Fourth Year

2020-2021
LESSON OUTCOMES

 In this lesson we will review the following:

1. Source/Sink Flow.
2. Combination Of A Uniform Flow With A Source And Sink.
3. Rankine Oval.
4. Angular Velocity, and Vorticity.
5. Circulation.
SOURCE/SINK FLOW

 Consider a two-dimensional, incompressible flow where all the

streamlines are straight lines emanating from a central point O,
as shown is figure. Let the velocity along each of the streamlines
vary inversely with distance from point O.
 Such a flow is called a source flow.

 Examining the figure we see that the velocity components in the

radial and tangential directions are Vr and Vθ , respectively,
where Vθ = 0.
 The coordinate system in figure is a cylindrical coordinate
system, with the z axis perpendicular to the page.
 It is easily shown:

(1) source flow is a physically possible incompressible flow, that is,

∇ · V = 0, at every point except the origin, where ∇ · V becomes
infinite, and
(2) source flow is irrotational at every point.
SOURCE/SINK FLOW

 In a source flow, the streamlines are directed away from the origin, as
shown at previous figure.
 The opposite case is that of a sink flow, where by definition the
streamlines are directed toward the origin, as shown figure.
 For sink flow, the streamlines are still radial lines toward a common point,
along which the flow velocity varies inversely with distance from point O.
 Indeed, a sink flow is simply a negative source flow.

 Consider the origin, point O, as a discrete source or sink, interpret the

radial flow surrounding the origin as simply being induced by the presence
of the discrete source or sink at the origin.
 For a source flow (a solution of Laplace Equation), ∇ · V = 0 everywhere
except at the origin, where it is infinite. Thus, the origin is a singular point,
and we can interpret this singular point as a discrete source or sink of a
given strength, with a corresponding induced flow field about the point.
SOURCE/SINK FLOW

 Let us look more closely at the velocity field induced by a source or sink,
which by definition, is inversely proportional to the radial distance r.
 Thus:

(16)

where c is constant.
 Consider the mass flow across the surface of the cylinder of radius r and
height L as shown in figure.
 The elemental mass flow across the surface element dS is (ρVr(rdθ)L),
Hence, noting that Vr is the same value at any θ location for the fixed
radius r, the total mass flow across the surface of the cylinder is:
SOURCE/SINK FLOW

 from the above equation we have for the volumetric flow rate:

 the volume flow rate per unit length denoted as Λ then:

or
(17)

 comparing eq. (16) and (17), we see that the constant is c = Λ/2π.

 Λ defines the source strength, it is physically the rate of volume flow from the source, per unit depth (square
meters per second).
 In equation (17), a positive value of Λ represents a source, whereas a negative value represents a sink.
SOURCE/SINK FLOW

 The velocity potential for a source can be obtained as follows:

(a)

(b)
 Integrating equation (a) with respect to r , we get:

 Integrating equation (b) with respect to θ, we have

 Comparing these equations, we see that f(r) = (Λ/2π) ln r and f(θ) =constant.

 hence these equations yields the velocity potential for a two-dimensional source/sink flow:

(18)
SOURCE/SINK FLOW

 The stream function can be obtained as follows:

(c)

(d)
 Integrating equation (c) with respect to θ, we obtain:

 Integrating equation (d) with respect to r , we have:

 Comparing these equations and dropping the constant, we obtain the stream function for a two-dimensional
source/sink flow:
(19)
QUESTIONS
COMBINATION OF A UNIFORM FLOW WITH A SOURCE AND SINK
FIRST APPLICATION OF ELEMENTARY FLOWS

 Consider a polar coordinate system with a source of strength Λ located at the origin.

 Superimpose on this flow a uniform stream with velocity V∞ moving from left to right, as sketched in figure.

 The stream function for the resulting flow is the sum of equations (15) of uniform flow and (19) of source
flow:
(20)
COMBINATION OF A UNIFORM FLOW WITH A SOURCE AND SINK
FIRST APPLICATION OF ELEMENTARY FLOWS
 The streamlines of the combined flow are obtained from equation (20) by setting it to constant:

(21)

 The velocity field is obtained by differentiating equation (21):

(22)

Note: we can add the derivatives of φ or ψ to obtain more complex solutions.

 The stagnation points in the flow can be obtained by setting equations (22) equal to zero, and solving for r
and θ, we find that one stagnation point exists, located at (r, θ) =(Λ / 2πV∞, π), which is labeled as point B in
figure.
Note: the distance DB clearly grows smaller if V∞ is increased and larger if increased.
COMBINATION OF A UNIFORM FLOW WITH A SOURCE AND SINK
FIRST APPLICATION OF ELEMENTARY FLOWS
 If the coordinates of the stagnation point at B are substituted into Equation
we obtain;

(23)

 Since we are dealing with inviscid flow, where the velocity at the surface of
a solid body is tangent to the body, it could be replaced by a solid surface
of the same shape. All the fluid outside ABC is from the freestream, and all
the fluid inside ABC is from the source.
 This body bounded by the solid boundaries

is called:
Source flow
Rankine Halfbody inside the body

Uniform flow outside the body

RANKINE OVAL: SUPERPOSITION OF A UNIFORM FLOW AND A
SOURCE-SINK PAIR
SECOND APPLICATION OF ELEMENTARY FLOWS
 Consider a polar coordinate system with a source and sink placed a distance b to the left and right of the
origin, respectively, as sketched in figure.
 The strengths of the source and sink are Λ and −Λ respectively (equal and opposite).

 In addition, superimpose a uniform stream with velocity V∞, as shown in figure.

 The stream function for the combined flow at any point P with

coordinates (r, θ) is obtained from equations (15) and (19):

(24)
RANKINE OVAL: SUPERPOSITION OF A UNIFORM FLOW AND A
SOURCE-SINK PAIR
SECOND APPLICATION OF ELEMENTARY FLOWS
 The velocity field is obtained by differentiating equation (24).

Note: from the geometry of the previous figure that θ1 and θ2 in equation (24) are functions of r , θ, and b.
 By setting V = 0, two stagnation points are found, namely, points A and B in figure. These stagnation points
are located such that:
(25)

 The equation of the streamlines is given by setting equation (24) to constant:

(26)

 The equation of the specific streamline going through the stagnation points is obtained from above equation
by noting that θ = θ1 = θ2 = π at point A and θ = θ1 = θ2 = 0 at point B. Hence, for the stagnation
streamline, we get a value of zero for the constant.
RANKINE OVAL: SUPERPOSITION OF A UNIFORM FLOW AND A
SOURCE-SINK PAIR
SECOND APPLICATION OF ELEMENTARY FLOWS
 Thus, the stagnation streamline is given by ψ = 0, that is, the equation of an oval, as sketched in figure.

(27)

 Equation (27) is also the dividing streamline; all the flow from the source is consumed by the sink and is
contained entirely inside the oval, whereas the flow outside the oval has originated with the uniform stream
only.
 Therefore, the region inside the oval can be replaced by a solid body with the shape given by ψ = 0, and the
region outside the oval can be interpreted as the inviscid, potential (irrotational), incompressible flow over
the solid body. This problem was first solved in the nineteenth century by the famous Scottish engineer W. J.
M. Rankine; hence, the shape given by equation (27) and sketched in figure is called a Rankine Oval.
QUESTIONS
ANGULAR VELOCITY, AND VORTICITY

 Consider an infinitesimal fluid element moving in a flow field. The

amount of rotation and distortion depends on the velocity field as
sketched in figure;
 Consider a two-dimensional flow in the xy plane. Also, consider an
infinitesimal fluid element in this flow. Assume that at time t the
shape of this fluid element is rectangular, as shown at the left of
figure:
 Assume that the fluid element is moving upward and to the right; its
position and shape at time t + Δt are shown at the right in figure the
sides AB and AC have rotated through the angular displacements
Δθ1 and Δθ2, respectively.
 Consider the line AC. At point A at time t, the velocity is v, as shown
in figure point C is a distance dx from point A; hence, at time t the
vertical component of velocity of point C is given by v + (∂v/∂x)dx.
Hence,
ANGULAR VELOCITY, AND VORTICITY

 This net displacement is shown at the right of figure

 Since Δθ2 is a small angle, tan Aθ2 = Δθ2. Hence,

ANGULAR VELOCITY, AND VORTICITY

 Similar to that above, the net displacement in the x direction of B relative to A over the time increment Δt is
[(∂u/ ∂y)dy] Δt, as shown in figure;

 Since -Δθ1 is small,

 By definition, the angular velocity of the fluid element as seen in the xy plane is the average of the angular
velocities of lines AB and AC. Let ωz denote this angular velocity. Therefore, by definition,

 Then
ANGULAR VELOCITY, AND VORTICITY

 The resulting angular velocity of the fluid element in three-dimensional space is;

 The vorticity, which is simply twice the angular velocity can be denoted by the vector ξ:

ξ = 2ω
 We have the important result that

 In a velocity field, the curl of the velocity is equal to the vorticity.

1- The flow is called rotational. The fluid elements have a finite angular velocity.
2- The flow is called irrotational. The fluid elements have no angular velocity; rather, their motion through
space is a pure translation.
CIRCULATION

 Consider a closed curve C in a flow field, as sketched in figure.

Let V and ds be the velocity and directed line segment,
respectively, at a point on C.
 The circulation, denoted by Γ, is defined as

 Hence, a minus sign appears in the definition given by equation to

account for the positive-counterclockwise sense of the integral
and the positive-clockwise sense of circulation.
 Circulation is also related to vorticity as follows:

Assume that the surface is in a flow field and the velocity at point P
is V, where P is any point on the surface from Stokes' theorem
CIRCULATION

 Hence, the circulation about a curve C is equal to the vorticity

integrated over any open surface bounded by C.
 If the curve C shrink to an infinitesimal size, and denoting the
circulation around this infinitesimally small curve by dΓ.
 Then, in the limit as C become infinitesimally small yields,

 where dS is the infinitesimal area enclosed by the infinitesimal

curve C.
 Referring to figure, above equation states that at a point P in a
flow, the component of vorticity normal to dS is equal to the
negative of the “circulation per unit area,” where the circulation is
taken around the boundary of dS.
QUESTIONS