Fourth Year

2020-2021
LESSON OUTCOMES

 In this lesson we will review the following:

1. Doublet Flow.
2. Nonlifting Flow Over A Circular Cylinder.
3. Vortex Flow.
DOUBLET FLOW

 Consider a source of strength Λ and a sink of equal (but

opposite) strength - Λ separated by a distance l, as shown in
figure.
 At any point P in the flow, the stream function is

where ∆θ = θ2 − θ1.
 Now let the distance l approach zero while the absolute
magnitudes of the strengths of the source and sink increase in
such a fashion that the product l Λ = k remains constant.

(28)
DOUBLET FLOW

 we obtain a special flow pattern defined as a doublet flow (dipole).

 The strength of the doublet is denoted by κ and is defined as κ ≡ l Λ.

 The stream function for a doublet is obtained from equation (28) as

follows:
where in the limit ∆θ → dθ → 0. (Note that the source strength approaches
an infinite value in the limit.)
 Let r and b denote the distances to point P from the source and sink,
respectively.
 Draw a line from the sink perpendicular to r , and denote the length along
this line by a. For an infinitesimal dθ, the geometry of the figure yields:
DOUBLET FLOW

 Substituting this in equation (28), we have

(29)

which is the stream function for a doublet.

 The velocity potential for a doublet is given by:

(30)
DOUBLET FLOW

 The streamlines of a doublet flow are obtained from equation (29):

NONLIFTING FLOW OVER A CIRCULAR CYLINDER

 A circular cylinder is one of the most basic geometric shapes available, and the study of the flow around
such a cylinder is a classic problem in aerodynamics.
 Consider the addition of a uniform flow with velocity V∞ and a doublet of strength κ, as shown in figure.

 the stream function for the combined flow is:

 Let R2 ≡ κ/2πV∞. Then:

 (31)
NONLIFTING FLOW OVER A CIRCULAR CYLINDER

 The velocity field is obtained by differentiating equation (31), as follows:

(32)

(33)
NONLIFTING FLOW OVER A CIRCULAR CYLINDER

 To locate the stagnation points, set equations (32) and (33) equal to zero:

 Simultaneously solving the above equations for r and θ, we find that there are two stagnation points, located
at (r, θ) = (R, 0) and (R, π). These points are denoted as A and B in figure.
 The equation of the streamline that passes through the stagnation point B is obtained by inserting the
coordinates of B into equation (31). For r = R and θ = π, equation (31) yields ψ = 0.
 Similarly, inserting the coordinates of point A into equation (31), we also find that ψ = 0.

 Hence, the same streamline goes through both stagnation points. Moreover, the equation of this streamline,
from equation (31), is
(equation of circle with radius R in polar coordinates)
NONLIFTING FLOW OVER A CIRCULAR CYLINDER

 Now we can calculate the velocity over the perimeter of the cylinder from equations (32) and (33) with r =
R, resulting:

 From which we get the maximum velocity of the surface of the cylinder, V = Vθ = −2V∞

 The pressure coefficient can be expressed in terms of velocity as:

 Substitute velocity value in the above equation, we get

(34)
NONLIFTING FLOW OVER A CIRCULAR CYLINDER

 Note that Cp varies from 1.0 at the stagnation points to −3.0 at

the points of maximum velocity. The pressure coefficient
distribution over the surface is sketched in figure.
 Clearly, the pressure distribution over the top half of the cylinder
is equal to the pressure distribution over the bottom half, and
hence the lift must be zero.
 Also, the pressure distributions over the front and rear halves are
the same, and hence the drag is theoretically zero
NONLIFTING FLOW OVER A CIRCULAR CYLINDER

Potential Flow Viscous Flow

EXAMPLE

 Consider the nonlifting flow over a circular cylinder. Calculate the

locations on the surface of the cylinder where the surface
pressure equals the freestream pressure.
Solution
When p = p∞, then Cp = 0.
From equation (34), we get:
Cp = 0 = 1 − 4 sin2θ
Hence, sin θ = ±1/2
θ = 30◦, 150◦, 210◦, 330◦
QUESTIONS
VORTEX FLOW

 Consider a flow where all the streamlines are concentric circles about a
given point, as sketched in figure.
 Let the velocity along any given circular streamline be constant, but let it
vary from one streamline to another inversely with distance from the
common center.
 Such a flow is called a vortex flow.

 the velocity components in the radial and tangential directions are Vr and
Vθ , where Vr = 0 and Vθ = constant/r.
 Note that

(1) vortex flow is a physically possible incompressible flow, that is, ∇ · V = 0

at every point, and
(2) (2) vortex flow is irrotational, that is, ∇ × V = 0, at every point except the
origin.
VORTEX FLOW

 From the definition of vortex flow, we have

 To evaluate the constant C, take the circulation around a given circular streamline of radius r :

or (35)

 Comparing both equations, we see that:

Γ is called the strength of the vortex flow.

VORTEX FLOW

 The velocity potential for vortex flow can be obtained as follows:

 Integrating the above equations, we find:

(36)

 The stream function is determined in a similar manner:

VORTEX FLOW

 Integrating equations, we have:

(37)
SUMMARY OF ELEMENTARY FLOWS

 we summarize the pertinent results for our four elementary flows in table:
QUESTIONS