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 - 3 -

CONTENTS
Page

ForrrvoRo 5
Pr.rracr . 5

Clause

1. Scope 7
2 . O bjec t 7
3. Limitations adopted in the guide 9
-1. Sy'mbols used in the tables . 9
5. Basesof guide 11
6. Selection of appropriate table, with examples 15

Tasles I-V : ONAN and ONAF transformers l8-22

Tnnr-rs VI-X: OFAF and OFWF transformers 23-27

Apppxptx A - Method followec in preparing the guide 29

AppENolx B Emergency duty 45

Tesrrs XI-XVIII : ONAN and ONAF transformers 53-67

Tqsr-rsXIX-XXVI : OFAF and OFWF transformers 69-83
 INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION

LOADING GUIDE FOR OIL-IMMERSED

TRANSFORMERS

FOREWORD

l) The formal decisions or agreements of the IEC on technical matters, prepared by Technical Committees on which all the
National Committees having a special interest therein are represented, express, as nearly as possible, an international
c o n s e n s l l so f o p i n i o n o n t h e s u b j e c t s d e a l t w i t h .
2) They have the form of recommendations for international use and they are accepted by the National Committees in that
sense.
3) ln order to promote this international unification, the IEC expressesthe wish that all National Committees having as
yet no national rules, when preparing such rules, should use the I E C recommendations as the fundamental basis for these
rules in so far as national conditions will permit.
4) The desirability is recognized of extending international agreement on these matters through an endeavour to harmonize
national standardization rules with these recommendations in so far as national conditions will permit. The National
Committees pledge their influence towards that end.

PREFACE

This Recommendationhas been preparedby IEC TechnicalCommittee No. 14, Power Transformers.

A draft was discussedat the meeting held in Zagreb 1n 1967.As a resr-rltof this meeting a final draft
of tlie main part of the publication and Appendix A was submitted to the National Committees for
approval under the Six Months' Rule in April 1969.A final draft of Appendix B was submitted to the
National Committeesfor approval under the Six Months'Rule in January 1970.
The following countriesvoted explicitly in favour of publication :
Australia Netherlands
Austria Norway
Belgium Poland
Czechoslovakia Romania *
Denmark South Africa
Finland Sweden
France Switzerland
Germany Turkey
Hungary Union of Soviet
lran t"t Socialist Republics x
Israel United Kingdom
Italy United States of America
Japan * Yugoslavia

* Voted in favour of the main part of the publication and Appendix A only.
** Voted in favour of Appendix B only.
 -.-- 7 -"

LOADING GUIDE FOR OIL-IMMERSED

TRANSFORMERS

t. Scope
This guide is applicable to oil-immersedtransformers complying with IEC Publication 76 (second
edition - 1967),Power Transformers, and operated within the limitations referred to in Clause 3.

For very large transformers, e.g. 100 MVA and above, the advice of the manufacturer should
be followed.
IEC Publication 76 does not take into consideration either temperaturesdifferent from normal or
variations in the load (which only exceptionally correspond to uninterrupted continuous operation
at rated power).
This guide indicates how oil-immersed transformers may be operated in different conditions of
ambient temperatureand service,without exceedingthe acceptablelimit of deterioration of insulation
through thermal effects.
For transformerswith forced oil circulation, the guide is rather conservativeand the loads indicated
may probably be exceeded, but again the manufacturer should be consulted.

2 . Object
The object of this guide is to give the permissible loading, under certain defined conditions, in
terms of the IEC rated power of the transformer, for the guidance of users and to help planners
in choosing the rated power required for new installations.
The rated power defined in IEC Publication 76 is a conventional referencebasis for uninterrupted
continuous operation (with definedlimits of cooling-medium temperature)with a normal expectation
of life.
oC, but deviations from this are provided for,
Basically, the cooling-medium temperature is 20
in such a way that the increased use of life when operating with a cooling-medium temperature
above 20 "C (as in summer) is balanced by the reduced use of life when it is below 20'C in winter.

Experienceindicates that normal life is some tens of years. It cannot be stated more precisely,
becauseit may vary even between identical units, owing in particular to operating factors which
may differ from one transformer to another.
In practice, uninterrupted continuous operation at full rated power is unusual, and this guide
gives recommendations for cyclic daily loads, taking into account seasonalvariations of ambient
o'normal"
temperature. The daily use of life due to thermal effectsis indicated by comparison with the
use of life corresponding to operation at rated power in an ambient temperature of 20"C.

Tables I to X, pages 18 to 27, show the permissible load, for a normal daily use of life, in the
following two sets of conditions :
a) continuous duty, with different cooling-medium temperatures ;
b) cyclic duty, with different cooling-medium temperatures.
In addition, Appendix B gives guidance in the following case, in which allowance is made for a
more rapid use of life than normal:
c) emergencyloading, as may be required when one transformer of a group is temporarily out of
service or when an exceptional load has to be carried.
 --9

The general method described in Appendix A is also applicable to duties with any sort of load
diagram as a function of time.
Notes 1. - This guide is restricted to thermal considerations. Other considerations, notably economic (capitalisation
of losses, etc.), may determine the choice of rated power.
2. - Attention is drawn to the fact that a transformer that has been operating at load powers greater ihan the
rated power may not comply with the thermal requirements on short-circuit specified in IEC Publication 76
(1967).

Limitations adopted in the guide

ln preparing this guide, the following limitations on the operation of the transformer have been
assumed:
a) For normal cyclic duty (seeClause2b) ), the current does not exceed1.5 times rated value.

Note. - If currents up to this limit, andfor the durations permitted by this guide, are to be carried with safety, it is
necessary for the terminal outlets, the tap-change device and similar attachments also to be suitable for the
duty. Because IEC Publication 76 does not deflne the loading possibility of these fittings, their suitability
should be determined by reference to the manufacturer and, if they are found not to be suitable, lower limits
of loading and duration will need to be accepted. The user should ascertain the thermal capability of associated
equipment, e.g. cables, circuit-breakers and current transformers.

b) That in no case a hot-spot temperatureof 140"C in the windings is exceeded.

Note. - It has been mentioned by various authors that above 740"C the Arrhenius Law is notcompletely applicable,
owing to accelerated deterioration effects, either because the formation of deterioration products is too fast
for them to be taken away by the oil, or because a gaseousphase is started, sufficiently rapid to lead to over-
saturation and the formation of bubbles which may endanger the electric strength.

c) For emergencyduty, currents in excessof 1.5 times rated value and load cycles which give
greater than normal rate of insulation deterioration are permissible, provided that the hot-spot
'C is not exceeded,that the fittings and associatedequiprnent are capable
. temperature of 140
of carrying the overload, and that the oil temperature does not exceed l15'C. Currents in
excessof 1.5 times rated value in load cycleswhich produce a rale of insulation deterioration not
greater than normal are included, in italics, in Tables I to X, pages 18 to 27.

Notes 1. - Appendix B indicates the daily use of life for various load diagrams which do not result in a hot-spot
temperature exceeding 140'C. Life usage related to load diagrams is considered in Appendix A, Sub-
c l a u s e ? . 3.
2. - T h e limit of ll5'C for the oil temperature has been set bearing in mind that the oil may overflow at oil
temperatures above normal. Depending on the provision made for oil expansion on a particular transformer,
the oil may overflow at temperatures lower than 115'C.

4. Symbols used in the tables

Only four symbols are used in the tables, as follows :

Kt : initial load power as a fraction of rated power
Kz : permissible load power as a fraction of rated power (usually greater than unity)

t _ duration of K2, in hours

0 o : temperature of cooling medium (air or water)
s2
Note. - : and K, :
", it
where: 51 is the initial load power, 52 is the permissibleload power, and S,.is the rated power.
 - 11

5 . Bases of guide
The bases for establishing the tablesin this guide are as follows:
a) Thermal deterioration of the insulation (detailed in Appendix A, Clause 2)
In a temperaturezone extendingup to 140 "C, the rate at which transformer insulation deteriorates
increasesexponentially with temperature; it doubles for every temperature increaseof 6 deg C.

b ) Normal rate of insulation deterioration

'C, insulation deterioration occurs at a normal rate;
At a winding hot-spot temperature of 98
the rate of deterioration at other temperatures is compared with this normal rate.

€ ;
O O
L

( o ( D
a ( o

;
L

o)
o-
E (winding
c)
F

0 n ( t o po i l )

0a (ambient)

Ftc. l. - Simplified load dia-eramfor cyclic daily duty'

 l3 _

of 20 "C at the rated power

Note. -This temperature of 9g "C corresponds to operation in an ambient temperature
rrinding hot spot of 78 deg C (as detailed in Appendix A,
of a transformer having a tempeiature rise it ttre
installed in a region where
Clause 1). This situation is obiained in practice, in particular, when a transformer
(rveighted average according to Appendix A, Clause 3) is 20 "C,
the annual effective ambient air temperature
operates continuously at rated power.
periods of accelerated ageing when the ambient temperature is greater than 20 "C (and the winding hot-spot
JC) ur" then compensated for by periods of slow ageing, when the ambient tempera-
temperature greater than gS
ture is below 20"C (and the winding hot-spot temperature less than 98'C).

c) Winding hot-sPot temPeratures

winding hot-spot temperaturesabove 140'c are prohibited.

d ) Typical load diagram

The simplifiedtoaa aiugram for cyclic daily duty shown in Figure 1, page 11, has been adopted,
where in a daily 24'hour Period :
- the initial load powet KL;
- is followed by u load power K2 of duration / h ;
- followed by a return to the initial load power Kl for the remainder of the 24 h.
of 24 h per day, equal to that
Note. -The tables give permissible cyclic daily duty with a normal life consumption
during 24:hat 9g.c. If the actual load diagram has two or more periods of high load separated
consumed
by periods of loiv load, the high loading time /, as represented in Figure l, can be taken as the summation
than a single high load
of the high loading times. Thls conditi,cn of intermitient high load is less onerous
for the same total time r.

e) Parumeters of the tables

The five parameters of the tables are :
1) Type of cooling : ONAN and ONAF : Tables I to V
OFAF and OFWF : Tables VI to X.
2\ Oil - air thermal time constant: 3 h for ONAN and ONAF
2 h for OFAF and OFWF.
3) Cooling-medium t e m p e r a t u r e 5: c a s e s : ( 0 " C ; l 0 ' C ; 2 0 " C ; 30'C; 40'C)'

4) I n i ti a l l o a d p o w e r (K1 ) : 6 v a l ues: (0 to 0.25; 0.5 ; 0.7 ; 0.8 ; 0.9 and 1).

h)'
5 ) D u r a t i o no f l o a d p o w e rK z : 8 v a l u e s : ( 0 . 5h ; t h ; 2 h ; 4 h ; 6 h ; 8 h ; 1 2 h a n d 2 4
For parameter l), sufficient accuracyis obtained by having a single set of tables for ONAN and
ONAF transformers, the deviation of the coefficient Kz being only of the order of lo/o to 2o/o.
For param eter2), the effect of the oil - air thermal time constant is negligible for long-time loads.
Even for short-time loads the effect is only :

?:iI ili 1:;I iI 3iliil;Too.Yl,

?,(;i:il::l g') are for ONAN and ONAF cooling'
Tables I to V, pages 18 to 22, (eachfor a specificvalue of

Tables VI to X, pages23 to 27, (each for a specificvalue of 9") are for OFAF and OFWF cooling.

.f) Determination of the rated pov)er S, of a transformer for a given service

The curves given with each table can be used for determining the rated power of a transformer
:
(with normal life duration) for a load defined according to Figure 1, page 11, for SI1 Kt S'
the curve with the
and Sz - Kz S' of duration t. It is only necessaryto find the intersectionof
line of constant slope :
'K;::
, So | ,, r- .--- cr
defi nesK 1 and K 2, w henceS .'
!' w h i c h
1
The line of constant slope can be found by marking correspondingpoints on ordinate Kr:
and abscissaK, : 1 and joining them. (See, for example, Figure 2, page 17.)
 15-

6. Selection of appropriate table, with examples

For any load diagram, simplified as describedin Clause 5d), selectthe group of tables correspond-
ing to the type of cooling (Tables I to V for ONAN and ONAF, Tables VI to X for OFAF and
OFWF). Then selectthe table in the appropriate group for the value of 0u. If the value of g" lies
betweentwo tables, either selectthe nearestone above or interpolate betweenthe nearesttwo tables.

For transformers rated for both ONAN and ONAF cooling, use Tables I to V in terms of the
rated power for ONAN cooling if the fans are not brought into operation and in terms of the rated
power for ONAF cooling if the fans are brought into operation.

For transformers rated for both ONAN and OFAF cooling, use Tables I to V if the oil pumps
are not brought into operation, but Tables VI to X in terms of the rated power for OFAF cooling
if the oil pumps and fans are brought into operation.

The fans and oil pumps are normally put into service by a temperature sensitive device (thermal
image corresponding to winding hot-spot temperature or thermometer corresponding to top oil
temperature). It is recommended that pumps and fans (where their use is not restricted by other
considerationssuch as noise) are put into service before the high loading occurs, in order to have
the winding hot-spot temperature low enough to slow down the ageing process. The power taken
by these auxiliaries is at least partially compensatedfor by the decreasein load loss resulting from
a lower temperature.

Example I : 1000 kVA ONAN transformer, initial load power 500 kVA. Required to find permis-
sible load power for 2 h at an ambient temperature of 20'C.

Cooling : ONAN 0u : 20 "C Kr : 0.5 t : 2 h.

T able III, p a g e 2 0 , g i v e s Kz :1 .5 3 , but the gui de l i mi t i s 1.5.

Therefore, permissible load power for 2 h : 1 500 kVA (then returning to 500 kVA).

Example 2 ; With 0u : 20'C, an ONAN transformer is required for I 400 kVA for 6 h and 800 kVA
for the remainins 18 h each dav:

-1 400
: ,s, :
1,75
800 sl

K2
From the curve of Table III, on the t : 6 line, the values of Kz and Kl giving 1.75 are
Kr
Kz:1.18 and Kt :0.68. ( S e eF i g u r e 2 . ) T h e r e f o r et h e r a t e d p o w e r i s :

s:r:|-.1|f,:#0,-rr8okvA
 1 7 -

Lineof
ft:,.ru

Frc. 2. - lllustration of exarnple2.

 - 1 8 -

TlsrBnu I
Transformateurs OIr{AN et ONAF : 0o : g "g
Valeurs de K2 pour des valeurs donndescle K1 et t
Note. - En service cyclique normal, la valeur de K2 ne
doit pas Otre sup6rieure d 1,5. Les valeurs d,e K2
sup6rieures e 1,5, imprimdes en italique, s'ilp_
pliquent aux services de secours. (Voir article 3.)
Le signe f indique que K2 est supdrieur d 2,0.
Tlprn I
ONAN and ONAF transfortners: 0o : g og
Values of K, for given values of K, and t
Note. -- In normal cyclic duty the value of K2 should not
be greater than 1.5. The values of K2 greater
than 1.5, printed in italics, apply to emergency
duties. (See Clause 3.)
The * sign indicates that K2 is higher than 2.0.

l
,
I.l

K2
2 .0
t \ : 0.5

1.8 z --r-
\
\

\r\
\,\
4 i\
1.4 6

8
t\
12

24
--+
l
0.6 1.2 K1
 - 1 9-
T,q.nr,BA,u
II
TransformateursOI{AN et ONAF : 0o : I0'C
I'uleurs de Kz pour des valeurs donndesde Kt et t
\',71s.- En service cyclique normal, la valeur de K2 ne
doit pas €tre supdrieure 2r 1,5. Les valeurs de K2
sup6rieures a 1,5, imprim6es en italique, s'&p-
pliquent aux services de secours. (Voir article 3.)
Le signe f indique que K2 est supdrieur d 2,0.
K2
2.0
TnsrB II
OI,{AI{ and OI{AF transformers r 0a : l0 "C
Volues of Kt for given values of Kt and t
Note, - In normal cyclic duty the value of K2 should not
be greater than 1.5. The values of K2 greater
than 1.5, printed in italics, apply to emergency
duties. (See Clause 3.)
'
The * sign indicates that K2 is higher than 2.0
 -20-

Tasrnau III Tnsu III

TransformateursOI{AI{ et OI,{AF.. 0o : 20.C
Valeurs de Kz pour des valeurs donndesde K1 et t
Note. - En service cyclique normal, la valeur de K2 ne
doit pas 6tre sup6rieure d 1,5. Les valeurs de K2
supdrieures ir 1,5, imprimdes en italique, s,&p_
pliquent aux services de secours. (Voir article 3.)
Le signe f indique que 1(2 est sup6rieur d 2,0.
OATAIVond ONAF transformers.. 0a : 20 "C
Values of K, for given values of K, ancl t
Note. - In normal cyclic duty the value of K2 should not
- be greater than 1.5. The values of K2 greater
than 1.5, printed in italics, apply to emergency
duties. (See Clause 3.)
The f sign indicates that K2 is higher than 2.0.

Kz
2.0

I
t\
t:0.1
L
1 I \
\

1.6 \
2 \
\

1,2

12

1.0
24

1.2 Kt
 -21 -

Tlsr,rA.u IV Tasrn IV

TransformateursOI{AN et OIVAF : 0o : 30 "C ONAI{ and ONAF transformersr 0o : 30'C

Valeurs de Kz pour des valeurs donndesde Kt et t
Note. - En service cyclique normal, la valeur de K2 ne
doit pas Otre sup6rieure i 1,5. Les valeurs de K2
sup6rieures d, 1,5, imprim6es en italique, s'?p-
pliquent aux services de secours. (Voir article 3.)
Le signe f indique que K2 est sup6rieur d 2,0.
Values of Kt for given values of Kt and t
Note. - In normal cyclic duty the value of K2 should not
be greater than 1.5. The values of K2 greater
than 1.5, printed in italics, apply to emergency
duties. (See Clause 3.)
The * sign indicates that K2 is higher than 2.0.

Kr : 0.80

Kz
2 .0
t:0.5

--''j
1.8
1

1.4 \ \

\\
4
\ \
6
\
6

12
1.0

24 \
'-T-..

0.4 1 . 2K t
 -22_
TAsrBA.u V
TransformateursONAI{ et ONAF.. 0o : 40"C
Valeurs de Kz pour des valeurs donn1esde K1 et t
Note. - En service cyclique normal, la valeur de K2 ne
doit pas €tre sup6rieure d 1,5. Les valeurs de K2
supdrieures ir 1,5, imprim6es en italique, S'ilp-
pliquent aux services de secours. (Voir article 3.)
Kz
2.0
Tmr,B V
OI{AI{ and OIr'lAF transformers.. 0o : 40 "C
Values of K, for given values of K, and t
Note. - In normal cyclic duty the value of K2 should not
be greater than 1.5. The values of K2 greater
than l 5, printed in italics, apply to emergency
duties. (See Clause 3.)
' ,,2
Kr
 -23-

Tanrnlu VI Tmr-p VI
-- 0'C
TransformateursOFAF et OFWF : 0o : 6 "g OFAF and OFWF transfornters: 0a
Valeurs de Kz pour des valeurs donndesde K1 et t Values of K, for given values of Kt and t

Note. - En service cyclique normal, la valeur de K2 ne Note. - In normal cyclic duty the ralue of K2 should not
doit pas 6tre supdrieure ir 1,5. Les valeurs de K2 be greater than 1.5. The values of K2 greater
sup6rieures a 1,5, imprimdes en italique, s'aP- than 1.5, printed in italics, apply to emergency
pliquent aux services de secours. (Voir article 3') duties. (See Clause 3.)

Kz
2.0
 -24-

Teslsnu VII Tenrr VII

TransformateursOFAF et OFIilF i 0o : I0'C OFAF and OFWF transformers : 0o : l0 "C

Valeurs de Kz pour des valeurs donndesde K1 et t
Note. - En service cyclique normal, la valeur de K2 ne
doit pas Otre supdrieure ir 1,5. Les valeurs de K2
sup6rieures ir 1,5, imprim6es en italique, s'?p-
pliquent aux services de secours. (Voir article 3.)
Values of K, for given vqlues of Kt and t
Note. - In normal cyclic duty the value of K2 should not
be greater than 1.5. The values of K2 greater
than 1..5, printed in italics, apply to emergency
duties. (See Clause 3.)

K2
2.0

- f : 0 ,5 _

1.4 2 \

J
il
4
6
1.2 8
12
24
= N
-\N

1.0
0,2 1.0 1 , 2K 1
 -25-

Tlnrplu VIll Tnnre VIII

Transformateurs OFAF et OFWF t 0o : 20 "C OFAF and OFWF transfornters: 0o : 20oC

Valeurs de K2 pour des valeurs donneesde Kt et t
Note. - En service cyclique normal, la valeur de K2 ne
d o i t p a s € t r e s u p 6 r i e u r ed 1 , 5 . L e s v a l e u r s d e K 2
sup6rieures ar 1,5, imprimdes en italiqr"re,s'&p-
pliquent aux services de secours. (Voir article 3.)
Values of K, for given values of Kt and t
Note. - In normal cyclic duty the value of K2 should not
be greater than 1.5. The values of K2 greater
than 1.5, printed in italics, apply to emergency
duties. (See Clause 3.)

Kr:0.90 | Kt:1.00

K2
1.8

f:0.1

1.2 -4 \\
6
8 \\
12
24 S

0.2 0.4 0,8 1 . 2 Kt

 27-

Tanlrnu X Tanre X
TransformateursOFAF et OFWF : 0o : 40 "C OFAF and OFWF transformers : 0o -- 40 "C
Valeursde Kz pour desvaleursdonndes
de Kt et t Values of Kt for given values of Kt and t

Kr : o'2s J(1 : 0.50 Kr : 0'70 Kl : 0'80 Kr : o'go K r : 1' oo

Kz

1.4
1+
1

1.2
2

\
4
\
1.0 o
8

0.8
12
24
\
$
0,6
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1 . 2K r
 -29-

APPENDIX A

METHOD FOLLOWED IN PREPARING THE GUIDE

Symbols used

The following is a list of the symbols used in this Appendix :

e : temperature, in Celsius degrees
L0 : temperaturerise, in Celsius degrees
a : subscript representing"ambient" (cooling medium)
b : subscript representing"top oil"
( : subscript representing"hot spot of winding"
.t _ load loss at rated power
(t : *^+i^
r at lo - -
n o -l ,o a dl ,o s s '
Lq*o : difference between average winding temperature rise and average oil temperature rise
t - time duration, in hours,
of any load power
K : load power as a fraction of rated power : j.

Kr : initial load power as a fraction of rater' S'

I power :
S;
K2 : permissibleload power as a fraction of rated power -'s'
,S"
: tftt:
x exponent of used in oil temperature rise calculations
tt;]1j
. F ( h o t - s p o t t e m p e r a t u r e rise - top oil temperature rise) at power S
- eXpoflent of
)' ( h o t - s p o t t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e - top oil temperature rise) at rated power ,sr
used in hot-spot temperature rise calculations
r exponent (constant) used only in Montsinger relation
f : subscript representing rated value
s load power (any value) i S. : rated power
'l-
a - absolute temperature, used only in the Arrhenius Law
L/
relative rate of using life
L : oil - air thermal time constant at rated load. in hours

Examples

Temperatures, in Celsius degrees

0u : ambient (cooling medium) temperature

0b : top oil temperature : 0o * A96
0" : winding hot-spot temperature: 0u + L0"

Temperature rises, in Celsius degrees

L?o : oil temperature rise (top)

L?o, : oil temperature rise (top) at rated power
L0" : winding temperature rise (hot spot)
L0", : winding temperature rise (hot spot) at rated power
 - 31-

t. Determination of temperature rise

1 . 1 Assumed thermal diagram
A simple thermal diagram is assumed,as shown in Figure 3, it being understood that such a
diagram is the simplification of a more complex distribution.
The top oil temperature rise, as measured during a temperature-risetest, differs from that of
the oil leaving the winding. In fact, the oil at the top is a mixture of partial oil flows which have
circulated along the various windings. But these differences are not considered sufficiently
significant to invalidate the method.
Between the bottom of the cooler and the bottom of the winding, the difference is even less.
The following simplified assumptions have been made (see Figure 3) :
a ) The oil temperature increases linearly rp the winding.
b ) The average oil temperature rise is the same for all the windings of the same column.
c ) The differenceof temperature betweenthe oil at the top of the winding (assumedequal to that
of the top oil) and the oil at the bottom of the winding (assumedequal to that at ihe bottom
of the cooler) is the same for all the windings.
d) The averagetemperature rise of the copper at any position up the winding increaseslinearly
parallel to the oil temperature rise with a constant difference A0*o between the two straight
lines. (A0*o being the difference between the averagetemperature rise by resistanceand the
average oil temperature rise.)
e) The average temperature rise of the top coil is the top oil temperature rise plus A0*o.

"f) The hot-spot temperature rise is higher than the averagetemperature rise of the top coil. To
take account of the difference between these two temperature rises, a value of 0.1 Ag*o is
assumed for natural oil circulation. (Forced oil circulation is considered in Appendix A,
Sub-clause1.2.2.) Thus, the temperaturerise of the hot spot is equal to the top oil temperature
rise plus 1.1 A0*o.

, Hotspot
Top of winding Top oil J
\
Au.rug.top coil

Averagewinding
Averageoil (65deg C at rated power)

I
Bottom of winding Bottom oil I
T e m p e r a t u r rei s e

Frc. 3. - Thermal diasram.

 33-

1.2 Conditionsfor rated power

1.2.1 Natural oil circulation
Average winding temperature rise (measured by resistance) 65 deg C
Top oil temperature rise 55 deg C
Average oil temperature rise 44 deg C
A0*o" 2l deg C

Hot-spot temperature rise - top oil temperature rise plus I .1 A0*o" : 55 + 23 : 78 deg C
-
No'|e
*-$;',:'ffJ,TJ"fi3ff:"l"#:::,il::n":ll,:T,:H:'rTitffl,':ff::'fi'J.::,'"t,
in the assumed values only slightly influence the permissible loading given in the tables. Greater accuracy
is not required, because there is in practice inevitable inaccuracy in the estimation of the ambient tempera-
ture and from the variability of the load (current and voltage), etc.

1.2.2 Forced oil circulation

The differencebetween the inlet and outlet oil temperature rises will, in general, be less than
with natural oil circulation. With 65 deg C temperature rise measuredby resistance,the hot-spot
temperature rise will probably not exceed75 deg C. It is, however, considereddesirableto allow
the same margin of 13 deg C above the averagewinding temperature rise of 65 deg C, to obtain
the hot-spot temperature rise at rated power.

Also, in general, higher working current densities are used than with natural oil circulation
and it is generally more economic to have a lower averageoil temperaturerise and a higher value
for A0*o.. Therefore, for the guide, a top oil temperaturerise of 40 deg C and a hot-spot tempera-
ture rise of 78 deg C at rated power have been assumed, as the most severecondition.

The hot-spot temperature rise of 78 deg C is made up as follows :

40 deg C top oil temperature rise ;
38 deg C temperature difference between the hot-spot and the top oil.

L'ctluesfor any thermally stabilized condition

Top oil temperature rise /06 at any load power S
This temperature rise is equal to the top oil temperature rise at rated power multiplied by the
ratio of total losseswith exponent x :

aob:
^0,,(+#).
For this guide :
d is assumed equal to 5 ;
x is assumedequal to 0.9 for ONAN and ONAF *
1 .0 fo r OFA F and OFW F ;
A96" is assumedequal to 55 deg C for ON, and 40 deg C for OF, as given in Appendix A,
S u b -c l a u s e1 .2 .
The value of dis relatively unimportantat high loading, giving only marginally higher or lower
oil temperature rises in practice. Moreover this is compensatedfor to some extent by the cor-
respondingly lower or higher oil temperature rises at low loads.

* This value of 0.9 has been taken instead of the values of 0.8 (for ONAN) and 1.0 (for ONAF) specified in Sub-clause 41.7.l
of IEC Publication 76 (1967), because it allows a single set of tables to be used for both kinds of cooling, with errors
only of the order of t2o/o.
 35 --

L3.2 Hot-spot temperature rise /0, at any load power S

This is equal to :
Top oil temperaturerise A96 (as calculatedin Appendix A, Sub-clause1.3.1) plus:

(A0"" - L?o) yza

For this guide :
A0"" is assumedequal to 78 deg C, as given in Appendix A, Sub-clauseI.2;
Agn" is assumedequal to 55 deg C for ON, and 40 deg C for OF, as given in Appendix A,
Sub-clause1.2,
y is assumed equal to 0.8 for ONAN and ONAF
0.9 for OFAF and OFWF.

1.4 Valuesfor any transient condition

1.4.1 The top oil temperature rise A9p1at any time r after the application of a given load is very close
to the exponential rise given by :
L?ffi : A0oo * (A0o - A9oo) (1 - e-t/")
where :
A0uo is the initial oil temperature rise
L0, would be the final stabilized oil temperature rise corresponding to the load considered, as
calculatedin Appendix A, Sub-clause1.3.1
For the tables of the guide, r is assumedequal to 3 h for ONAN and ONAF cooling and2 hfor
OFAF and OFWF cooling.
1.4.2 The hot-spot temperaturerise at any time before stabilizedconditions are reachedis approximated
by assuming that the hot-spot temperature rise above the top oil temperaturerise is established
immediately.
The temperature rise of the hot spot at any time is thus equal to the top oil temperature rise (as
calculatedin Appendix A, Sub-clause1.4.1) plus:
(L0"" - L?r,) yza

2. Relative rate of thermal deterioration of the insulation

2.1 Law of deterioration
The life of insulation, as affected by deterioration due to temperature and time, is given by the
Arrhenius Law as :
Life : elA+(Blr)l
where :
A and B are constants (derived by experiment for any given insulating material)

Z is the absolute temperature.

In the range 80'C to 140'C this law can be expressedin the more convenient Montsinger rela-
t ion as :
Life:e-eB
where: -

p is a constant
0 is the temperature, in Celsius degrees.
Various investigators have not always agreed on the length of life at any given temperature.
They do agree reasonably well, however, that over the range 80 "C to 140 "C the rate of using
life in transformers is doubled for every temperature increaseof approximately 6 deg C, and this
value is used as the basis value for the suide.
 -31 -

2.2 Relative rate of using lW Y

The Montsinger relation can now be used to obtain the relative rate of using life at any tempera-
ture 0", compared with the normal rate of using life at temperature 0"r:

t" tt rj g 3l i " - - e 0.6e3

V : " trg 2 @ c-0" )t6 @ .-e" )t6 (1)
rate of using life at 0",
The value of 0." for a transformer in accordancewith IEC PublicationT6 (1967) is taken to be
98'C.
This temperature corresponds to operation in an ambient temperature of 20'C at the rated
power of a transformer having a temperaturerise at the hot spot of 78 deg C, that is 13 deg C above
the averagetemperature rise (measuredby resistance)of 65 deg C. Such temperature conditions
correspond to normal ageing of the insulation.
Using formula l, and 0", : 98 'C, the following formula in terms of logro is derived :

v : relative rate of using life : 10 (0"-e8)/1e.e (2)

This is representedin Figure 4, page 42, and by the following table :

Relative rate
of using life

80 o.t25
86 0.25
92 0.5
98 1.0

104 2.O
110 4.0
l16 8.0
122 16.0
t28 32.0
r34 64.0
140 128.0

E.xample; 10 h at 104 'C and 14 h at 86 "C would use (10x2) plus (14X0.25) :23.5 h life in 24 h operation.

I t m a y b e n o t e d t h a t b e l o w 8 0 ' C t h e u s e o f l i f e c a n be considered negligible.

2.3 Equivalent l,k loss diagrams in a 24-hour period

2.3.1 Operation at constant temperature
Consider a rectangular diagram of temperaturesin a 24-hour period corresponding to / hours
at a constant temperature 0, with the complement to 24 h corresponding to a sufficiently low
temperature for negligible life loss ; then the hours of life used are given by tV.

2.3.2 Operation at variable temperature

In the case of a varying temperature0": function of t, an integration is necessarywith the
preceding relations. The hours of life used are then given by J:Vdt.
An example below the precedingtable shows how this can be summated for a few values of 0o
and l.
2.3.3 Permissible duration t hours of operation at 0, to use one dav's life at 98 "C

From formula 2 :
0" : 98 + 19.93logtoV (3)
 -39__

Also, hours of life used:

-e8)/1e'e3
tV : /X 10(d" (4)
therefore for tV to equal 24:
)4
t :; :24X l0(e8-o)tte'e3 (s)
Formula 5 gives the number of hours per day of operation at any given value of 0" that will use
one day's life per day at 98 "C. The following table gives values of I for various values of 0".

Hours per day 0c

2 4 t 9 8
16 | 101.s
t2 | r04
8 | 107.5
6 | 110
4 | 113.5
3 | 116
2 | 119.5
1.5 | r22
I .0 | 125.5
o , 7s | 128
0.5 I 131.5

2.3.4 Operation ytith a loss of life higher than normal

It can happen that it is required, for limited periods of time, to operate at higher temperatures
than those associatedwith normal daily cyclic loading (loss of a unit in a group, etc.) and accept
the more rapid use of life for these periods. If a daily loss of life 2, 5, l0 . . . times the normal
value is assumed,the corresponding hot-spot temperatures will be 6 deg C, 14 deg C, 20 deg C
higher than given in the preceding table, but 0" must not exceed 140'C.

This type of operation is considered in Appendix B.

Note. - As a general rule, the transformer will be loaded in such a way that daily operation with use of life higher
than normal will not extend over periods of time which are an appreciable proportion of normal expected
life duration. In these conditions, it will not be necessaryto keep a record of the successiveloads on the unit.

3. Ambient temperature to be consideredin the tables of the loading guirle

Determination of the effective value of 0u
If 0u vades appreciably during the high loading time t, then a weighted value of 0u should be
used, becausethe weighted ambient temperature will be higher than the arithmetic average.

Consider operation at constant load with a varying ambient temperature 0ufor a given period r.
The weighted ambient temperature 0'u during that period is given by the formula:

t
| ,'
20'"16:L l20^16dt
rJ
o

if the time / is divided into N equal intervals, the preceding formula becomes:
N
I
2 o'"16: : - ! l r"/u
1/ I
 -41 -

From this, the weightedambienttemperature:

o',:6 rog" 2u^u)

l* I
which is practically equal to :
N

2otog,o t lsr',,01
-'" t* 4J
L./V J
For a transformer operating on constant load throughout the year, a weighted ambient tempera-
ture can be fixed once and for all in a given climate. This must be suchthat the fastersummerdeterio-
ration is exactly balanced by the slower winter deterioration. In a temperate climate, it is found
that the annual weighted mean is generally 5 deg C higher than the arithmetic mean.

Example: Using monthly averagevalues (more accuratelyusing monthly weighted values)for go :

:20
Annual weightedambienttemperature logr^
o [,t"
l t 2i + lgu,nof
"
l
0u : 30 'C for
2 months
20 'C for 4 months
average 15 "C
'C for 4
10 months weighted average 19.8 'C
0 "C for 2 months
 -42-

o 0 )
> =
O ( ' ,

I
e c
c ' 6
. 9 f
! o
C i \

E * 100
o i :
a n ,
= >
O E
-o.:
a E5
c)
.z
(g
c)
L

0)
a
a
q)
.=

T e m p 6 r a t u r e9 c d e p o i n t c h a u d
Hot spot temperature0s

Frc. 4. - Droite de
Life line.
 --45-

APPENDIX B

EMERGENCY DUTY

l. Object

Tables I to X of the loading guide correspond to duties which result in the same use of life in one
oC, i.e. at rated power and at an ambient temperatureof 20 'C.
day as in a day's operation at 98

The daily use of life for these "normal" duties will be called a "normal day"

As indicated in Sub-clause2c) of the loading guide and in Sub-clause2.3.4of Appendix A, the

user may have to impose temporary loads on the transformer, greater than those carried in normal
duty.
This Appendix is intended to give the user some indication of the loads which can be carried by
oC, and of the use
a transformer, without exceedingthe winding hot-spot temperature limit of 140
of life entailed assumingthat the thermal characteristicsof the transformer under consideration are
compatible with those adopted for thi preparation of the guide (see Clause 5 of the loading guide
and Sub-clauses1.2.1 and 1.2.2 of Appendix A). Since the tables are based on this limit of 140'C
some of the margins referredto in the note to Sub-clause1.2.1 of Appendix A are not permissible,
particularly where the differencebetween the averagewinding temperature rise and the averageoil
temperaturerise exceeds21 deg C.

In this Appendix, as for normal duties, two kinds of transformer and five values of ambient tem-
peratureare considered.
Clauses3a) and3c) of the loading guide draw attention to limitations to the permissibleloading
u,hich may be imposed by fittings and associatedequipment.

2. Load diagrams considered

2.1 General
As for normal duties, a daily load diagram consistingof rh at a load powerof Kr.S"and (24-t)h
at a load power of Kl,S'"has been considered.

2.2 Valuesof t
T h e v a l u e s or fa r e t h e e i g h t v a l u e s a l r e a d y u s e d f o r n o r m a l d u t i e s , i . e . 0 . 5 h ; 1 h ; 2 h ; 4 h ; 6 h ;
8 h : 1 2 h a n d2 4 h .

2.3 Volues of Kt considered

T he v alueso f K r a re i n i ti a l l y th e s i x v a l uesused for normal duti es,i .e. 0.25; 0.5; 0.7; 0.8; 0.9
and 1.
Thereafter, the limiting value of K1 is the result of the limit of 140 "C fixed for the hot-spot tem-
perature. Assuming that the duration, (24-t) h, of the load power K1S"is at least I2h,rt is convenient,
for an ambient temperatureof 0u,to limit Klto valueswhich, for a particular duty, give a temperature
rise not exceeding(140-0") deg C.
oC, this gives the following limits of Kr :
The lowest ambient temperatureconsideredbeing 0

for natural oil circulation : 1.4 :

for forced oil circulation : 1.3.
 +t --

2.4 Values of K, considered

For each of the two kinds of transformer considered,corresponding to a given type of cooling,
a maximum and minimum value of K, can be fixed :

a ) Minimum value
There is no need to include in the table values which always lead to a daily use of life much less
'onormalday", even in an ambient temperatureof 40 'C.
than unity, i.e. lessthan a

However, Tables V and X (for normal duties) show that a use of life of unity is reachedfor an
ambient temperature of 40 "C on continuous duty (r : 24) :
- for natural oil circulation, at a load power of 0.825. ;
- for forced oil circulation, at a load power of 0.845".
Any lower load must result in use of life lessthan unity, whatever the value of r.

This has led to the adoption of 0.7 as the lower limit of Kz to appear in the tables.

b) Maximum value
For a given type of transformer, an overriding limit for the value of Kz is fixed by the fact that,
even for the lowest ambient temperature (0'C) and starting from the coldest condition
(Kt -- 0.25i),a hot-spot temperature of 140 "C must not be exceeded.
With forced oil circulation the value of Kz is thus limited to 1.7 for the shortest overloads and to
values between 1.3 and 1.6 for other durations of overload. With natural oil circulation the
limiting value rangesfrom 1.4 for t :24 to greater than 2 for t: 0.5 and 1, but it has been
decided not to take into considerationvalues of Kz greater than 2.

2.5 Short periods of emergencyduty

The temperaturesand daily use of life for these emergency duties have been calculated on the
basis of cyclic duty. If the actual situation requires a single day of emergencyduty, preceded and
followed by days on lower loads, the calculatedvalues of use of life are greater than would actually
occur and thus include a safetv marsin.

3. Choice and use of tablesowith examples

3.1 Introduction
It would be possible to have one table for each of the five values of ambient temperature, as for
normal duties, but the number of tables would be inconveniently large.

The total number of caseswould be about 15 times greater than for normal duties, becauseabout
ten values of Kz would have to be consideredfor each given value of r and K1, instead of one, and
becausethe number of values of Kl is greater than for normal duties.

In practice, it is not necessaryto have a series of tables for each of the five values of ambient
temperatureand the arrangementadopted has reducedthe number of tables to about a fifth of what
would otherwisehave been required.

3.2 Arrongementof tables

The information has been presentedin 16 tables corresponding to the two kinds of transformer
and the eight values of /, as follows :
- ONAN and ONAF transformers: Tables XI to XVIII;
- OFAF and OFWF transformers : Tables XIX to XXVI.
 49 --

With the aid of these tables it can be ascertainedwhether a load diagram charactetizedby par-
ticular values of Kl and Kz is permissible for a given ambient temperature and, if so, what daily
use of life it will entail. This use of life is expressedin "normal days", i.e. equivalent days of opera-
'C.
tion at rated power in an ambient temperatureof 20

3.3 Use of tables, with examples

For convenientreference,the method of using the tables is repeatedat the head of each table.
To illustrate the method, Table XII may be applied to the casein which t : I h for ONAN and
ONAF transformers.Consider two load diagrams, both correspondingto Kr :0.8 but one with
'C,
K: : I .6 and the other with K, : 1.5 and see whether, when the ambient temperatureis 30
theseload diagrams are permissibleand what daily use of life they would entail. It will be seenthat :

a1 For Kz:1.6, the letter B appearsin the table, which indicatesthat this load diagram is not
permissiblein an ambient temperatureof 30'C.
b I For Kz : 1.5, the letter A appearsin the table. This indicatesthat the load diagram is permissible
'C. The daily use of life would be :
in an ambient temperatureof 30
0.416x3.2: 1 . 3 3" n o r m a l d a y s "
which would be rounded off to 1.3 "normal days".

3.4 Explanatory notes

. The addition sign f and the letters D, C, B, and A indicate that the winding hot-spot temperature
rise at the end of the period of overload would be in a particular region as follows :

Winding hot-spottemperaturerise
Sign
or
letter Up to and including
(des C)

+ l 4 0 l -
D 130 | 140
C 12O I 130
B ll0 | r20
A 100 | ll0

Where neither the sign nor a letter appearsin the table, the hot-spot temperature rise would not
exceed100deg C.
oC, 10'C,
This immediately indicateswhat duties are permissiblein ambient temperaturesof 0
20 "C, 30'C and 40 "C without exceedinga winding hot-spot temperatureof 140'C.

The values given in the body of the table represent "relative use of life" when the daily use of
life corresponding to the load diagram under consideration is compared with the daily use of life
in the same ambient temperature due to continuous operation at rated power. Such operation is
representedby the case in which Kr : Kz : 1. As this referenceload diagram gives a daily use
o' normaldays"
of one " no rma l d u y " i n a n a m b i e n tte m p eratureof 20' C , and 10 ;3.2;0.32and 0.1
in ambient temperaturesof 40 "C, 30'C, 10'C and 0'C respectively,it follows that the method
already describedmay be used.
The relative use of life is given in the tables to an accuracy of three significant figures. Such pre-
cision may appear unjustifiable, but it makes it easy to draw curves and make interpolations, on the
understandingthat the values obtained will be rounded off at the end of the calculations.
 5l

4, Note on the o'oyer-consumptionof life" due to an overload

A transformer carrying a constant load throughout the year in a place where the weighted mean
oC, can operate at its rated power S. for
ambient temperature, as defined in the loading guide, is 20
24haday.
In the summer, in an ambient temperature of 30'C for example, the daily use of life under these
conditions is greater than a "normal day" and may be as great as 3.2 "normal days", but the
periods of low ambient temperaturein the winter compensatefor this.
oC, the daily use
If the transformer is overloaded by l0% while the ambient temperature is 30
of life will rise from 3.2to l6 "normal days", for a forced oil circulation transformer,for example.

Strictly, it is not the 16 "normal days" but the differencebetween 16 and 3.2 (i.e. 12.8) "normal
days" that should be attributed to the overload.
In general, to obtain the 'oover-consumptionof life" due to the overload, for the duties covered
by the tables, it is necessaryto deduct from the use of life shown in the tablesthe "base consumption"
or use of life which would have occurred on the particular day if the normal load cycle, correspond-
ing to a use of life of 365 "normal days" in the courseof a year, had been applied.

The "base consumption" for a given day is equal to a "normal day" when the daily ambient
oC, used in defining the
temperature is equal to the weighted annual ambient temperature of 20
normal annual load cycle.
'C and 40 'C the use of life is ei venbel ow :
For daily ambient temperaturesbetween0

Ambient
Use of life
temperature

('c) "Normal days"

o I o.r\
l0 | 0.32
20 | 1.0
30 | 3.2
4 0 t 1 0
 -- 53 --

fasrE XI
OI,{AN and ONAF transformers.' t - 0.5 h

Permissibleduties and correspondingdaily use of life (in "normdl days")

To determine whether a daily load diagram characterized by particular values of K1 and K2 is

permissible and to evaluate the daily use of life entailed, proceed as follows :

Ambient temperature 40 "c 30"c 20"c 10" c 0'c

Symbols used in the table below to indicate

See
that duty is not permissible at ambient
below
temperatures above the'value indicated

Daily use of life :

Multiply the value given in the table below
by the factor given here, then round off 10 0.32
the result

Where the * sign appears, the duty is not permissible even in an ambient temperature of
0'C. Where neither the * sign nor a letter appears in the table the hot-spot temperature rise
will not exceed 100 deg C and operation is permissible at ambient temperatures up to 40 "C.
No value is given where K2 would be less than K1.

0.25 0.5

0.7

0.8 0.001 0.004

0.9 0.001 0.005

1.1 0.001 0.006

1..2 0.002 +.JJ 1 9 . 3A

1.3 0.002 0.008 4 . 5 sA 2 0 . 1A 9 9 . 0B

1.4 0.004 21.28 1 0 3C 558p

1.5 0.006 5 . 5 0B 2 3 . 0C 1 0 9D 5 8 3D

1.6 0.012 0.031 6 . 5 8C 2 6 . 2C 1 1 9D +

0.023 0.059 8 . 6 8C 3 2 . 0D

1.8 0.047 0.119 1 3 . 0D

1.9 0.101 0 . 2 5 2A

0 . 5 6 0B
 -55--

Tlprr XII
ONAN and ONAF transforn'ters: t: I h

Permissibleduties and correspondingdaily use of life (in "normal days")

To determine whether a daily load diagram characterized by particular values of K1 and K2 is

permissible and to evaluate the daily use of life entailed, proceed as follows :

Ambient temperature 40'c 30'c 20'c l0 "c 0'c

Symbols used in the table below to indicate

that duty is not permissible at ambient See
temperatures above the value indicated below

Daily use of ltfe :

Multiply the value given in t h e t a b l e b e l o w
by the factor given here, then round off 0.32
the result

W h e r e t h e * s i g n a p p e a r s , t h e d u t y i s n o t p e r m i s s i b l e even in an ambient temperature of

0 " C . W h e r e n e i t h e r t h e * s i g n n o r a l e t t e r a p p e a r s i n t h e table the hot-spot temperature rise
will not exceed 100 deg C and operation is permissible at ambient temperatures up to 40 .C.
No value is given where K2 would be less than K1.

5 . 0 _ t A l 2 0 . 9 IB s q . o s

r . 7 s A l 5 . e 7 B l2 3 . 6 8l r O s C

0 . 9 5 3A

0 . 8 1 5B

0 . 3 5 3A 0 . 9 5 8B 8 . 1 5C

0 . 3 9 7A 0 . 8 7 6B 1 8 . 0D

2 . 2 9C

6 . 2 7D
 -57--

Tasrr XIII
OI{AIV and ONAF transformers
: t: 2h

Permissibleduties and correspondingdaily use of life (in "normal days")

To determine whether a daily load diagram characterized by particular values of K1 and K2 is

permissible and to evaluate the daily use of life entailed, proceed as follows :

Ambient temperature 40"c 30" c 20'c 10" c 0"c

Symbols used in the table below to indicate

that duty is not permissible at ambient See
temperatures above the value indicated below

Daily use of life :

Multiply the value given in the table below
by the factor given here, then round off 10 0.32
the result

Where the * sign appears, the duty is not permissible even in an ambient temperature of
0 'C. Where neither the * sign nor a letter appears in the table the hot-spot temperature rise
will not exceed 100 deg C and operation is permissible at ambient temperatures up to 40 'C.
No value is given where K2 would be less than K1.

0.25 0.5 0.1

0.7 0.001 0.005 0.026

0.8 0.002 0.006 0.029

0.9 0.003 0.008 0.034 0.266

0.005 0.012 0.044 0.303

0.009 0.020 0.064 1.16

0.019 0.039 0.108 1.45

0.045 0.088 0.218 0.400 2 . l oA 2 2 . 9B

1.4 0 . 1l 6 0.221 0 . 5 0 6A 0 . 8 6 8A 3 . 6 3B 1 1 9C

1.5 0 . 3 2 7A 0 . 6 0 8A 1 . 3 3B 2.188 | 3.888 7.69C 4 7 . 6D

1.6 0 . 9 8 8B 1 . 8 1B 3 . 8 3C 6.12C | 10.5C 1 9 . 4D

1.7 3 . 1 8C 5 . 7 5C 1 2 . 0D 1 8 . 8D | +-

1 0 . 9D 1 9 . 5D
 - 59 -,-

Taslt XIV
: t :
OM^ t a n d O N A F transformers 4h

Permissibleduties and correspondingdaily use of life (in "normal days")

To determine whether a daily load diagram characterized by particular values of K1 and K2 is

permissible and to evaluate the daily use of life entailed, proceed as follows :

Ambient temperature 40"c | 30"c 20"c l0 "c 0'c

Symbols used in the table below to indicate I

that duty is not permissible at ambient | . S-t"
temperatures above the value indicated I below

Daily use of lfe :

Multiply the value given in the table below
by the factor given here, then round off t0 3.2 0.32 0.1
the result

Where the * sign appears, the duty is not permissible even in an ambient temperature of
0 'C. Where neither the -1- sign nor a letter appears in the table the hot-spot temperature rise
will not exceed 100 deg C and operation is permissible at ambient temperatures up to 40 'C.
No value is given where l(2 would be less than K1.

0.436 0.6s2 | 1.lr

1 . 3 24

4.528 8.75C | 13.6C 146C | 558D

17.2D 2 2 . 8 D t 3 1 . 5D 46.rD | 72.8D

 - 6 i -

T.tsrn XV
: t:
OI{AIVand ONAF transformers 6h

o'normal days")
Permissibleduties and correspondingdaily use of life (in

To determine whether a daily load diagram characterized by particular values of K1 and K2 is

permissible and to evaluate the daily use of life entailed, proceed as follows :

Ambient temperature 40"c | 30'c | 20"c I l0'c | 0"c

Symbols used in the table below to indicate

that duty is not permissible at ambient See
temperatures above the value indicated below B I C

Daily use of ltfe :

Multiply the value given in the table below
by the factor given here, then round off | l0 | 3.2 | I | 0.32 | 0.1
the result

Where the * sign appears, the duty is not permissible even in an ambient temperatureof
0 "C. Where neither the f sign nor a letter appears in the table the hot-spot temperaturerise
will not exceed 100 deg C and operation is permissible at ambienttemperatures up to 40'C.
No value is given where K2 would be less than K1.

0.5 I 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.e | 1 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.3 | r.4

0.004 | 0.008

0.008 | 0.014

0.020 I 0.030 0.115 | 0.266

0.0s5 | 0.07'1

0.175 | 0.232 0.494 | 0.792

0.618 t0.798 6 . 9 0A

2.421. | 3.07A 4 . 1 9B 5 . 1 7B | 6.728 1 5 . 7B

10.5
c [3.1 c t 7 . 4C 2 0 . 9C l26.t C 49.1C l78D I s58D

49.sD l6r.2D 8 0 . 0D
 - 63 ---

Tesre XVI
: t:
ONAN andONAF transformers Bh

Permissibleduties and correspondingdaily use of life (in "normal days")

To determine whether a daily load diagram characterized by particular values of K1 and K2 is

permissible and to evaluate the daily use of life entailed, proceed as follows :

Ambient temperature 40"c 30'c 20'c 10'c 0'c

Symbols used in the table below to indicate

See
that duty is not permissible at ambient
below
temperatures above the value indicated

Daily use of life :

Multiply the value given in the table below
by the factor given here, then round off 10 0.32
the result

Where the * sign appears, the duty is not permissible even in an ambient temperature cf
0 "C. Where neither the * sign nor a letter appears in the t a b l e t h e h o t - s p o t t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e
will not exceed 100 deg C and operation is permissible at ambient temperatures up to 40 "C.
No value is given where K2 would be less than K1'

8 . 0 7 A| 1 9 . 3 A

1 5 . 6B 39.4B

6 5 . 1D 1 1 8D 5 5 8D

+
 - 6 5 -

Tesrn XVII
: t:
ONAN and ONAF transformers 12lt

Permissibleduties and correspondingdaily use of life (in "normal days")

To determine whether a daily load diagram characterized by particular values of K1 and K2 is

permissible and to evaluate the daily use of life entailed, proceed as follows :

Ambient temperature 40 "c 30'c 1 0" c 0"c

Symbols used in the table below to indicate

See
that duty is not permissible at ambient
below
temDeratures above the value indicated

Daily use of life :

Multiply the value given in the table below
by the factor given here, then round off 0.32 0.1
the result

Where the * sign appears, the duty is not permissible even in an ambient temPerature of
0'C. Where neither the * sign nor a letter appears in the table the hot-spot temperature rise
will not exceed 100 deg C and operation is permissible at ambient temperatures uP to 40'C.
No value is given where K2 would be less than K1.

6 . 1 7A 1 9 . 3A

2 6 . 7B 52.3B
 -67

Tesn XVIII
: t:
OI{AIr{and ONAF transformers 24 h

Permissibleduties and correspondingdaily use of life (in "normal days")

To determine whether a daily load diagram characterized by the value of K2 is permissible

and to evaluate the daily use of life entailed, proceed as follows :

i Ambient temperature 40'c 30'c

|
20'c 1 0" c 0'c

Symbols used in the table below to indicate

See

I
that duty is not permissible at ambient
below
temperatures above the value indicated

I Daily use of lfe :

I Multiply the value given in the table below

I by the factor given here, then round off

the result
0.32 0.1

II Where the * sign appears, the duty is not permissible even in an ambient temperature of
0 "C. Where neither ttre + sign nor a letter appears in the table the hot-spot temperature rise
will not exceed 100 deg C and operation is permissible at ambient temperatures up to 40
No value is given where K2 would be less than K1.
'C.

l K2

o.7
0 .8
0.9
1.0
|
|
|
|
0.026
o.o7e
0.266
1.00
1.1 | 4.18
r.2 I 19.3 A
1.3 | 99.0 B
1.4 | 558 D
1.5 | +

Note. - The values given in this table have already appeared in the seven preceding tables in
the cases where Kt : Kz.
 -69--

Tasrs XIX
OFAF and OFWF transformers: t:0.5 h

Permissibleduties and correspondingdaily use of life (in "normal days")

To determine whether a daily load diagram characterized by particular values of K1 and K2 is

permissible and to evaluate the daily use of life entailed, proceed as follows :

Ambient temperature 40'c | 30'c | 20'c I l0'c | 0"c

Symbols used in the table below to indicate | ^

t"'
that duty is not permissible at ambient | ,
below B I C
temperatures above the value indicated I

Daily use of life :

Multiply the value given in the table below
by the factor given here, then round off | l0 | 3.2 | t I 0.32 | 0.1
the result

Where the * sign appears, the duty is not permissible even in an ambient temperature of
0 "C. Where neither the * sign nor a letter appears in the table the hot-spot temperature rise
'C.
will not exceed 100 deg C and operation is permissible at ambient temperatures up to 40
No value is given where K2 would be less than K1.

>{_l ozs 0.5 o.7 0.8 0.9 I l I 1.2 1.3 1.4

0.7 | 0.001 0.003 0.018

I
0.8 I 0.001 0.003 0 018 0.059

0.9 | 0.001 0.003 0 019 0.061 0.225

I I 0.001 0.004 o.022 0.065 0.235 1.00

1. 1 | 0.003 0.007 0.028 0.075 0.255 1.05 5 . 11

I
|.2 | 0.007 0.014 0.044 0.103 0.306 1. 1 5 5 . 3 7A ,0"
I
I .3 | 0.018 0.036 0.093 0.184 0.4s2A t . 4 4A 6 . 0 2B 31.7B 2o2c
It t l__1
1.4 I 0.057 0.107 0 2sl A 0.445A 0 . 9 1 6B 2 . 3 3B 7 . 8 8C 36.1c ,roo | *

1.5 | 0 . 1 9 2A 0 . 3 5 7A 0 . 8 0 3B 1 . 3 5B 2.5tC 5 . 3 5C 14.7D 4e.9D | + I +

1.6 | 0 . 7 0 2B 1 . 3 0C 2 . 8 7C 4 . 7 4D 8 . 4 6D + + + + +

r.7 | 2 . 7 7C 5 . 1 1D II.2D + + + + + + +
1.8 + + + + + + + + + +
 - 7l

Tasm XX
OFAF and OFWF tronsformers
: t: I h

Permissibleduties and correspondingdaily use of life (in "normal days")

To determine whether a daily load diagram characterized by particular values of K1 and K2 is

permissible and to evaluate the daily use of life entailed, proceed as follows :

Ambient temperature 40'c 3 0 ' c | 2 0" c I l 0 " c | 0 ' c

Symbols used in the table below to indicate

that duty is not permissible at ambient See
temperatures above the value indicated below

Daily use of life :

Multiply the value given in the table below
by the factor given here, then round off l0 0.32
the result

Where the -l-- sign appears, the duty is not permissible even in an ambient temperature of
0'C. Where neither the * sign nor a letter appears in the table the hot-spot temperature rise
will not exceed 100 deg C and operation is permissible at a m b i e n t t e m p e r a t u r e s u p t o 4 0 ' C .
No value is given where K2 would be less than 1(1.

0.001 | 0.003

0.019

0.021 0.225

0.027 0.246

0.044 0.294

0.096 0.431

0.274 0 . 8 8 0A

0.282A 0.474A 0 . 9 3 7B 2 . 5 1B

l.r3B | 1.89C 3 . 6 5C 9 . 0 9D

5 . 0 1D | 8.27D
 Tanrp XXI
OFAF and OFWF transformers
: t: 2h

Permissibleduties and correspondingdaily use of life (in "normal days")

To determine whether a daily load diagram characterized by particular values of K1 and K2 is

permissible and to evaluate the daily use of life entailed, proceed as follows :

Ambient temperature 40 "c 30'c 20"c l0'c 0"c

Symbols used in the table below to indicate

that duty is not permissible at ambient See
temperatures above the value indicated below

Daily use ol ltfe :

Multiply the value given in the table below
by the factor given here, then round off l0 0.32
the result

Where the * sign appears, the duty is not permissible even in an ambient ternperature of
0 "C. Where neither the * sign nor a letter appears in the table the hot-spot temperature rise
will not exceed 100 deg C and operation is permissible at ambient temperatures up to 40 "C.
No value is given where K2 would be less than K1.

0.003 | 0.018

0.020 | 0.059

0.026 | 0.068

0.011

0.035

0.129 0.324 10.481 0.841 | 1 . 9 3A

0 . 5 3 9A 1 . 2 5 2 4| t . 7 4 B 2.628 | 4.648

18.5D t28.8D
 -- 75 --

TnnrB XXII
OFAF and OFWF transformers : t -- 4lt

Permissibleduties and correspondingdaily use of life (in "normal days")

To determine whether a daily load diagram characterized by particular values of K1 and K2 is

permissible and to evaluate the daily use of life entailed, proceed as follows :

Ambient temperature 40"c | 30"c | 20"c I l0'c | 0"c

Symbols used in the table below to indicate See

that duty is not permissible at ambient below C I D
temperatures above the value indicated

Daily use of lfe :

Multiply the value given in the table below
by the factor givenhere,then round off | 10 | 3.2 I 1 I 0.32 | 0.1
the result

Where the * sign appears, the duty is not perrnissible even in an ambient temperature of
0'C. Where neither the * sign nor a letter appears in the table the hot-spot temperature rise
'C.
will not exceed 100 deg C and operation is permissible at ambient temperatures up to 40
No value is given where K2 would be less than K1.

K2

0.7 0.018
|
r"" l;
0.014 0.019

0.048 o.062

0.194 0.240 0.332 | 0.438

0.902A 1 . 0 9A r.434 | 1.73A 3 . 6 1A 8 . 1 3A

4 . 7 9B 5 . 7 1B 7.278 | 8.56B 1 3 . 9C 21.9C 202 C

29.OD 34.3D 4 3 . 0D 1 4 9 . 7D 9 7 . 9D

+ +
 Tasrr XXIII
OFAF and OFWF transformers
: t: 6h

Permissibleduties and correspondingdaily use of life (in "normal days")

To determine whether a daily load diagram characterized by particular values of K1 and rK2 is
permissible and to evaluate the daily use of life entailed, proceed as follows :

Amb i e nte
t m p e ra tu r" 40' c ,o " . ,o' . ,o " . o' .
| | | | I

Symbols used in the table below to indicate | ^

that duty is not permissible at ambient | . S-"" C I D
temperatures above the value indicated I below

Daily use of ltfe :

Multiply the value given in the table below
by the factor given here, then round off | l0 | 3.2 | I | 0.32 | 0.1
the result

Where the * sign appears, the duty is not permissible even in an ambient temperature of
0 "C. Where neither the * sign nor a letter appears in the table the hot-spot temperature rise
will not exceed 100 deg C and operation is permissible at ambient temperatures up to 40 "C.
No value is given where K2 would be less than K1.

x_

2.791|t 3.264 1 0 . 1A | 30A

16.3C | 18.7C 2 3 . 2C 36.0C | 63.6C 202 C

109D I l24D t49 D

 -79-

TasrE XXIV
OFAF and OFWF transformers: t: 8h

Permissibleduties and correspondingdaily use of life (in "normal days")

To determine whether a daily load diagram characterized by particular values of K1 and K2 is

permissible and to evaluate the daily use of life entailed, proceed as follows :

Ambient temperature 40 "c 30'c 20'c 10'c 0"c

Symbols used in the table below to indicate

See
that duty is not permissible at ambient
temperatures above the value indicated below

Daily use of l{e :

Multiply the value given in the table below
by the factor given here, then round off t0 0.32
the result

Where the * sign appears, the duty is not permissible even in an ambient temperature of
0 'C. Where neither the * sign nor a letter appears in the table the hot-spot temperature rise
'C.
will not exceed 100 deg C and operation is permissible at ambient temperatures up to 40
No value is given where K2 would be less than K1.

0.203

0.930

4 . 9 5A

3 0 . 4C
 -_ 81

Taurr XXV
OFAF and OFWF transforrners:t : l2 h

Permissibleduties and correspondingdaily use of life (in "normal days")

To determine whether a daily load diagram characterized by particular values of K1 and K2 is

permissible and to evaluate the daily use of life entailed, proceed as follows :

Ambient temperature 40'c 30'c 20"c l0'c 0'c

Symbols used in the table below to indicate

See
that duty is not permissible at ambient
below
temperatures above the value indicated

Daily use of life :

Multiply the value given in the table belorv
by the factor given here, then round off t0 0.32 0.1
the result

Where the * sign appears, the duty is not permissible even in an ambient temperature of
0 "C. Where neither the * sign nor a letter appears in the table the hot-spot temperature rise
will not exceed 100 deg C and operation is permissible at a m b i e n t t e m p e r a t u r e s u p t o 4 0 ' C .
No value is given where K2 would be less than K1.

0.009 I 0.018

0.026 I 0.037

0.455

2.01

1 0 . 8A 11.5A | 12.8A

6s.7C 167.9C l7l.0c | 7s.6c

:r
,
7
I

I
-83-

Tasre XXVI
OFAF and OFWF transformers
: t: 24 h

Permissibleduties and correspondingdaily use of life (in "normal days")

To determine whether a daily load diagram characterized by the value of K2 is permissible

and to evaluate the daily use of life entailed, proceed as follows :

Ambient temperature 40'c 30"c

Symbols used in the table below to indicate

t See
I that duty is not permissible at ambient
I t
temperatures above the value indicated below

:II
I Daily use of liJb :
Multiply the value given in the table below
{ by the factor given here, then round off o.32 0.1
the result

Where the * sign appears, the duty is not permissible even in an ambient temperature of
0 'C. Where neither the * sign nor a letter appears in the table the hot-spot temperature rise
will not exceed 100 deg C and operation is permissible at ambient temperatures up to 40 'C.
No value is given where K2 would be less than K1.

K2

0.7 0.018
0.8 0.059
0.9 o.225
1.0 l.00
1.1 5 . 1I
1.2 3 0 A
1.3 202 C
1.4 +

Note. - The values given in this table have already appeared in the seven preceding tables in
the cases where Kt : Kz.