Table of Contents

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................................................... 1
ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................................................... 2
1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 3
1.2. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY .................................................................................... 6
1.3. COMMUNITY BASED EDUCATION (CBE)................................................................... 6
1.4. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM ................................................................................... 7
1.5. OBJECTIVES OF THE PROPOSAL.................................................................................. 7
1.5.1. General objectives ...................................................................................................................... 7
1.5.2. Specific objectives ....................................................................................................................... 8
2. LITERATURE REVIEW ....................................................................................................... 9
2.1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 9
2.2. APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY ...................................................................................... 9
2.2.1. Selection of appropriate technology ................................................................................. 9
2.3. LIMITATIONS OF HAND DUG WELL ........................................................................... 9
3. METHODOLOGY ...................................................................................................................................... 10
3.1. SUBJECT OF THE STUDY ............................................................................................. 10
3.2. SOURCES OF DATA ....................................................................................................... 10
3.2.1. Primary sources......................................................................................................................... 10
3.2.2 Secondary sources: include:....................................................................................................... 10
3.3. DATA PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS......................................................................... 10
4. FINDING AND DISCUSSION...................................................................................................................... 12
4.1. SITE SELECTION OF THE PROJECT ........................................................................... 12
4.2. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSAL ............................................................................. 12
4.3. OPERATION OF HAND DUG WELL ............................................................................ 12
4.4. COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION TO SUCCESS THE PROPOSAL ............................ 14
5. BUDGET AND TIME PLAN ........................................................................................................................ 15
5.1. SOURCES OF BUDGET FOR THE PROJECT ............................................................... 15
CONCLUSION............................................................................................................................................... 17
RECOMMENDATION ................................................................................................................................... 18
 List of figures

Figure 1 Model of Hand dug ........................................................................................................... 4

Figure 2 An example of Hand dug ................................................................................................. 5
Figure 3 Profile of operation of Hand dug .................................................................................... 13
Figure 4 Construction of the Hand dug......................................................................................... 14
List of tables
Table 1 Cost Analysis ................................................................................................................... 15
CBTP PHASE-III ON HAND DUG WATER WELL 2017GC

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all we would like to present our greatest gratitude to Jimma institute of technology
and Department of Hydraulics &Water Resource Engineering for giving this opportunity to
identify problem of the community & finding out the solution based on the knowledge we get
through the three years’ experience.
The last, but not the least, thanks goes to our Advisor Instructor Abdata Wakjira who
encouraged us to breakthrough from the beginning to the end by giving sufficient idea on how
we can do this proposal. We also want to give special respect to the society found in Jimma town
around Awetu mendera kebele for their willingness to give us reliable information during the
time of problem identification at CBTP phase-one.

JU, JiT HWRE 1

CBTP PHASE-III ON HAND DUG WATER WELL 2017GC

ABSTRACT
Considerable development and research has been performed on hand dug well water supply
system to use ground water source by human power. Previously, well water source using a
typical rope and pipe water were dominated in Awetu mendera kebele. As we have observed the
open well water in this kebele is highly turbid and unsafe to drink. In addition to this the water
depth of this open well is variable throughout the year. The pipe water distribution in the
community is not sufficient which is hardly available once a week. This difficulty of continuous
safe water supply should be solved by providing additional source of water which can be
installed easily. The project is proposed through different analytical chapters. Totally, the
content is of five individual chapters as chapter one deals about introduction and application of
Community Based Education in proposing a hand dug water, the problem to be solved,
objectives of the project. Chapter two states the selection of appropriate technology and some
limitations of the project. The methodologies including data collection and appropriate
processing and analyzing are discussed in chapter three. Chapter four of this proposal deals
with the finding and discussion that states about the selection of site, operation of the well and
community participation in the project. The last chapter (chapter 5) is about the sources and
analysis of budget. The hand dug water well proposed will be more fruitful when the community
actively participates and contributes best permanently. As raw materials for constructing the
well are locally available the cost is compatible and economical regarding budget.

JU, JiT HWRE 2

CBTP PHASE-III ON HAND DUG WATER WELL 2017GC

1. INTRODUCTION
Our university planned to introduce the ways by which it could be accountable and
responsible to its community and students in the campus. This makes Jimma University unique
and Pioneer of Community Based Education (CBE). Presently in addition to education and
research most Universities across the world include an educational strategy that addresses real
developmental problems of the society. By introducing different courses like: CBTP, TTP &
SRP under the heading community Based Education (CBE). Lack of appropriate water supply is
one of the major problems for the communities living around Awetu mendera kebele in their day
to day life activity. For instance, water borne diseases, problem is present at that area, we stand
to solve the problem by improving the water supply system.

What is hand dug well?

Hand dug well is a man powered well water source delivering mechanism constructed from
locally available materials like stone, cement, sand, concrete and etc. It is constructed around
where ground water table is relatively short. As it is operated manually it is free from any extra
cost for deriving.

Advantages of Hand dug well

 Cheap materials can be used
 Can be constructed by local artisans so communities can build themselves
 Generally good yields

Disadvantages of hand dug well

 Can be time-consuming to construct
 Risk of collapse if not supported properly
 Depth of well is limited
 Unless capped or protected, hand dug wells can be open to contamination

JU, JiT HWRE 3

CBTP PHASE-III ON HAND DUG WATER WELL 2017GC

Figure 1 Model of Hand dug

JU, JiT HWRE 4

CBTP PHASE-III ON HAND DUG WATER WELL 2017GC

Figure 2 example of Hand dug

JU, JiT HWRE 5

CBTP PHASE-III ON HAND DUG WATER WELL 2017GC
1.2. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

In Africa, especially in sub-Saharan countries the problem of low infrastructure coverage

suffer people for past decades. In Ethiopia, the problem of low infrastructure coverage’s
challenges our development and growth.
Jimma University tries to solve this problem and other various community problems by creating
its own philosophy, Community Based Training Program (CBTP). This program was practiced
for last various decades in all collages and institute . This makes Jimma University unique
from all other universities in Ethiopia. Our institute, Jimma Institute of Technology practices this
program for many years and plays its own role in improving the problem of the community. By
using this chance we are trying to solve some infrastructural problems which are found in the
community. This proposal is mainly focused on the adequacy and sufficiency of water supply
which is one of the main problems in the area of searching in TCBTP Phase (I) (Awetu mendera
kebele). On this phase (III) of TCBTP we try to give our proposal and implement on the future
for phase (IV) TCBTP using appropriate technology. The group tried the best to play a role in
solving the problem of the community by using local available materials based on our knowledge
of Hydraulic and water resource engineering.

1.3. COMMUNITY BASED EDUCATION (CBE)

Community based education is an innovative education curriculum in which the community is

extensively used as a learning environment. It is need based and problem solving in nature in
which education is made relevant to societal development.
As leaning philosophy CBE uses community as learning environment, the students and
instructors of the institution are offered a unique opportunity:
 Understanding the technological, social, economic and environmental problems for
better interaction.
 To correlate the critical knowledge with practice.
 To identify the needs of the community and develop problem solving ability.
 To adequate lifelong interest to issues of societal development.
Why community based education is needed?
 The needs to change theoretical knowledge to practice and productivity.
 To expose the students to the real world.
 To give the students sense of responsibility and accountability.
 To make students active learners than passive knowledge receiver.
 Creating practically skilled students to solve problem.

JU, JiT HWRE 6

CBTP PHASE-III ON HAND DUG WATER WELL 2017GC
Stages of community based education
 Community based training program (CBTP)
 Team training program (TTP)
 Student research program (SRP)
Historical background of the area: Awetu Mendera kebele is one of the residential
administrations of Jimma Town. The demographic survey carried out last year in CBTP shows
that the residents are almost literate and they are access to social services like:
 Water supply (well and pipe)
 Public health services.
 Telephone services.
 Schools (governmental & private)
 Electric system and etc.
Water supply shortage and insufficiency is a problem that the community faces and
forwards as a complaint. Most of the people in that area are government workers and their
annual income depends on their monthly salary. To some extent there are Merchants and
Daily Labor Workers in the community.

1.4. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Around the world, it's a common feature of having poor water supply systems in the less
developed countries like Ethiopia. Poor water supply system is a great challenge in areas where
the mass are living together. Consequently, the health of the community is threatened by diseases
like, bilharzia, cholera, giardia, typhoid and etc. Although Ethiopia has abundant ground and
surface water resources, the community frequently suffers by lack of safe and sufficient water
supply. As a Hydraulic and water resource engineering student, we tried to solve some
problems with the community which need minor construction procedures and some amount of
materials in order to solve the problems
Generally, the community is challenged greatly by lack of appropriate construction materials
and appropriate technology that will be used in order to overcome the problem that they are
facing with.

1.5. OBJECTIVES OF THE PROPOSAL

1.5.1. General objectives
 The main objective of the proposal is to solve water supply problem by using local
available materials and economical materials by applying appropriate technology.

JU, JiT HWRE 7

CBTP PHASE-III ON HAND DUG WATER WELL 2017GC
1.5.2. Specific objectives
Consequently, this proposed additional water supply source will be able to pave the way for the
solution of the problem by:
 Reducing shortage of water supply.
 Providing safe and clean water supply.
 Improving the health of people since the water is safe to drink.
 Saving the economy since it is clean against extra costs for treatments.
 Giving service all the time without any break as it is operated manually.
 Being economical for its independence of electric power to drive the water.
 Creating job opportunities for the poor members of the community.
 Saving money by using locally available construction materials.
 Opening the door for the students to apply the knowledge that they grasp in the
classroom on the problems and challenges that the community facing with.
 Ensuring the active community participation.

Rational Motivation
There is a highly poor water supply system in many parts of Jimma town including Awetu
mendera which motivate us to prepare this proposal as a sound solution for the problem.

What is the problem we try to solve?

Among the problems mentioned, it is tried to solve the problem of inadequacy and
insufficient of safe and clean water supply by designing a hand dug well which can be a
guarantee for the problem by applying some knowledge principles of Hydraulic Engineering for
designing and operation.

JU, JiT HWRE 8

CBTP PHASE-III ON HAND DUG WATER WELL 2017GC
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. INTRODUCTION

In order to solve water supply problem of the society we used to select the most preferable one,
depending on the feature of the area.

2.2. APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY

Using of appropriate technology is the main or mandatory step in solving any problem with
the aids of scientific and engineering knowledge.
Appropriate technology is a technology which is likely to have beneficial effects on income
distribution, employment, work sanitation, health and social relation.

2.2.1. Selection of appropriate technology

As we have assessed the area, the most affordable technology to solve the problem of the
society that concerned with water supply is hand dug well.
Because:
 To take water from deep ground water level using hand dug well is preferable.
 Materials used are somewhat economical.
 Adaptable to almost all soil types.
 It has considerably long life expectancy.
 Comfortable to both urban and rural areas.

The advantage of using ground water for water supply schemes or system
 It does not need as much disinfectant as surface water source.
 Easy to build and digging out structure.
 It is not vulnerable for pathogens.
 It is free from direct contamination.
 It does not electrical power to operate after construction.

2.3. LIMITATIONS OF HAND DUG WELL

 Maintenance cost.
 Consumes time during treatment.
 Fluctuation of ground water table in dry and rainy seasons..
 Wastage of water because of no control valve.
 Requires an isolated place.
 Limited to small number of people.

JU, JiT HWRE 9

CBTP PHASE-III ON HAND DUG WATER WELL 2017GC

3. METHODOLOGY
3.1. SUBJECT OF THE STUDY

The site of proposed project to be constructed is in Jimma town, Awetu mendera kebele.
Before implementing the project some inputs or location of resources should be determined, thus
in case of water and environmental. Some of resources are available within the locality. Among
the natural resources that will be used for the proposed project:
 Water supply and its quality.
 Materials for reservoir construction and mode of pipe network connection.
 Organization management of water supply unit.

3.2. SOURCES OF DATA

During collecting sources of data related to the project from this we classify sources of date in
two ways.
3.2.1. Primary sources: will be obtained by direct observation of the site under consideration,
including site investigation and site visit like open well, pipe water, place of construction area,
soil property, etc.
3.2.2 Secondary sources: include: reference books from Awetu mendera kebele
administration of water supply and management offices, census data, etc.
Tools for data collection
 Performable questionnaires’.
 Pencil, pen, chalk, marker, paper.

3.3. DATA PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS

The raw data obtained directly from the observation is ordered and organized using table,
chart and graph.
Sampling technique
After identifying the problem and selecting of appropriate technology, we have to point out the
position where it shall be a clear methodology like:-
 The water supply technology should be near to the community.
 Selecting the material in accordance with their economic, durability perspective of the
structure.
 Selecting of the best site /point by using previous knowledge of how to estimate the
availability of ground water, i.e. the trees around and topography of the site.
 Creating awareness to the society the construction to insure total assistance and help
during implementation.
 Consulting the local administrators’ about the plan and ensuring total collaboration. Good
management of the construction site.

JU, JiT HWRE 10

CBTP PHASE-III ON HAND DUG WATER WELL 2017GC
o The materials and tools required for construction
 Cement
 Aggregate
 Sand
 water
 Concrete tube
 Stone
 Shovel
 Meter
 Hummer
 Saw
 Wood or timber
 Steel
 Roller
 Plunger
 Piston

JU, JiT HWRE 11

CBTP PHASE-III ON HAND DUG WATER WELL 2017GC

4. FINDING AND DISCUSSION

4.1. SITE SELECTION OF THE PROJECT

In order to get enough amount of water that needed by the community selecting site plays a great
role.
To select the site, different criteria must be considered those are:
A. Vegetation of the area: Means that the presence of water loving plants such as cotton wood,
enset, banana, shola indicates ground water at shallow or moderate depth.
B. Topography: Our site selection provides the area that is steepest slope or lowland areas to get
enough water.
C. Types of Soil: types have a role for the holding of water like clay has high capacity to hold
water.

4.2. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSAL

This project was made by 3rd year hydraulic and water resource engineering students.
The main aim of the project is to reduce or minimize water supply problem in Awetu mendera.
Keble.
From our long investigation at Awetu mendera Keble, many problems were appeared like,
sanitary, shortage of water, shortage of disposal site and soon. So the serious problem that needs
fast solution is water supply problem.

4.3. OPERATION OF HAND DUG WELL

After our wide investigation we select the most appropriate technology for the proposed problem
that is shallow well or hand dug well with pump.
Its operation is seems like these:
With a shallow well piston hand pump, the piston is placed in a cylindrical below the water
level which is usually 5-10m below the ground.
The plunger pots water in to the rising main and replacement water in drawn in to the cylinder
through a foot valve.
On the down-stoke, the foot valve closes, and water passes the plunger and is listed on the next
up stroke.it can yields 0.25 -0.36 l/s at 10m.

JU, JiT HWRE 12

CBTP PHASE-III ON HAND DUG WATER WELL 2017GC

Figure 3 Profile of operation of Hand dug

JU, JiT HWRE 13

 CBTP PHASE-III ON HAND DUG WATER WELL 2017GC

4.4. COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION TO SUCCESS THE PROPOSAL

As we know different problems appear at different time, at different place & in different way but
the most important one is how to reduce or eradicate those problems. As our project aimed at
providing water supply with a minimum cost, the community participation plays a great role to
solve this problem.

The participations of the community for this project are as follows:

 The society or the villager’s dig the hole using whatever primitive tools they have
available. This typically are limited to hoes, bucket and sometimes a stub of a shovel or a
peak if they lucky.
 By providing different raw materials those gained easily or available in their
surroundings like stone, sand, wood and water for mixing.
 After construction, give their protection for the project this protection is durable to the
project.
 Using in appropriate way.
 Reporting to body concerned when failure occurs

Figure 4 Construction of the Hand dug

JU, JiT HWRE 14

CBTP PHASE-III ON HAND DUG WATER WELL 2017GC

5. BUDGET AND TIME PLAN

5.1. SOURCES OF BUDGET FOR THE PROJECT

As a solution the project puts four options about fund generation mechanisms.
 From the local government.
 From Jimma university
 By the students’ labor force and skill we decide to accomplish the project.
 The participation of student, residences or society, non-governmental organizations and
all stake holders & other volunteers.

Table 1 Cost Analysis

No. Type Unit Quantity used Price (birr) Total price

(birr)
1 Cement Quintal 3 200 600
2 Aggregate Cubic meter 1 200 200
3 Stone Cubic meter 1 200 200
4 Sand Cubic meter 2 100 200
5 Concrete tube Pcs Depending up on 5000
depth of water
6 Labor force Days 10 workers per FREE
day
7 Communication & Birr 25 + 20 45
Transportation

TOTAL 6245

For effective hand dug pump we drill the selected point up to (8-12) meter until we get the
water table from the observed data we get the water table easy. After we get the water table we
construct a structure which supports the inserted piston which used to pump the water from the
ground. With a shallow well piston hand dug pump the piston is placed in a cylinder below the
water, which is usually 8-12 meter below the ground.
The plunger lifts the water in to the raising main, and replacement water is drown in to the
cylinder through a foot. We try to design the water supply system as much as possible with
minimum cost. Because as we mentioned there is a problem to get fund generates and as a
principal should be economically sound. We search many options to replace the cost for instance

JU, JiT HWRE 15

CBTP PHASE-III ON HAND DUG WATER WELL 2017GC
we put a mechanism to participate the community labor force and uses a simple structure to
build.

JU, JiT HWRE 16

CBTP PHASE-III ON HAND DUG WATER WELL 2017GC

CONCLUSION
This action plan shows how to solve the problem of inadequate and sufficient water that we
identified on TCBTP phase (I) by using the hand dug well and pump that we have learned on
TCBTP phase (II)
The final goal of this project is to satisfy the community by solving of water supply problem.
By low economic cost and high durability serviceability of the project we try to design it. The
selected appropriate technology that is hand dug well pump is effective for the proposed rural
area. Generally peoples that live in Awetu mendera Keble have an access to get clean water
without any difficult. Problems that faced on the community to get clean water will have gotten a
solution by the appropriate technology.

JU, JiT HWRE 17

CBTP PHASE-III ON HAND DUG WATER WELL 2017GC

RECOMMENDATION
Our country Ethiopia is one of developing country as the result it is difficult to fulfill the
infrastructure for the society and also managing and protecting the infrastructure
from the different disturbance for these reason the society recommended as follows:
 The society should well aware about the technology on how the hand dug works by the
students who prepared the proposal.
 The society should take remedial action for simple problems that are easily solvable.
 The society must clean the surrounding to prevent water pollutant particles which have
the probability to contaminate the water source.
 The society should inform to water managing sector when unfamiliar characteristics of
water appear like color and odor changes.
 The students are required to continuously supervise the constructed well.
In general, the society must manage and protect the water supply structure properly
as their individual property to assure its durability and functionality.

Problems faced in phase III

 Shortage of time to do this project.

 Shortage of finance or budget.
 Lack of more information from the community.
 Difficult to get suitable topographic information for the project.
 Unwillingness of the residents to give reliable information when requested.

JU, JiT HWRE 18

CBTP PHASE-III ON HAND DUG WATER WELL 2017GC
References
 CBTP phase I
 CBTP PHASE II, appropriate technology
 Awetu mendera Keble administration.
 H.M.Raghunath, 2006, Engineering Hydrology, New age International Publisher,
India,4th edition
 N.F. GRAY,2005,Water Technology, Arnold, Great Britain, 2nd edition
 Different internet access: http://inspectapedia.com/water/Hand_Dug_Well_Construction.php

JU, JiT HWRE 19