FACTORIAL DESIGNS

(Treatment Design)

NUNI GOFAR
 Assignment Rules

 Completely Randomized Design

 Randomized Complete Block Design
 Latin Squares Design

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 Definition of Factorial Design

 An experiment in which the effects of

multiple factors are investigated
simultaneously.

 The treatments consist of all combinations

that can be formed from the different factors.

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 Definition of Factorial Design

 A set of factorial teratments consists of all

combinations of all levels of two or more
factors.

 Each treatment combination must contain

one level of every factor.

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 Definition of Factorial Design

 The treatments are assigned randomly to

the pool of experimental units with an equal
number of units in each treatment.
 The number of experimental units assigned
to each treatment is referred to as the
number of replications.

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 Factorial Designs - 1
 Intervention studies with 2 or more
categorical explanatory variables leading to
a numerical outcome variable are called
Factorial Designs.
 A factor is simply a categorical variable with
two or more values, referred to as levels.
 A study in which there are 3 factors with 2
levels is called a 23 factorial Design.
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Factorial Designs - 2
 If BLOCKING has been used it is
counted as one of the factors.
 Blocking helps to improve precision
by raising homogeneity of response
among the subjects comprising the
block..
Factorial Designs - 3
Advantages of factorial Designs are:
 A greater precision can be obtained in
estimating the overall main factor effects.
 Interaction between different factors can be
explored.
 Additional factors can help to extend
validity of conclusions derived.
 Problem of Factorial Experiments

 The uniformity of experimental material in

large number of treatment
 Factors A, B, C and D having levels a, b, c and
d, there are t = abcd different treatments.
 With many factors and/or many levels, the
number of treatments can get prohibitively
large.

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 2 Factor Model Specification
Yi = B0 + B1X1i + B2X2i + B3X1iX2i + ei

Yi – Outcome for ith unit

B0 – Intercept coefficient
B1 – Effect 1 coefficient
B2 – Effect 2 coefficient
B3 – Interaction coefficient
X1i – Level of factor 1 for ith unit
X2i – Level of factor 2 for ith unit
ei – Error term for ith unit
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 Analysis of Factorial Design
 Main Effects – effects of each factor
independent of the remaining factors.
 Interaction Effects – 2- to n-way interaction
effects between all combinations of factors.
 Design provides a lot more information
than a single factor experiment with
potentially not much more work.

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 The secret to mastering two-factor
analysis of variance

 In a two-factor analysis of variance, we look at

interactions along with main effects.
 Interactions are the effect that one factor has on
another factor.
 The main effect of a factor looks at the mean
response obtained by averaging each factor (IV) over
all levels.
 A two-factor ANOVA should begin with an examination
of the interactions. Interpretation of the main effects
changes according to whether interactions are present.
 Two-factor ANOVA

Consists of three significance tests:

Each of the main effects (A and B)
Interaction of the two factors (AB)
There is an F-test for each of the
hypotheses: the mean square for each
main effect and the interaction effect
divided by the within-variance (MSE).

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 Hypothesis testing
 The first hypothesis (main effect of factor A):
 looks at the mean response for each level of A--that is, the mean
obtained by averaging over all levels of B--and asks whether they are
the same. This is the case whether or not there is an interaction in
the underlying model.
 The second hypothesis (main effect of factor B):
 looks at the mean response for each level of B--that is, the mean
obtained by averaging over all levels of A--and asks whether they are
the same. This is the case whether or not there is an interaction in
the underlying model.
 The third hypothesis (interaction effect):
 asks whether or not factor A has an effect on factor B.
Conclusions
 If there is no significant interaction, the means for the levels of
factor A will behave like the expected values from any of the
individual levels of B.

 If there is a significant interaction, the hypotheses for the main

effects are the same (we still test whether the means obtained
from each level of A by averaging over all levels of B are the same.)
However, if the model includes an interaction, this hypothesis
might not be useful.

 Look first at the interaction; never analyze or interpret main effects

in the presence of an interaction.
 Purchase of Fashion Clothing By
Income and Education

Low Income High Income

Purchase Purchase

High Low High Low

122 (61%) 78 (39%) High 241 (80%) 59 (20%) 300

Education
High 200 (100%)
Education

171 (57%) 129 (43%) 300 (100%) Low 151 (76%) 49 (24%) 200
Low

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 The 2 x 2 Factorial Experiments
Block IV Aa Ba Ab Bb
Block III Bb Aa Ba Ab
Block II Ba Bb Ab Aa
Block I Ab Aa Ba Bb

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Kombinasi Perlakuan
N1: 25 kg P1: 25 kg
N2: 50 kg P2: 40 kg
N3: 75 kg P3: 60 kg

N1 N2 N3
P1 N 1 P1 N 2 P2 N 3P3
P2 N 1 P2 N 2 P2 N 3P2
P3 N 1 P3 N 2 P3 N 3P3

19
Contoh: pembuatan plat elektroda dengan disepuh
menggunakan dua arus listrik berbeda dan dua
temperatur larutan. Masing-masing kombinasi ada 6
buah.
Temperatur (B)

Rendah Tinggi Total

19.8 23.4
Rendah 43.2
X =3.3 X = 3.9

Amper (A)
28.2 18.6
Tinggi 46.8
X = 4.7 X = 3.1

Total 48.0 42.0 90

20
 Temperatur (B)
Rendah Tinggi Total
Rendah 19.8 3.3 23.4 3.9 43.2 3.6
Amper (A)
Tinggi 28.2 4.7 18.6 3.1 46.8 3.9
Total 48.0 4.0 42.0 3.5 90

Pengaruh sederhana faktor

A pada level rendah c1  Y21.  Y11.  4,7  3,3  1,4
dari faktor B

Pengaruh sederhana faktor

A pada level tinggi dari c2  Y22.  Y12.  3,1  3,9  0,8
faktor B

10/10/2021 21
 Temperatur (B)

Rendah Tinggi Total

Rendah 19.8 3.3 23.4 3.9 43.2 3.6

Amper (A)
Tinggi 28.2 4.7 18.6 3.1 46.8 3.9

Pengaruh utama faktor A Total 48.0 4.0 42.0 3.5 90

 4,7  3,1   3,3  3,9 

c3  Y2..  Y1..    
 2   2 
 3,9  3,6  0,3

atau

c3  Y21.  Y22.   Y11.  Y12. 

1 1
2 2
 Y21.  Y11.  Y22.  Y12. 
 
1 1
2 2
 c1  c2   1,4   0.8  0,3
1 1
2 2 22
Pengaruh sederhana faktor B pada
A rendah c4  Y12.  Y11.  3,9  3,3  0,6
A tinggi c5  Y22.  Y21.  3,1  4,7  1,6

Pengaruh utama faktor B:

c6  Y.2.  Y.1.  3,5  4,0  0,5
atau

c6  Y12 .  Y22 .  Y11 .  Y21 . 

 
1 1
2 2 Temperatur (B)

 Y12 .  Y11 .   Y22 .  Y21 . 

1 1 Rendah Tinggi Total

2 2
c4  c5
Rendah 19.8 3.3 23.4 3.9 43.2 3.6


Amper (A)
Tinggi 28.2 4.7 18.6 3.1 46.8 3.9
2
Total 48.0 4.0 42.0 3.5 90
10/10/2021
 Kemungkinan dalam kombinasi perlakuan
Tidak ada interaksi
Ada interaksi Ada interaksi

Arus lemah Arus lemah Arus lemah

Arus tinggi
ketebalan

Arus tinggi
Arus tinggi

Temperatur

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 
JK A 
0,6  0,54 
2
4 
6 

JK B 
1,0 
2
 1,5

4
9,3
6


JK 
 2,2 
2 
 7, 26
I 4

6 
 
19,82  28, 22  23, 42 18,62 
  2
JK plk  6  90
24
2080,8
  337,5  9,3
25
6 10/10/2021
Formulas for Computing
a Two-Way ANOVA
R
SSR  nC  ( X
i X )
2
df R
 R 1
i 1
C
SSC  nR  ( X j  X )
2
df  C 1 where:
C
j 1 n = number of observations per cell
R C
SSI  n  ( X ij  X i  X j  X )
2
df I
  R  1 C  1 C = number of column treatments
i 1 j 1
R = number of row treatments
SSE     ( X ijk  X ij )
R C n 2
df E
 RC n  1 i = row treatment level
i 1 j 1 k 1
C R n j = column treatment level
SST     ( X ijk  X )
2
df T
 N 1 k = cell member
c 1 r 1 a 1

MSR 
SSR MSR X = individual observation
FR 
ijk

R 1 MSE X = cell mean

ij
SSC MSC
MSC  F C  MSE X = row mean
C 1 i

SSI MSI X j
= column mean
MSI  
F I MSE
 R  1 C  1 X = grand mean
SSE
MSE 
RC n  1

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 The Linear Model for a Two-Factor
Factorial
X ijk     i   j  ( )ij   k  eijk
i  1,2,...., a
j  1,2,....,b
k  1,2,...., r

a b r


 X
i 1 j 1 k 1
ijk

  X ...
a.b.r

27 10/10/2021
 a a b r

  X ..  X
i
i 1 j 1 k 1
ijk

 i 1
  X i ..  X ...
b.r a.b.r

b a b r


 X . .  X
j 1
j
i 1 j 1 k 1
ijk

   X . j.  X ...
a.r a.b.r

a b a b a b r


 X
i 1 j 1
ij .  X ..  X . .  Xijk
i
j 1
j
i 1 j 1 k 1
   i 1
 
r b.r a.r a.b.r
28 10/10/2021
 r a b r

  X ..  X k
i 1 j 1 k 1
ijk

 k 1
  X ..k  X ...
a.b a.b.r
a b r a b r

 a b r  X ij .  X ..  X
k ijk

 ijk   X ijk  i 1 j 1

 k 1

i 1 j 1 k 1

i 1 j 1 k 1 r a.b a.b.r

 a b r
 ijk   X ijk  X ij .  X ..k  X ...
i 1 j 1 k 1

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 a b r
( X ijk ) 2

JKtotal   X ijk  i 1 j 1 k 1

2

a.b.r
db total = abr-1
a a b r

X ij
2
. ( X ijk ) 2

i 1 j 1 k 1
Jkperlk  i 1
 dbperlk = ab-1
r a.b.r

a a b r

 X .. i
2
( X ijk ) 2

i 1 j 1 k 1
JKA  i 1
 db A = a-1
b.r a.b.r
30 10/10/2021
 b a b r

 j
X .
j 1
.2
( X ijk ) 2
i 1 j 1 k 1
JKB   dbB= b-1
a.r a.b.r

a b a b a b r

 ij
X .2

i 1 j 1
 X .. i
2
 j
X .
j 1
.2
( X ijk ) 2
i 1 j 1 k 1
JKAxB   i 1
 
r b.r a.r a.b.r
db AxB = (a-1)(b-1)
a b r a b r

a b r  X ij . 2
 X .. k
2
( X ijk ) 2
JKerror   X ijk 
i 1 j 1 i 1 j 1 k 1
 k 1

2

i 1 j 1 k 1 r a.b a.b.r

31
db error = (r-1)(ab-1) 10/10/2021
 ANOVA OF FACTORIAL
Sums of
Degrees of square Mean
Souce of variation F
freedoma s square (MS)
(SSQ)
Blocks (B) b-1 SSQB SSQB/(b-1) MSB/MSE
First factor (F1) f-1 SSQF1 SSQF1/(f-1) MSF1/MSE
Second factor (F2) s-1 SSQF2 SSQF2/(s-1) MSF2/MSE

First X Second (FxS) (f-1)*(s-1) SSQFxS SSQFxS/((f-1)*(s-1)) MSFxS/MSE

Error (E) (f*s-1)*(b-1) SSQE SSQE/((f*s-1)*(b-1))

Total (Tot) f*s*b-1 SSQTot
awhere f=number of treatments in the first factor. s=number of treatments in the second
factor and b=number of blocks or replications.

10/10/2021 32
 Another example

Factor B
Total Ai..
B1 B2 B3 B4

Factor A A1 11 8 12 9
12 32 10 28 10 35 11 30 125
9 10 13 10

A2 13 14 8 9
11 38 10 34 12 30 9 26 128
14 10 10 8

A3 9 10 11 7
9 27 8 29 11 31 11 24 111
9 11 9 6

Total B.j. 97 91 96 80 364

10/10/2021 33
 CF  364 2 36  3680,44
 
SStotal  112  12 2  ...  6 2  CF  117,56
  
SS A  125 2  1282  1112 12  CF

 3694,12  3608,4  13,73

  
SS B  97 2  912  96 2  80 2 9  CF

 3700,67  3680,4  20,23

  
Komb. plk  32 2  282  ...  24 2 3  CF
 3738,67  3680,4  58,23
SS A*B  SS plk  SS A  SS B

 58,23  13,73  20,3  24,27

34 SS Error  117,56  58,23  59,33 10/10/2021
 ANOVA

SR df SS MS Fhit Ftab
A 2 13.73 6.86 2.77 3.42
B 3 20.23 6.74 2.72 3.03
A*B 6 24.27 4.04 1.63 2.51
Sesatan 24 59.33 2.47
Total 35 117.56

35 10/10/2021
 TUGAS (dikumpul minggu depan)
1. Tuliskan definisi percobaan faktorial.
2. Apa beda percobaan faktorial denga nfaktor tunggal?
3. Apa yang dimaksud dengan interaksi dalam percobaan faktorial?
4. Tuliskan sumber keragaman dalam percobaan faktoria
5. Seorang mahasiswa ingin meneliti pengaruh berbagai jenis inokulan mikroalga
dan dosisnya terhadap produksi padi di lahan rawa lebak. Inokulan mikroalga
terdiri dari: inokulan 1, inokulan 2 dan inokulan 3. Sedangkan dosis yang akan
dicobakan terdiri dari 30 mL, 45 mL, 60 mL, 75 mL dan 90 mL) dengan
kepadatan 106 sel/mL diaplikasikan pada 1 minggu setelah pindah tanam.
Tuliskan: a) Latar belakang penelitian (2 alinea saja, tidak perlu pustaka), b)
Tujuan penelitian, c) Hipotesis penelitian

36 10/10/2021