01 Vocabulary

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ENGLISH VOCABULARY
101 diplomat noun a person whose job is to represent his or her country in a foreign country, for
/ˈdɪpləmæt/ example, in an embassy
 Washington's top diplomat in Havana

 a Western diplomat in Islamabad
102 breed verb to have sex and produce young
/briːd/  Many animals breed only at certain times of the year.
103 invitingly in a way that makes you want to do, try, taste, etc. something
adverb
/ɪnˈvaɪtɪŋli/
104 envoy noun a person who represents a government or an organization and is sent as a
/ˈenvɔɪ/ representative to talk to other governments and
organizationsSYNONYM emissary
 The President has suggested sending a US peace envoy to the Middle

East.
105 magnate noun a person who is rich, powerful and successful, especially in business
/ˈmæɡneɪt/
 a media/property/shipping magnate
 The company was owned by shipping magnate Fred Olsen.
106 reliance noun reliance (on/upon somebody/something) the state of needing

/rɪˈlaɪəns/ somebody/something in order to survive, be successful, etc.; the fact of being
able to rely on somebody/somethingSYNONYM dependence
 Heavy reliance on one client is risky when you are building up a

business.
 Such learning methods encourage too great a reliance upon the teacher.
 The study programme concentrates more on group work
and places less reliance on (= depends less on) lectures.
 I wouldn't place too much reliance on (= trust)these figures.
 an increasing reliance on overseas aid
107 bring out bring somebody out

phrasal verb
1. (British English) to make people go on strike
bring something out
ENGLISH VOCABULRY DR CHAMIL BANDARA

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ENGLISH VOCABULARY
1. to make something appear

o A crisis brings out the best in her.
108 cardinal noun/ a priest of the highest rank in the Roman Catholic Church. Cardinals elect and
adjective advise the pope
/ˈkɑrdnəl/  Cardinal O'Connor
109 Divest divest somebody/yourself of something to remove clothes

verb  He divested himself of his jacket
/dəˈvɛst/
110 instance noun a particular example or case of something

/ˈɪnstəns/
 instance of somebody/something The report highlights a number of
instances of injustice.
 instance of doing something He admitted two instances of taking
money from the till.
 instance of somebody/something doing something There have been
several instances of that happening.
 in an instance In most instances, there will be no need for further
treatment.
 In rare instances, viral infections in the mother may be passed to the
unborn child.
 I would normally suggest taking time off work, but in this instance I'm
not sure that would do any good.
 instance in which… Students described many instances in which they
had felt uncomfortable speaking in class.
 instance where… This is one of the few instances where the director
does not succeed.
111 ensure verb to make sure that something happens or is definite

/ɪnˈʃʊə(r)/,
 ensure something We are working to ensure the safety of people in
the city.
 The book ensured his success.
 We must take steps now to ensure the survival of these animals.
 ensure somebody something Victory ensured them a place in the final.
 The system ensures all children equal access to education.
 ensure something for somebody The system ensures equal access to
education for all children.
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ENGLISH VOCABULARY
 ensure (that)… The government needs to ensure (that) workers' rights

are respected.
 Rent rises were limited in order to ensure that housing remained
affordable.
112 coincide verb (of two or more events)to take place at the same time
/ˌkəʊɪnˈsaɪd/  It's a pity our trips to New York don't coincide.

 coincide with something The strike was timed to coincide with the
party conference.
 The singer's arrival was timed to coincide with the opening of the
festival.
113 host noun/verb a person who invites guests to a meal, a party, etc. or who has people staying at
their house
/həʊst/
 Ian, our host, introduced us to the other guests.
 Sonja stayed with an Argentine host family.
114 peddle verb peddle something to try to sell goods by going from house to house or from
/ˈpedl/ place to place
 He worked as a door-to-door salesman peddling cloths and brushes.

 to peddle illegal drugs
115 peddle verb peddle something (usually disapproving) to spread an idea or story in order to
/ˈpedl/ get people to accept it
 to peddle malicious gossip

 This line (= publicly stated opinion) is being peddled by all the
government spokesmen
116 witty adjective clever and humorous

/ˈwɪti/
 He was much in demand as a witty public speaker.
 Somebody made a witty remark about needing a forklift truck.
117 mischievous enjoying playing tricks and annoying peopleSYNONYM naughty

adjective
/ˈmɪstʃɪvəs/  a mischievous boy
 a mischievous grin/smile/look
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 Her eyes danced with mischievous amusement.

 She looked slightly mischievous.
118 quip noun/verb a quick and clever remark

/kwɪp/
 to make a quip
 The senator made several quips during the interview, which got the
audience laughing.
119 livid adjective extremely angry

/ˈlɪvɪd/ SYNONYM furious
 Dad will be livid when he finds out.
120 Blatant (of actions that are considered bad) done in an obvious and open way without
adjective caring if people are shocked
/ˈbleɪtnt/ SYNONYM flagrant
 a blatant attempt to buy votes

 It was a blatant lie.
121 protocol noun a system of fixed rules and formal behaviour used at official meetings, usually
/ˈprəʊtəkɒl/ between governments
 a breach of protocol
 the protocol of diplomatic visits
the first or original version of an agreement, especially a treatybetween

countries, etc.; an extra part added to an agreement or treaty
 the first Geneva Protocol

 It is set out in a legally binding protocol which forms part of the treaty.
 The dates were agreed under a protocol to the climate convention.
122 compromise an agreement made between two people or groups in which each side gives up
noun some of the things they want so that both sides are happy at the end
/ˈkɒmprəmaɪz/  After lengthy talks the two sides finallyreached a compromise.

 In any relationship, you have to make compromises.
 a compromise solution/agreement/candidate
123 take-up the rate at which people accept something that is offered or made available to
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ENGLISH VOCABULARY
noun them
/ˈteɪk ʌp/
 a low take-up of government benefits
 The take-up of foreign language courses has been disappointing.
 The take-up rate rose to 80%.
124 condolence sympathy that you feel for somebody when a person in their family or that they
noun know well has died; an expression of this sympathy
/kənˈdəʊləns/
 to give/offer/express your condolences
 Our condolences go to his wife and family.
 a letter of condolence
125 intimidated feeling frightened and not confident in a particular situation

adjective
/ɪnˈtɪmɪdeɪtɪd/  We try to make sure children don't feel intimidated on their first day at
school.
126 comprise verb to have somebody/something as parts or membersSYNONYM consist of
/kəmˈpraɪz/  comprise something The collection comprises 327 paintings.

 a DVD box set comprising seasons 4 and 5
 be comprised of somebody/somethingThe committee is comprised of
representatives from both the public and private sectors.
127 trio noun a group of three people or things
/ˈtriːəʊ/  A trio of English runners featured in the women’s 1 500 metres.
128 whisper verb to speak very quietly to somebody so that other people cannot hear what you are
sayingSYNONYM murmur
/ˈwɪspə(r)
 Don't you know it's rude to whisper?
 whisper about something What are you two whispering about?
 whisper + speech ‘Can you meet me tonight?’ he whispered.
 'I'm sorry,' he whispered softly.
 whisper to somebody + speech ‘Let's go,' she whispered to Anne.
 whisper something She leaned over andwhispered something in his
ear.

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ENGLISH VOCABULARY
 whisper something to somebody I whispered words of comfort to him.

 whisper to somebody that… He whispered to me that he was afraid.
 whisper that… She whispered that she would tell me all about it later.
129 Mull
130 ban verb to decide or say officially that something is not allowedSYNONYM prohibit
/bæn/  ban something The law effectively bans smoking in all public places.
 a list of banned substances
 The use of these chemicals in homes was banned outright by the
government in 2000.
 ban something from something a campaign to ban sugary drinks from
schools
131 proliferation the sudden increase in the number or amount of something; a large number of a
noun particular thing
/prəˌlɪfəˈreɪʃn/
 attempts to prevent cancer cell proliferation
 a proliferation of personal computers
132 spot noun a small round area that has a different colour or feels different from the surface
it is on
/spɒt/
 Which has spots, the leopard or the tiger?
 The male bird has a red spot on its beak.
 (British English) She was wearing a black skirt with white spots
133 enthusiast noun a person who is very interested in something and spends a lot of time doing it
/ɪnˈθjuːziæst/
 a football enthusiast
 enthusiast of something an enthusiast of jazz
 enthusiast for something She was an enthusiast for early Italian art.
134 hindrance noun a person or thing that makes it more difficult for somebody to do something or
/ˈhɪndrəns/ for something to happen
 To be honest, she was more of a hindrance than a help.

 hindrance to something/somebody The high price is a major hindrance
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ENGLISH VOCABULARY
to potential buyers.
 The new regulations are actually a great hindrance to teachers.
135 abound verb to exist in great numbers or quantities

/əˈbaʊnd/
 Stories about his travels abound.
136 trumpet noun a brass musical instrument made of a curved metal tube that you blow into, with
/ˈtrʌmpɪt/ three valves for changing the note
 the shrill blast of a trumpet
137 glory noun great success that brings somebody praise and honour and makes them famous
/ˈɡlɔːri/  Olympic glory in the 100 metres

 I do all the work and he gets all the glory.
 She wanted to enjoy her moment of glory.
 He came home a rich man, covered in glory.
138 patriot noun a person who loves their country and who is ready to defend it against an enemy
/ˈpætriət
 I wouldn’t say I’m a great patriot, but I would never betray my country.
139 sharpshooter a person who shows skill at shooting a gun

noun
/ˈʃɑːpʃuːtə(r)/
140 Stick, stuck
141 handful noun handful (of something)the amount of something that can be held in one hand
/ˈhændfʊl/  a handful of rice

 She scooped up handfuls of loose earth
a handful

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[singular] (informal) a person or an animal that is difficult to control
o Her children can be a real handful.
142 spectator noun a person who is watching an event, especially a sports event
/spekˈteɪtə(r)/  The new football stadium will hold 75 000 spectators.

 Thousands of spectators lined the route of the royal procession.
143 expose verb to show something that is usually hiddenSYNONYM reveal
/ɪkˈspəʊz/  expose something He smiled suddenly, exposing a set of amazingly

white teeth.
 Miles of sand are exposed at low tide.
 My job as a journalist is to expose the truth.
 expose something to somebody He did not want to expose his fears and
insecurity to anyone.
144 stall noun/verb a table or small shop with an open front that people sell things from, especially
at a marketSYNONYM stand
/stɔːl/
 He works on a market stall in the Square.
 They have a fish stall on the market.
 Drinks were being sold from makeshift stalls at the side of the road.
145 obituary noun an article about somebody’s life and achievements, that is printed in a
/əˈbɪtʃuəri/ newspaper soon after they have died
 an obituary column/notice
146 expire verb (of a document, an agreement, etc.) to be no longer legally acceptable because
the period of time for which it could be used has endedSYNONYM run out (2)
/ɪkˈspaɪə(r)/
 When does your driving licence expire?
 Our lease on the house expires next month
147 unite verb to join together with other people in order to do something as a group
/juˈnaɪt/  Nationalist parties united to oppose the government's plans.

 unite in something Local resident groups have united in opposition to
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the plan.
 unite in doing something We will unite in fighting crime.
 unite behind/against somebody/something Will they unite behind the
new leader?
148 pope noun the leader of the Roman Catholic Church, who is also the Bishop of Rome
/pəʊp/
 the election of a new pope
 Pope Francis
 a visit from the Pope
149 landslide noun a mass of earth, rock, etc. that falls down the slope of a mountain or a cliff
/ˈlændslaɪd/
 The house was buried beneath a landslide
150 amity noun a friendly relationship between people or countries

/ˈæməti/
151 intact adjective complete and not damagedSYNONYM undamaged
/ɪnˈtækt/  Most of the house remains intact even after two hundred years.

 He emerged from the trial with his reputation intact.
152 dilemma noun a situation that makes problems, often one in which you have to make a very
difficult choice between things of equal importanceSYNONYM predicament
/dɪˈlemə/,
 I could see no way of resolving this moral dilemma.
 The digital era brings new ethical dilemmas for journalists.
 in a dilemma They were caught in a real dilemma.
 dilemma about/over something She faced a dilemma about whether to
accept the offer or not.
 dilemma between A and B the perennial dilemma between work and
family commitments

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ENGLISH VOCABULARY
153 manta noun a large fish that lives in tropical seas and swims by moving two parts like large
/ˈmæntə/ flat wings
154 ray noun a narrow line of light, heat or other energy
/reɪ/  The last of the sun's rays shone on the grass.

 Ultraviolet rays damage the skin.
 The windows were shining in the reflected rays of the setting sun.l
155 revolution an attempt, by a large number of people, to change the government of a country,
noun especially by violent action
/ˌrevəˈluːʃn/  a socialist revolution

 the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789
 The shooting and killing of thirty people started a revolution.
 The country appears to be on the brink of revolution.
156 cholera noun a serious disease caught from bacteria in water that causes
/ˈkɒlərə/ severe diarrhoea and vomiting and often causes death
 A cholera epidemic swept the country.
157 crime noun activities that involve breaking the law
/kraɪm/  This month's figures show an increase inviolent crime.

 There needs to be a partnership between police and public in the fight
against crime.
 Stores spend more and more on crime prevention every year.
 DNA data is extremely useful in fightingserious crime.
 He began to drift into a life of petty crime (= crime that is not very
serious).
 gun/knife crime
 a rise in street crime
 the connection between drugs andorganized crime
 He turned to crime when he dropped out of school.
 The crime rate is rising.
 crime fiction/novels (= stories about crime)
 crime figures/statistics
 Victims of crime may be able to obtain compensation.
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ENGLISH VOCABULARY
 She’s a crime writer (= she writes stories about crime).
158 wallet noun a small, flat, folding case made of leather or plastic used for keeping paper
/ˈwɒlɪt/ money and credit cards in
 He carried a photo of his children in his wallet.

 He pulled a €50 note out of his fat wallet.
159 sizzle noun the sound of food frying in hot oil

/ˈsɪzl/
 the sizzle of sausages
160 galore in large quantities
adjective  There will be games and prizes galore.

/ɡəˈlɔː(r)/
161 overflow to be so full that the contents go over the sides
verb/noun
/ˌəʊvəˈfləʊ/  The bath is overflowing!
 overflow with something Plates overflowed with party food.
 His bag was overflowing with clothes.
 (figurative) Her heart overflowed with love.
 overflow something The river overflowed its banks.
162 regulate verb regulate (something) to control something by means of rules
/ˈreɡjuleɪt/  The department is responsible for regulating the insurance industry.

 The activities of credit companies are regulated by law.
 The government accepts whaling in principle as long as it is carefully
regulated.
 It is up to the regulating authority to put the measures into effect.

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163 enrol verb to arrange for yourself or for somebody else to officially join a course, school,
etc.
/ɪnˈrəʊl/
 You need to enrol before the end of August.
 (British English) to enrol on a course
 (North American English) to enroll in a course
 enrol somebody The centre will soon be ready to enrol candidates for
the new programme.
164 expatriate noun a person living in a country that is not their own
/ˌeksˈpætriət/
 American expatriates in Paris
 My family lived as expatriates in Hong Kong before I was born.
165 curriculum the subjects that are included in a course of study or taught in a school, college,
etc.
noun
/kəˈrɪkjələm/  The school curriculum should be as broad as possible.
 on the curriculum (British English) Spanish is on the curriculum.
 in the curriculum (North American English) Spanish is in the
curriculum.
166 insist to demand that something happen or that somebody agree to do something
verb  I didn't really want to go but he insisted.

 Stay and have lunch. I insist!
 ‘Please come with us.’ ‘Very well then, if you insist.’
/ɪnˈsɪst/
 insist on somebody/something doing something She insisted on him
wearing a suit
 insist on somebody's/something's doing something (formal) She
insisted on his wearing a suit
 insist that… He insists that she come.
 (British English also) He insists that she should come.

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ENGLISH VOCABULARY
167 mushroom a fungus with a round flat head and short stem. Many mushrooms can be eaten.
noun/verb  a field mushroom (= the most common type that is eaten, often just
called a ‘mushroom’, and often grown to be sold)
/ˈmʌʃrʊm/,  fried mushrooms
 cream of mushroom soup
 Slice the mushrooms and add to the salad.
 They went into the woods to pick wild mushrooms.
168 impose to introduce a new law, rule, tax, etc.; to order that a rule, punishment, etc. be
used
verb
 impose something The UN Security Council imposed sanctions in
/ɪmˈpəʊz/ 1992.
 to impose a penalty/fine/sentence/ban
 impose something on/upon something/somebody A new tax was
imposed on fuel.
169 bureaucratic connected with a bureaucracy or bureaucrats and involving complicated official

rules which may seem unnecessary
adjective
 bureaucratic power/control/procedures/organizations
/ˌbjʊərəˈkrætɪk/  The report revealed a great deal of bureaucratic inefficiency.
 centralized bureaucratic administration
170 red tape official rules that seem more complicated than necessary and prevent things
from being done quickly
noun
 All ministers are agreed on the need to cut bureaucratic red tape.
/ˌred ˈteɪp/  You have to go through endless red tape to get a residence permit.
171 rebel a person who fights against the government of their country
noun/verb  rebel forces

 Armed rebels advanced towards the capital.
 Some parts of the country fell into rebel hands.
/ˈrebl/

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172 hike a long walk in the country
noun/verb  They went on a ten-mile hike through the forest.

 We could go into town but it's a real hike (= a long way) from here.
/haɪk/
173 deepen deepen (something) (into something) if an emotion or a feeling deepens, or if

something deepens it, it becomes stronger
verb
 Their friendship soon deepened into love.
/ˈdiːpən/
174 discontent a feeling of being unhappy because you are not satisfied with a particular
situation; something that makes you have this feeling
noun SYNONYM dissatisfaction

/ˌdɪskənˈtent/  There is widespread discontent among the staff at the proposed changes
to pay and conditions.
 (formal) There are a wide variety of popular discontents which need
discussing.
175 annoyance the feeling of being slightly angrySYNONYM irritation
noun  He could not conceal his annoyance at being interrupted.

 Much to our annoyance, they decided not to come after all.
/əˈnɔɪəns/  She stamped her foot in annoyance.
 His behaviour caused great annoyance to his colleagues.
176 lobby a large area inside the entrance of a public building where people can meet and
waitSYNONYM foyer
noun/verb
 a hotel lobby
 Long-distance calls can only be made from the lobby of the hotel.
/ˈlɒbi/

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177 barely in a way that is just possible but only with difficulty
adverb  He could barely read and write.

 The music was barely audible.
 She was barely able to stand.
/ˈbeəli/  We barely had time to catch the train.
178 commuter a person who travels into a city to work each day, usually from quite far away
noun  The five o’clock train is always packed with commuters.

 (British English) the commuter belt (= the area around a city where
/kəˈmjuːtə(r)/ people live and from which they travel to work in the city)
179 commute to travel regularly by bus, train, car, etc. between your place of work and your
home
verb/noun
 commute (from A) (to B) She commutes from Oxford to London every
/kəˈmjuːt/ day.
 She commutes from Sunset Park to Manhattan each morning.
 commute between A and B He spent that year commuting between
New York and Chicago.
 I live within commuting distance of Dublin.
 commute something People are prepared to commute long distances if
they are desperate for work.
180 eatery a restaurant or other place that serves food
noun

/ˈiːtəri/
181 shocking that offends or upsets people; that is morally wrong
adjective  shocking behaviour

 shocking news
 It is shocking that they involved children in the crime.
/ˈʃɒkɪŋ/  a shocking waste of money
182 arbitrary (of an action, a decision, a rule, etc.) not seeming to be based on a reason,
system or plan and sometimes seeming unfair
adjective

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ENGLISH VOCABULARY

/ˈɑːbɪtrəri/  The choice of players for the team seemed completely arbitrary.
 He makes unpredictable, arbitrary decisions.
183 corruption dishonest or illegal behaviour, especially of people in authority
noun  allegations of bribery and corruption

 The new district attorney has promised to fight police corruption.

/kəˈrʌpʃn/
184 substandard not as good as normal; not acceptable

SYNONYM inferior
adjective
 substandard goods
/ˌsʌbˈstændəd/
185 dispose dispose something/somebody + adv./prep. to arrange things or people in a

particular way or position
verb
 The visitors disposed themselves in a circle round the statue.

/dɪˈspəʊz/
186 preserve preserve something to keep a particular quality, feature, etc.; to make sure that
something is kept
verb/noun
 He was anxious to preserve his reputation.
 Efforts to preserve the peace have failed.
/prɪˈzɜːv/  She managed to preserve her sense of humour under very trying
circumstances.
 He was insistent on preserving the integrity of the brand.
187 Draw up if a vehicle draws up, it arrives and stops

phrasal verb
 The cab drew up outside the house.
 She waved to me as I drew up.
draw something up
1. to make or write something that needs careful thought or planning

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ENGLISH VOCABULARY
o to draw up a contract/list
o Make sure the contract is properly drawn up.
188 counter counter to something in the opposite direction to something; in opposition to

something
adverb/verb/
noun  The company's plans run counter to local development guidelines.

/ˈkaʊntə(r)/
189 extremist a person whose opinions, especially about religion or politics, are extreme, and
who may do things that are violent or illegal for what they believe
noun
 left-wing/right-wing/political/religious extremists
 He was assassinated by extremists.
/ɪkˈstriːmɪst/
190 fundamentalist a person who believes that everything that is written in the scriptures (= holy
books) of their religion is completely true
noun/adjective
 Christian/Islamic fundamentalists
/ˌfʌndə
ˈmentəlɪst/
191 ideology a set of ideas that an economic or political system is based on
noun  Marxist/capitalist ideology

/ˌaɪdiˈɒlədʒi/
192 Consfire
193 harmony a state of peaceful existence and agreement
noun  social/racial harmony

 in harmony They lived together in perfect harmony.
 in harmony with something the need to be in harmony with our
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/ˈhɑːməni/ environment
194 Expose to show something that is usually hiddenSYNONYM reveal
xpose  expose something He smiled suddenly, exposing a set of amazingly

white teeth.
verb  Miles of sand are exposed at low tide.
 My job as a journalist is to expose the truth.
/ɪkˈspəʊz/  expose something to somebody He did not want to expose his fears and
insecurity to anyone.
195 accuse to say that somebody has done something wrong or is guilty of something
verb  accuse somebody of something to accuse somebody of murder/a crime

 accuse somebody of doing something She accused him of lying.
 be accused of something The government was accused of
/əˈkjuːz/ incompetence.
 to be falsely/wrongly/unjustly accused of something
 (formal) They stand accused of crimes against humanity.
196 N nationalism the desire by a group of people who share the same ethnic group, culture,
language, etc. to form an independent country
noun

/ˈnæʃnəlɪzəm/
ationalism
197 radical relating to the most basic and important parts of something; complete and
detailed
adjective/noun SYNONYM far-reaching

 the need for radical changes in education
/ˈrædɪkl/  demands for radical reform of the law
 radical differences between the sexes
 This document marks a radical departure from earlier
recommendations.

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198 contend contend that… (formal) to say that something is true, especially in an

argumentSYNONYM maintain
verb
 I would contend that the minister's thinking is flawed on this point.

/kənˈtend/ contend (for something) to compete against somebody in order to gain
something
 Three armed groups were contending for power.
199 impose to introduce a new law, rule, tax, etc.; to order that a rule, punishment, etc. be
used
verb
/ɪmˈpəʊz/  impose something The UN Security Council imposed sanctions in
1992.
 to impose a penalty/fine/sentence/ban
 impose something on/upon something/somebody A new tax was
imposed on fuel.
200 communal shared by, or for the use of, a number of people, especially people who live
together
adjective SYNONYM shared

/kəˈmjuːnl/,  a communal kitchen/garden, etc.
 As a student he tried communal living for a few years.
201 tension a situation in which people do not trust each other, or feel unfriendly towards
each other, and that may cause them to attack each other
noun
/ˈtenʃn/  There is mounting tension along the border.
 international/racial/political tensions
 Family tensions and conflicts may lead to violence.
 tension between A and B The incident has further increased tension
between the two countries.
202 rosort

20
ENGLISH VOCABULARY
203 topple to become unsteady and fall down; to make something do this
verb  + adv./prep. The pile of books toppled over.

 He toppled backwards into the river.
/ˈtɒpl/  topple somebody/something + adv./prep. He brushed past, toppling her
from her stool.
204 racism the unfair treatment of people who belong to a different race; violent behaviour
towards them
noun
 a victim of racism
 ugly outbreaks of racism
/ˈreɪsɪzəm/  the urgent need to address institutional racism within the organization
 It is important to identify root causes that perpetuate systemic racism in
the city.
 structural/casual racism
 Half a million people held a mass protest against racism last night.
205 gratitude the feeling of being grateful and wanting to express your thanks
noun  with gratitude He smiled at them with gratitude.

 gratitude (to somebody) (for something) I would like to express my
/ˈɡrætɪtjuːd/ gratitude to everyone for their hard work.
 I feel a deep sense of gratitude to her.
 in gratitude for something She was presented with the gift in gratitude
for her long service.
 I owe you a great debt of gratitude (= feel extremely grateful).
206 clergy the priests or ministers of a religion, especially of the Christian Church
noun  All the local clergy were asked to attend the ceremony.
 The new proposals affect both clergy and laity.
/ˈklɜːdʒi/

21
ENGLISH VOCABULARY
207 pastor a minister in charge of a Christian church or group, especially in

some Nonconformist churches
noun
 He was ordained a pastor in the Lutheran Church.

/ˈpɑːstə(r)/
208 tribute tribute (to somebody) an act, a statement or a gift that is intended to show your
love or respect, especially for a dead person
noun
 At her funeral her oldest friend paid tribute to her life and work.
 The crowd stood in silent tribute to those who had died in the war.
/ˈtrɪbjuːt/  This book is a fitting tribute to the bravery of the pioneers.
 floral tributes (= gifts of flowers at a funeral)
209 bereave if somebody is bereaved, a relative or close friend has just died
verb  The ceremony was an ordeal for those who had been recently bereaved.

/bɪˈriːv/
210 fond fond of somebody having warm or loving feelings for somebody, especially
somebody you have known for a long time
adjective
/fɒnd/  Over the years, I have grown quite fond of her.
 I’ve always been very fond of your mother.

22
ENGLISH VOCABULARY
211 eternal without an end; existing or continuing forever
adjective  the promise of eternal life in heaven

 She's an eternal optimist (= she always expects that the best will
happen).
/ɪˈtɜːnl/  eternal truths (= ideas that are always true and never change)
 You have my eternal gratitude (= very great gratitude).
 To his eternal credit (= very great credit), he never gave up.
 Newspapers are simply responding to the eternal fascination of their
readers with the private lives of the rich and famous.
212 lord a man of high rank in the nobility (= people of high social class), or somebody
who has been given the title ‘lord’ as an honourCOMPARE lady
noun
 She's married to a lord.
 The head of the successful construction group became a lord in 1984.
/lɔːd/  They entered a huge hall filled with lords and ladies.
213 Priest a person who is qualified to perform religious duties and ceremonies in the
Roman Catholic, Anglican and Orthodox Churches
noun
 a parish priest
/priːst/  the ordination of women priests
 The candles had been blessed by a priest.
 the priest who was celebrating Mass
 Only one or two new priests were ordained each year.
214 goodness the quality of being good
noun  the essential goodness of human nature

 evidence of God’s goodness
 (formal) At least have the goodness (= good manners) to look at me
/ˈɡʊdnəs/ when I'm talking to you.
 We like to think that goodness exists in everyone.

23
ENGLISH VOCABULARY
215 mercy a kind or forgiving attitude towards somebody that you have the power to harm
or right to punish
noun
 to ask/beg/plead for mercy
 They showed no mercy to their hostages.
/ˈmɜːsi/  God have mercy on us.
 The troops are on a mercy mission (= a journey to help people) in the
war zone.
216 dwell to live somewhere
verb  He dwelt in a ruined cottage on the hillside.

 For ten years she dwelled among the nomads of North America.
/dwel/  The gorillas dwell in the high rainforests of Rwanda.
217 Endear phrasal endear to

verb
phrasal verb
endear somebody/yourself to somebody
1. to make somebody/yourself popular

o Their policies on taxation didn't endear them to voters.
o She was a talented teacher who endeared herself to all who
worked with her.
o She had an unfriendly manner which did not exactly endear her
to her colleagues
218 grievance something that you think is unfair and that you complain or protest about; a
feeling that you have been badly treated
noun
 Parents were invited to air their grievances (= express them) at the
/ˈɡriːvəns/ meeting.
 These interviews aim to deal with individual grievances.
 grievance against somebody He had been nursing a grievance against
his boss for months.
 Does the company have a formal grievance procedure (= a way of
dealing with your complaints at work)?

24
ENGLISH VOCABULARY
219 strive to try very hard to achieve something
verb  strive for something We encourage all members to strive for the
/straɪv/ highest standards.
 strive after/towards something They were always striving towards
perfection.
 strive against something striving against corruption
 strive to do something Newspaper editors all strive to be first with a
story.
 She strove to find a solution that was acceptable to all.
220 redress redress something to correct something that is unfair or wrong
verb/noun  to redress an injustice

/rɪˈdres/
221 inspire to give somebody the desire, confidence or enthusiasm to do something well
verb  inspire somebody The actors' enthusiasm inspired the kids.

 inspire somebody with something The actors inspired the kids with
their enthusiasm.
/ɪnˈspaɪə(r)/  inspire somebody to something His superb play inspired the team to a
thrilling 5–0 win.
 inspire somebody to do something By visiting schools, the actors hope
to inspire children to put on their own productions.
222 suburb an area where people live that is outside the centre of a city
noun  a suburb of London

 a London suburb
 in the suburbs They live in the suburbs.
/ˈsʌbɜːb/
223 flourish to develop quickly and become successful or common

SYNONYM thrive
verb
 Few businesses are flourishing in the present economic climate.
 The arts began to flourish at that time.
/ˈflʌrɪʃ/  There was a flourishing black market.

25
ENGLISH VOCABULARY
224 countless very many; too many to be counted or mentioned
adjective  I've warned her countless times.

 The new treatment could save Emma's life and the lives of countless
others.
/ˈkaʊntləs/
225 particularly especially; more than usual or more than others
adverb  particularly useful/important/interesting

 I particularly like the colour of the walls.
/pəˈtɪkjələli/  The story focuses particularly on the character of Nelly.
 Traffic is bad, particularly in the city centre.
 I enjoyed the play, particularly the second half.
 The task was not particularly (= not very) difficult.
 ‘Did you enjoy it?’ ‘No, not particularly (= not very much).’
 I don't particularly care (= I don't care very much) what happens to
him.
226 legislate to make a law affecting something
verb  The King restricted Parliament's power to legislate.

 They promised to legislate to protect people's right to privacy.
/ˈledʒɪsleɪt/  legislate against something The government will legislate against
discrimination in the workplace.
 (figurative) You can't legislate against bad luck!
 legislate for something Parliament legislated for a higher minimum
wage.
 legislate on something The European Parliament will legislate on
further integration.
227 legislator a member of a group of people that has the power to make laws
noun  Seven of the state’s 90 legislators have been indicted.

 When it came to the vote, Democrat legislators split 115:150 against the
/ˈledʒɪsleɪtə(r)/ motion.
228 honour great respect for somebody
noun/verb  the guest of honour (= the most important one)

26
ENGLISH VOCABULARY
 the seat/place of honour (= given to the most important guest)

/ˈɒnə(r)/  They stood in silence as a mark of honour to her.
 do honour to somebody/something This biography does great honour
to the poet's achievements.
229 refute refute something to prove that something is wrongSYNONYM rebut
verb  to refute an argument/a theory, etc.

/rɪˈfjuːt/
230 charge the amount of money that somebody asks for goods and services
noun  admission charges

 charge for something We have to make a small charge for
refreshments.
/tʃɑːdʒ/  Delivery is free of charge.
[countable] (North American English, informal) a charge account
 Would you like to put that on your charge?

 ‘Are you paying cash?’ ‘No, it'll be a charge.’
231 indifference indifference (to somebody/something) a lack of interest, feeling or reaction

towards somebody/something
noun
 his total indifference to what people thought of him
/ɪnˈdɪfrəns/  What she said is a matter of complete indifference to me.
 Their father treated them with indifference.
 an indifference to the needs of others
232 inaction lack of action; the state of doing nothing about a situation or a problem
noun  The police were accused of inaction in the face of a possible attack.
 They have accused the government of inaction on the issue of railway
/ɪnˈækʃn/ safety.

27
ENGLISH VOCABULARY
233 simmer simmer (something) to cook something by keeping it almost at boiling point; to
be cooked in this way
verb/noun
 Simmer the sauce gently for 10 minutes.
/ˈsɪmə(r)/  Leave the soup to simmer.
234 holiness 1. the quality of being holy

2. His/Your Holiness
noun [countable] a title of respect used when talking to or about the Pope and some
other religious leaders
/ˈhəʊlinəs/
3. His Holiness Pope Francis
4.
235 universe
the universe
noun [singular] the whole of space and everything in it, including the earth, the
planets and the stars

/ˈjuːnɪvɜːs/  in the universe Could there be intelligent life elsewhere in the
universe?
 theories of how the universe began
 As far as we know, the entire universe was created in the big bang.
236 bring up bring somebody up

1. to care for a child, teaching him or her how to behave, etc.
phrasal verb
 She brought up five children.
 He was brought up by his aunt.
 a well/badly brought up child
 bring somebody up to do something They were brought up to (= taught
as children to) respect authority.
 bring somebody up (as) something I was brought up (as) a Catholic.
2. to make somebody appear for trial
 He was brought up on a charge of drunken driving.
bring something up
1. to mention a subject or start to talk about itSYNONYM raise

28
ENGLISH VOCABULARY
o Bring it up at the meeting.

2. to vomit
o to bring up your lunch
3. to make something appear on a computer screen
o Click with the right mouse button to bring up a new menu.

29
ENGLISH VOCABULARY

30
ENGLISH VOCABULARY

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1

 Washington's top diplomat in Havana

102 breed verb to have sex and produce young

/briːd/  Many animals breed only at certain times of the year.

 The President has suggested sending a US peace envoy to the Middle

106 reliance noun reliance (on/upon somebody/something) the state of needing

 Heavy reliance on one client is risky when you are building up a

107 bring out bring somebody out

ENGLISH VOCABULRY DR CHAMIL BANDARA

1. to make something appear

109 Divest divest somebody/yourself of something to remove clothes

110 instance noun a particular example or case of something

111 ensure verb to make sure that something happens or is definite

 ensure (that)… The government needs to ensure (that) workers' rights

/ˌkəʊɪnˈsaɪd/  It's a pity our trips to New York don't coincide.

 He worked as a door-to-door salesman peddling cloths and brushes.

 to peddle malicious gossip

116 witty adjective clever and humorous

117 mischievous enjoying playing tricks and annoying peopleSYNONYM naughty

 Her eyes danced with mischievous amusement.

118 quip noun/verb a quick and clever remark

119 livid adjective extremely angry

 Dad will be livid when he finds out.

 a blatant attempt to buy votes

the first or original version of an agreement, especially a treatybetween

 the first Geneva Protocol

/ˈkɒmprəmaɪz/  After lengthy talks the two sides finallyreached a compromise.

125 intimidated feeling frightened and not confident in a particular situation

126 comprise verb to have somebody/something as parts or membersSYNONYM consist of

/kəmˈpraɪz/  comprise something The collection comprises 327 paintings.

127 trio noun a group of three people or things

/ˈtriːəʊ/  A trio of English runners featured in the women’s 1 500 metres.

ENGLISH VOCABULRY DR CHAMIL BANDARA

 whisper something to somebody I whispered words of comfort to him.

 To be honest, she was more of a hindrance than a help.

135 abound verb to exist in great numbers or quantities

 the shrill blast of a trumpet

/ˈɡlɔːri/  Olympic glory in the 100 metres

139 sharpshooter a person who shows skill at shooting a gun

140 Stick, stuck

/ˈhændfʊl/  a handful of rice

ENGLISH VOCABULRY DR CHAMIL BANDARA

[singular] (informal) a person or an animal that is difficult to control

o Her children can be a real handful.

/spekˈteɪtə(r)/  The new football stadium will hold 75 000 spectators.

143 expose verb to show something that is usually hiddenSYNONYM reveal

/ɪkˈspəʊz/  expose something He smiled suddenly, exposing a set of amazingly

/juˈnaɪt/  Nationalist parties united to oppose the government's plans.

150 amity noun a friendly relationship between people or countries

151 intact adjective complete and not damagedSYNONYM undamaged

/ɪnˈtækt/  Most of the house remains intact even after two hundred years.

ENGLISH VOCABULRY DR CHAMIL BANDARA

154 ray noun a narrow line of light, heat or other energy

/reɪ/  The last of the sun's rays shone on the grass.

/ˌrevəˈluːʃn/  a socialist revolution

 A cholera epidemic swept the country.

157 crime noun activities that involve breaking the law

/kraɪm/  This month's figures show an increase inviolent crime.

 She’s a crime writer (= she writes stories about crime).

 He carried a photo of his children in his wallet.

159 sizzle noun the sound of food frying in hot oil

160 galore in large quantities

adjective  There will be games and prizes galore.

162 regulate verb regulate (something) to control something by means of rules