COORDINATE SYSTEMS & GAUSS'S LAW

Course Title: Engineering Electromagnetism

by
Dr. Sikder Sunbeam Islam
Dept. of EEE.
IIUC
SYLLABUS (UP TO MID-TERM) : 30 MARKS

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WHAT IS ELECTROMAGNETISM?
 Electromagnetism is a branch of physics which deals
with electricity and magnetism and the interaction
between them.
 Electromagnetism is basically the science of
electromagnetic fields. An electromagnetic field is the
field produced by objects that are charged electrically.
Radio waves, infrared waves, Ultraviolet waves, and
x-rays are all electromagnetic fields in a certain range
of frequency.

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VECTOR BASICS
 Vector: A quantity with both magnitude and
direction. Example: Force.
 Scalar: A quantity that does not posses direction .

Example: Temperature.

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VECTOR BASICS :CONTINUES….

 Vector Addition:

 Vector Subtraction:

 Vector Multiplication:
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VECTOR BASICS :CONTINUES….
 Unit vectors: , and directed along x, y,
and z respectively with unity length and no
dimensions.

The vector r=A+B+C may be written in

terms of unit vectors as:

r =A+B+C = A +
Where:
A is the directed length or signed
magnitude of A.

Example: A unit vector in the direction of B is;

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VECTOR BASICS :CONTINUES….

 Dot Product

Which results in a scalar value, and is the smaller

angle between A and B.

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Vector Basics :continues….

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VECTOR BASICS :CONTINUES….

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Dot products of two vectors A and B is,
VECTOR BASICS :CONTINUES….

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VECTOR BASICS :CONTINUES….

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VECTOR BASICS :CONTINUES….
 Problem: a)Write the expression of the vector going from point
P1(1,3,2) to point P2(3,-2,4) in Cartesian coordinate. b) What is the
length of this line?

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VECTOR FIELD
 A vector field in the plane, can be visualized as a
collection of arrows (flux lines) with a given magnitude
and direction, each attached to a point in the plane.
 A vector filed strength is measured by the number of flux
lines passing through a unit surface normal to the
vector.
 Flux flow of vector is like flow of water or fluid.
 A enclosed surface of a volume will have
outward/inward flow of flux through this surface when
the volume contains source/sink.
 The net outward flow per unit volume is therefore the
measure of strength of the enclosed source.
 In the uniform field, there is an equal amount of inward
and outward flux going through any closed volume
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containing no source or sink , results zero divergence.
VECTOR FIELD
 A kind of source called vortex source that causes
circulation of vector filed around it (source).
 If A is a force acting on an object, its circulation
will be the work done by the force in moving the
object once around the contour.
 Similarly, the phenomenon of water whirling down
a sink drain is an example of vortex sink.

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COORDINATE SYSTEM :
RECTANGULAR (CARTESIAN) COORDINATE

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COORDINATE SYSTEM :
RECTANGULAR (CARTESIAN) COORDINATE

A point is located by its and coordinates,

or as the intersection of three constant 16
surfaces (planes in this case) y , x, z
 COORDINATE SYSTEM :
RECTANGULAR (CARTESIAN) COORDINATE

Increasing each coordinate

variable by a differential
amount dx, dy , and dz, one
obtains a parallelepiped. dx
dy dz

Differential Surfaces: Six planes with

dierential areas ds=dxdy; ds=dzdy; ds= dxdz

Differential length: from P to P’ ,

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Differential volume: dv = dx dy dz
 COORDINATE SYSTEM :
RECTANGULAR (CARTESIAN) COORDINATE
 Line Integral [Application of scalar(dot)product ]
Suppose, we move along a path from P1 to P2 in a radial force field F. F acting in the r
direction. At any point P, the product of path length dL (incremental) and
component of F parallel to it is given by,

i.e.[cosϴ=FL/F]

Component of dL in the r direction

is, dr=cosϴ dL i.e.[cosϴ=dr/dL]
Using vector (dot product),

If work dW done by force F moving an

object a distance dr= cosϴ dL then,
dW=F.dL= Fcosϴ dL . Total work W,

[This formulation is called line integral.

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[Work for path.]

COORDINATE SYSTEM :
RECTANGULAR (CARTESIAN) COORDINATE

PROBLEM: Find the work required to move a 5KG mass from x=0,
y=0 to x=8, y=7 against a force . Ans=171J.

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COORDINATE SYSTEM :
RECTANGULAR (CARTESIAN) COORDINATE

 Surface Integral:

(for nonuniform)

We can express the flow of water, Integrating the contribution of all

Ψ=BA cosθ=B.A (for Uniform) points across the surface of the loop,
obtaining the total flow of water ,

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COORDINATE SYSTEM :
RECTANGULAR (CARTESIAN) COORDINATE

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COORDINATE SYSTEM :
RECTANGULAR (CARTESIAN) COORDINATE

 Volume Integral: Example (Solve yourself)

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Ans. 1440 kg
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COORDINATE SYSTEM :
RECTANGULAR (CARTESIAN) COORDINATE

 The Divergence of A at a given point P is the outflow of flux

from a small closed surface per unit volume as the volume
shrinks to zero.

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COORDINATE SYSTEM :
RECTANGULAR (CARTESIAN) COORDINATE

 The curl of A is an axial(rotational) vector whose magnitude is the

maximum circulation of A per unit area as the area tends to zero and
whose direction is the normal direction of the area.

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COORDINATE SYSTEM :
RECTANGULAR (CARTESIAN) COORDINATE

 The divergence theorem states that the total outward flux of a vector
field A through the closed surface S is the same as the volume
integral of the divergence of A.

 The Stoke’s theorem proposing that the surface integral of the curl
of a vector field A over any surface bounded by a closed path is equal 26
to the line integral of a vector field A round that path.
COORDINATE SYSTEM :
CYLINDRICAL COORDINATE

[In some books is

expressed with r ]

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COORDINATE SYSTEM :
CYLINDRICAL COORDINATE

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COORDINATE SYSTEM :
SPHERICAL COORDINATE

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COORDINATE SYSTEM :
SPHERICAL COORDINATE

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COORDINATE SYSTEMS

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COORDINATE SYSTEM : TRANSFORMATIONS BETWEEN
CYLINDRICAL AND CARTESIAN COORDINATES

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COORDINATE SYSTEM : TRANSFORMATIONS BETWEEN
CYLINDRICAL AND CARTESIAN COORDINATES

OR,

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COORDINATE SYSTEM : TRANSFORMATIONS BETWEEN
CYLINDRICAL AND CARTESIAN COORDINATES

 Example-2: Transform the vector

in Cartesian Coordinates.

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COORDINATE SYSTEM : TRANSFORMATIONS BETWEEN
SPHERICAL AND CARTESIAN COORDINATES

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COORDINATE SYSTEM : TRANSFORMATIONS BETWEEN
SPHERICAL AND CARTESIAN COORDINATES

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COORDINATE SYSTEM : TRANSFORMATIONS BETWEEN
SPHERICAL AND CARTESIAN COORDINATES

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 Electrostatic Field
 Topics to be covered
 (Ref. Chapter-4)
• Article 4.1-4.4 (Basic concept of Electric field)
• Article 4.5-Gauss’s law specifically Maxwell’s equation
• Article 4.6-Application of Gauss’s Law
• Article 4.7-Electric Potential
• Article 4.8- Relationship between E & V
• Article 4.9-An Electric Dipole & Flux Lines
• Article 4.10-Energy Density in Electrostatic Fields
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Basic concept of Electric field
 Electric charge (Q) is the physical properties of matter
that cause it to experience a force when placed in an
electromagnetic field.
 Point Charge means a charge that is located on a body
whose dimensions are much smaller than the relevant
dimension.
 Coulomb’s Law: This law states that, two point charge
Q1 and Q2 separated by a distance R experience a force,

So,

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Basic concept of Electric field: cont….

 Electric Field Intensity (E) is the force per

unit charge when placed in the electric field.

So,

Electric Fields due to continuous charge distribution

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Basic concept of Electric field: cont….
 Electric Flux Density (D)

So,
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GAUSS’S LAW-MAXWELL’S EQUATION

 Gauss’s law states that, the total electric flux through

any closed surface is equal to the total charge enclosed by the
surface.

-------------(1)

Charge density

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 GAUSS’S LAW-MAXWELL’S EQUATION

 Now applying Divergence theorem ( ) to equ.(1),

-------------(2)

Now comparing eqt.(1) and (2) we find,

-------------(3)
Which is the first of four Maxwell’s Equations to be derived. It states
that a volume charge density is the same as Divergence of Electric
flux density.. Is the charge per unit volume.
Points to be noted
1. Equation 1 & 3 states the same Gauss’s law in different way (equ.1 is
integral form whereas equ.3 is differential form)
2. Gauss's law is an alternative statement of Coulomb's law; proper application
of the divergence theorem to Coulomb's law results in Gauss's law.
3. Gauss's law provide* an easy means of finding E or D for symmetrical
charge distributions such as a point charge, an infinite line charge, an infinite
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cylindrical surface charge, and a spherical distribution of charge.
Gauss’s law-Maxwell’s equation

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APPLICATIONS OF GAUSS'S LAW

 Gauss's law to calculate the electric field

involves first knowing whether symmetry
exists.
 If field is symmetric, we construct a
mathematical closed surface (known as a
Gaussian surface).
 The surface is chosen such that D is normal or
tangential to the Gaussian surface.
 if D is tangential, then D. dS=D.ds, as D is
constant on the surface.
 if D is normal, then D. dS=0.
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 APPLICATIONS OF GAUSS'S LAW: POINT CHARGE

 Suppose, a point charge Q located at the origin of spherical

coordinate system. To determine D at a point P it is easy to assume a
closed surface of radius r=a containing P.

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At, r=a -------------(1)

APPLICATIONS OF GAUSS'S LAW: UNIFORMLY
CHARGED SPHERE

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-------------(1)
APPLICATIONS OF GAUSS'S LAW: UNIFORMLY
CHARGED SPHERE-CONT….

-------------(2)

or,
-------------(3)

-------------(4)
while,
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-------------(5)
Now from equ.4 and 5,
APPLICATIONS OF GAUSS'S LAW: UNIFORMLY
CHARGED SPHERE-CONT….

-------------(6)

Now from equ.3 and 6,

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APPLICATIONS OF GAUSS'S LAW: UNIFORMLY
CHARGED SPHERE-CONT….

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APPLICATIONS OF GAUSS'S LAW

Example:

Apply Gauss Law,

or,

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 APPLICATIONS OF GAUSS'S LAW
Example:

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 ELECTRIC POTENTIAL

-------------(1)

-------------(2)

Dividing W by Q gives potential energy per unit charge

Denoted by as potential difference between A and B points.

-------------(3)
If E field in Fig. is due to point charge Q located at origin, then -------(4)

Now from, equ.3

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Then,
Potential,
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL: EXAMPLE

Hence,

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 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN E AND V-MAXWELL’S
EQUATIONS
Now we know, the potential difference between points A and B is independent
of the path taken. Hence,

-------------(1)

This shows that, the line integral of E along a closed path must be zero. Physically it
reveals that no net work is done in moving a charge along a closed path in electrostatic
field. Applying Stokes’s Theorem in equ.(1) ,

-------------(2)

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 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN E AND V-MAXWELL’S
EQUATIONS
Vectors whose line integral does not depends on the path of integral are called
conservative vectors. Thus Electrostatic field is a conservative field. Equ.
(1) or (2) referred to as Maxwell’s Equation. Equ(1) is integral form and
equ(2) id differential form.

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Example:

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 AN ELECTRIC DIPOLE & FLUX LINES
 When two point charges of equal magnitude but opposite sign are
separated by a small distance then an Electric Dipole is formed.

When r1 and r2 is the distance

between P and +Q and –Q
respectively. If dipole moment
is p then, the potential at
origin is,

Note that the dipole moment p is directed from -Q

to +Q. If the dipole center is not at the origin but at
r', then equtn. Becomes,

 An electric flux line is an imaginary path or line drawn in 59

such a way that its direction at any point is the direction of
the electric field at the point.
EXAMPLE

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ENERGY DENSITY IN ELECTROSTATIC FIELDS

 Suppose we wish to position three point charges Q1, Q2, and Q3

in an initially empty space shown shaded in Figure.
 Hence the total work done in positioning the three charges is,

where V1, V2, and V3 are total potentials at P1, P2, and P3, respectively.
In general, if there are n point charges, eq. (1) becomes

Fig. Assembling of
charges

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 ENERGY DENSITY IN ELECTROSTATIC FIELDS

According to Eqn.(2),

So, from Eqn.(4),

By applying divergence theorem to the first term at right side

while dS varies as . Consequently, the first integral in eq. (6) must tend to zero as
the surface S becomes large. Hence, eq. (6) reduces to

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EXAMPLE

Alternatively

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REFERENCE
 Engineering Electromagnetics; William Hayt &
John Buck, 7th & 8th editions; 2012
 Electromagnetics with Applications, Kraus and
Fleisch, 5th edition, 2010
 Elements of Electromagnetics ; Matthew N.O.
Sadiku

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