. ∆𝑣𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 23. 937 km/s
4. Jupiter Following Orbit Burn: 04/11/2069 18:27:06.26
a. ∆𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 0. 29747km/s
b. ∆𝑣 = 24.944 km/s
5. Jupiter Circularization Burn: 04/01/2070 18:30:35.42
a. ∆𝑣 = 0.23106 km/s
6. Hohmann Transfer: 05/10/2074 18:30:35.42
a. ∆𝑣 = -2.522 km/s
7. Jupiter Smaller Circularization Burn: 07/29/2074 00:26:52.30
a. ∆𝑣 = 13.683 km/s
8. Inclination Change to Io Burn: 11/12/2074 07:41:22.47
a. ∆𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 25. 685km/s
9. Io Transfer Burn: 11/12/2074 08:41:22.47
a. ∆𝑣1 = 7. 7596km/s
b. ∆𝑣2 = 5. 9980 km/s
c. ∆𝑣𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 13. 758 km/s
10. Io Circularization Burn: 11/15/2074 09:00:10.50
a. ∆𝑣 = − 0. 8892 km/s
11. Final Io Meet: 11/18/2074 00:00:10.50
a. ∆𝑣𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 112. 88 km/s

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 Figure 1. Initial

Figure 2. Leaving Parking Orbit (Earth View)

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Figure 3. Leaving Parking Orbit (Sun View)

Figure 4. Jupiter Arrival (Sun View)

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 Figure 5. Jupiter Capture (Sun View)

Figure 6. Jupiter Orbit Adjustment (Sun View)

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Figure 7. Jupiter Inclination Change (Sun View)

Figure 8. Jupiter Circularization (Jupiter View)

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 Figure 9. Jupiter Circularization (Sun View)

Figure 10. Jupiter Orbit Adjustment 2 (Jupiter View)

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Figure 11. Jupiter Inclination Change to Io (Jupiter View)

Figure 11. Transfer Orbit to Io (Jupiter View)

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Figure 11. Hohmann Transfer to Io (Jupiter View)

Figure 12. Io Orbit Circularization (Jupiter View)

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Figure 13. Full Mission Overview (Sun View)

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 Appendix

Figure 1. Mission Sequence (Part 1)

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Figure 2. Mission Sequence (Part 2)

Figure 3. Earth Departure Transfer

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Figure 4. Earth Departure Transfer Burn

Figure 5. Jupiter Arrival

Figure 6. Jupiter Arrival Burn

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 Figure 7. Jupiter Capture Burn

Figure 8. Jupiter Orbit Adjustment Burn

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 Figure 9. Jupiter Inclination Change

Figure 10. Jupiter Inclination Change Maneuver

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Figure 11. Jupiter Circularization

20
Figure 12. Jupiter Smaller Circularization

21
 Figure 13. Inclination Change to Io

Figure 14. Inclination Change to Io Maneuver

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Figure 15. Io Transfer

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Figure 16. Io Circularization

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