GRADIENT, CURL,

DIVERGENCE

1
 Line Integral
Integral of the tangential component of A along
curve L / circulation of A around L Represent Electric Field

2
 Surface Integral
Surface integral or the flux of A through S, given a
vector field A, continuous in a region containing the
smooth surface S / net outward flux of A from S

3
 Example
Given that F = x2 ax – xz ay -y2 az , calculate the
circulation of F around the closed path shown
below.

4
» Segment 2…….
» Segment 3…….
» Segment 4…….

5
 Del Operator
The del operator, written V, is the vector differential operator.
In Cartesian coordinates

6
 Gradient
a vector that represents both the magnitude and the
direction of the maximum space rate of increase of V.

7
Properties of the gradient

8
Grad for different coordinate systems

9
Example

10
 Divergence of a Vector
The divergence of A at a given point P is the outward flux per unit
volume as the volume shrinks about P.

11
 Properties of the Divergence
• a measure of how much the field diverges or emanates
from that point /a scalar quantity / represents the
strength of the flow in the vector field.

12
Flux divergence for different coordinate systems

13
Example

14
 Divergence Theorem
The integral of the normal component of a vector field over a
closed surface yields the same result as the integral of the
divergence of the vector field throughout the volume enclosed by
the surface.

15
 Example
If G(r) = 10e-2z(ρap + az), determine the flux of G out
of the entire surface of the cylinder ρ=1, 0 ≤ z ≤ 1.
Confirm the result by using the divergence theorem.

16
• fluxes through the bottom……..??
• fluxes through the sides……….??

17
we can apply the divergence theorem:

18
 Curl of a Vector
The circulation of A per unit surface (enclosed by L) as
the contour and surface shrink to zero.

19
Properties of the Curl

20
Curl for different coordinate systems

21
Example

22
 Stokes’s Theorem
The circulation of a vector field A around a (closed) path L is equal
to the surface integral of the curl of A over the open surface S
bounded by L

23
• Stokes's theorem relates a closed line integral (circulation) to an open
surface integral.
• From figure, there is cancellation on every interior path, so the sum of the
line integrals around small cell is the same as the line integral around the
bounding curve L.

24
 Example
If A = ρ cosФ ap + sinΦ aΦ, evaluate 𝐴. 𝑑𝑙 around the path
shown in the figure below. Confirm this by using Stokes’s
theorem.

25
• Along bc…??
• Along cd…??
• Along da…??

26
Using Stokes's theorem (because L is a closed path)

…...
.......
……

27