UNIVERSITY OF BAGHDAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT Lesson 3: Inviscid, Incompressible Flow es 2020-2021LESSON OUTCOMES = In this lesson we will review the following: 1. Inviscid, Incompressible Flow. 2. Velocity Potential. 3. Pathlines and Streamlines. 4. Stream Function. 5. Governing Equation for Irrotational, Incompressible Flow: Laplace's Equation 6. Boundary Conditions. 7. Uniform Flow.INTRODUCTION + In the previous lessons we have seen that using fundamental equations to calculate aerodynamic forces and moments is very difficult for real life situations that has complex geometrical shapes, and complex flow conditions thus it can be used only for simple geometrical shapes with many assumptions applied for the flow field, such as a flat plate at small angle of attack in incompressible flow, or a non rotating sphere in a Uniform flow, or infinite circular cylinder, or alike. + Although practical experimental methods are available since the beginning of engineering with acceptable results, but it comes with cost and time restrains in addition to the need of basic theoretical information to formulate the test inputs and outputs. * This led to the quest to find a practical theoretical solutions for basic shapes that can be used to solve real life situations with an acceptable level of accuracy, as we will see in the upcoming lessons.INTRODUCTION What we can do! What we should do!VELOCITY POTENTIAL = Recall the continuity equation 4 ® y.pv=o nee (1) Where: V =is the velocity vector in (x, y .x) directions, V = Vii + Vyj + Vzk. p= the fluid density (mass per unit volume), p = p(x, y, 2). Physical principle Mass can be neither created nor destroyed. Consider the physical definition of incompressible flow, p = constant. Thus: (2) = This states that a fluid element of fixed mass moving through an incompressible flow field must also have a fixed, constant volume.VELOCITY POTENTIAL + for an irrotational flow a velocity potential @ can be defined such that: Vv=ve @) = Therefore, for a flow that is both incompressible and irrotational, then: v-(V9) a @ ~ This equation called Laplace's Equation, which can be written in terms of three component orthogonal coordinates as; Cartesian coordinates: +7 oe + oe =VELOCITY POTENTIAL Sparel cenit 0 = 007.6.) vom araaa Lae (soa) + a (008) + a6 (aaains » The potential function represent the lines of constant velocity across the flow field as shown in the figures of different flow fields. tena ton ies fut, ncomoessie, | il te, 1.2)QUESTIONSPATHLINES AND STREAMLINES * In order to understand the flow fleld we need, in addition 19 the values ot es sure, density, temperature, and velocity, to know ‘where the fiow e Pathline for element A * To accomplish this, we construct diagrams of pathlines and/or 1 : streamlines of the flow. J Gl peciuen * Consider an unsteady flow with a velocity field given by V=V(x, y,z,t). “ #lementd ater tine * Also, consider an initesimal fuid element moving through the flow fold gay, element A as shown in Figur, Element A pass int 1. Let us trace the iniAag t moves cownstiea @) rom point 128 quer by te dashed ine wn Rgure, + Such 2 path is defined as the pathline for element A. Now, trace the ath of another fluid element, Say, element B as shown in. Bement B ee Bement Bat some « Assume that element B also passes through point 1, but at some Tater time different time from element A‘ J . line of element B is given by the dashed ine. Because the VW flow Is unsteady, the velocity at point 1 (and at all other points ofthe Nea flow) changes with time. Hence, the pathines of elemerts A and B are Pathine for element B rent * In general for ungtoady flow, the pathings for diferent fuld elements ing through the same point afe not the same.PATHLINES AND STREAMLINES = Another method of drawing a picture of the flow field is using a streamline. Velocity vector + Streamline is a curve whose tangent at any point is in the direction of the velocity vector at that point. = In general, streamlines are different from pathlines. * You can visualize a pathline as a time-exposure photograph of a given fluid element, whereas a streamline Streimlige pattern is like a single frame of a motion picture of the flow. In an unsteady flow, the streamline pattern changes; hence, each “frame” of the motion picture is different. + In case of steady flow the magnitude and direction of the velocity vectors at all points are fixed, invariant with time. « Hence, the pathlines for different fluid elements going through the same point are the same. Moreover, the pathlines and streamlines are identicalPATHLINES AND STREAM LINES. + Therefore, in steady flow, there is no distinction between pathlines and streamlines. * Question: Given the velocity field of a flow, how can we obtain the mathematical equation for a streamline? = Obviously, the streamline is a curve in space, and hence it can be described by the equation f (x, y, z + How can we obtain this equation?PATHLINES AND STREAM LINES. + To answer this question, let ds be a directed element of the streamline, such as shown at point 2 in the figure. « The velocity at point 2 is V, and by definition of a streamline, V is parallel to ds. = Hence, from the definition of the vector cross product dsxV=0 ‘Where: ds = dxi + dyj + dzk . V=uitvj+ wk v ijk f = ds x V = |dx dy dz Pithige ey : ‘Same pathline for all _ uvuw fluid elements going through point |PATHLINES AND STREAM LINES. ds X V= i(w dy - v dz) + j(u dz - w dx) + k(v dx - u dy) =0 » Since the vector is zero, its components must each be zero: wdy —vdz =0 : 7 6) udz—wdx=0 vdx —udy=0 * are differential equations for the streamline. Knowing u, v, and w as functions of x, y, and z, this equation can be integrated to yield the equation for the streamline: f (x, y, z) = 0. * consider a streamline in two dimensions, as sketched in the figure in next slide. The equation of this streamline is y = f (x). So, at point 1 on the streamline, the slope is dy/dx. » However, V with x and y components u and v, respectively, is tangent to the streamline at point 1. Thus, the slope of the streamline is also given by v/u. Therefore,PATHLINES AND STREAM LINES. dy _v ax » + this is a differential equation for a streamline in two dimensions, from which we can state, vdx-udy=0 which is precisely the component in z-plane of equation (5) . Therefore, equations (5) simply state mathematically that the velocity vector is tangent to the streamline. ~ Consider an arbitrary closed curve C in three-dimensional space, as shown in figure. * Consider the streamlines which pass through all points on C. These streamlines form a tube in space and is called a streamtube,STREAM FUNCTION = consider two-dimensional steady flow. » Recall that the differential equation for a streamline in such a flow is given by: dy_v dx u - If wand v are known functions of x and y, then the above equation can be integrated to yield the algebraic equation for a streamline: f(xy * where cis an arbitrary constant of integration, with different values for different streamlines. * denote the function of x and y by the symbol . Hence, we can write the above equation as: Y& YE This is called the stream function. 6) SSSI S 7 streamines ‘Streamines of uform, incompressible, inoational towSTREAM FUNCTION = The stream function can be defined such that (proof is required as class work for next lesson): ua (2.1500) @) (2.1506) x = The continuity equation, V - V = 0, expressed in cartesian coordinates, is: au rr (8) » Substituting equation (7) into (8) we get: a (ay), aa a a a(#)+#(-2)- ee ey ax Vay) * ay ax) © ax ay” ay ax + mathematically 42y/ax dy = 62yy/éy 6x and for irrotational flow: av du ~-—“=0 ax aySTREAM FUNCTION » Thus: or 7H =0 (9) ax? * ay which is Laplace’s Equation. = Therefore, the stream function also satisfies Laplace's equation, along with the potential function (9) « From equations (4) and (9). we make the following conclusions: 1. Any irrotational, incompressible flow has a velocity potential and stream function (for two-dimensional flow) that both satisty Laplace's equation. 2. Conversely, any solution of Laplace's equation represents the velocity potential or stream function (two- dimensional) for a irrotational, incompressible flow. Contours of tam fncton and velvety potential around infinte Crcukr eylinder nun, incompressible, rotational owGOVERNING EQUATION FOR IRROTATIONAL, INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOW: LAPLACE'S EQUATION * gm ie previous slider we nave earned tnt for rotalana.Inegmpressble flow we can determine the velocity fram either he potent fnctlon: eqdaion (ao Re Saar funelon.eauation For example in two-dimensional flow 6 oe mrun a ay ap ap Pay ae ‘Which means that the contours of the velocity potential and the stream function cross at right-angles. + Note that Laplace's equation is a second-order linear partial differential equation. The fact that it is linearis particulary important Because the sum of any paricuar sollons ofa nea’ ferential equation is aso a solution of the equation ms : For example, if 1, @2, 93, ....9n represent n separate solutions of equation (4), then the sum =o + 92+ - ton is algo g splution. Since rotational, incompressible flow is governed by Laplace's equation and Laplace's equations linear, we ‘onclude that complicated flow 7 an rotational, compress flow can be synthesized by adding together a nimber of Slomentary lows that are also tralaional and Incompressibio. a peers ” Rout aa ite Powaver we fren proceed to add (©. suparmposs) hase clomentary flows Mm aMeran ways such ate roculing flow fds do peta fo praca problemsQUESTIONSBOUNDARY CONDITIONS = Consider the irrotational, incompressible flow fields over different aerodynamic shapes, such as a sphere, cone, of airplane wing. + Each flow is going to be distinctly different; the streamlines and pressure distribution over a sphere are quite different from those over a cone. - However, these different flows are all governed by the same equation, equation (4), + How, then, do we obtain different flows for the different bodies? = The answer is found in the boundary conditions. Although the governing equation for the different flows is the same, the boundary conditions for the equation must conform to the different geometric shapes, and hence yield different flow-feeld solutions. » Boundary conditions are therefore of vital concern in aerodynamic analysis.BOUNDARY CONDITIONS = Consider the external aerodynamic flow over a stationary body, such as the airfoil in figure below. The flow is bounded by (1) the freestream flow that occurs an infinite distance away from the body and (2) the surface of the body itself. Therefore, two sets of boundary conditions apply as follows. » Infinity Boundary Conditions « Far away from the body (toward infinity), in all directions, the flow approaches the uniform freestream conditions. « Let Ve be aligned with the x direction. = Hence, ap ay u=—= ~ ax (10) ax This is the boundary conditions on velocity at infinity.BOUNDARY CONDITIONS + Wall Boundary Conditions » If the body in previous slide has a solid surface, then it is impossible for the flow to penetrate the surface. If the flow is viscous, the influence of friction between the fluid and the solid surface creates a zero velocity at the surface. In contrast, for inviscid flows the velocity at the surface can be finite, but because the flow cannot penetrate the surface, the velocity vector must be tangent to the surface. + This “wall tangency” condition is illustrated in the figure, which shows V tangent to the body surface. If the flow is tangent to the surface, then the component of velocity normal to the surface must be zero. » Let n be a unit vector normal to the surface and s is the distance measured along the body surface as shown v = The wall boundary condition can be written as: & L., Ven=(Vg)-n=0 (11)UNIFORM FLOW » Consider a uniform flow with velocity V~ oriented in the positive x direction, as sketched in the figure below. It can be shown that a uniform flow is a physically possible incompressible flow (i.e., it satisfies V - V = 0) and that it is irrotational (Le., it satisfies ¥ x V = 0). Thus, a velocity potential for uniform flow can be obtained such that Vp = V. Examining the figure, and from the potential function, we have: ag ax ap ee Integrating with respect to x, we have: @ = Vox + f(y) where f (y) is a function of y only. 'UNIFORM FLOW « Integrating the same equation with respect to y, we obtain: $ =const + g(x) + where g(x) is a function of x only. « In these solutions, @ is the same function; so, by comparing these equations, a(x) must be Vx, and f (y) must be constant. Thus, $ = Vax + const * Since the derivative of a constant is zero, we can drop the constant without any loss, so: b= Vaux (12) + Equation (12) is the velocity potential for @ uniform flow with velocity V= oriented in the positive x direction.UNIFORM FLOW * Consider the incompressible stream function wy, aw Fo au = Vow ay « Integrating with respect to x, and y and comparing the results, we obtain (13) « Equation (13) is the stream function for an incompressible uniform flow oriented in the positive x direction. + Equations (12) and (1 od in terms of polar coordinates, where x = r cos @ and y = rin @. (14) (15)QUESTIONS