SUBMITTED BY:

GROUP ONE
Real, Jhudiel Archangel N.
Serida, Jeramy
Sy, Chyle Eira
SUBMITTED TO:
Velasco, Zyrille Anne
Mr. Filbert L. Decano
Vistro, Janatene Rose A.
CHAPTER 2: GLOBAL STRUCTURES AND FLOWS

❖ What Driver's Globalization

❖ Shaping Global Economy
• Liberalized
➢ Trade Liberalization
➢ Investment Liberalization
• Privatization
❖ Global Economic Structure
• General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
• World Trade Organization (WTO)
• International Monetary Fund (IMF)
• World Bank
• Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
• Multinational Corporation (MNC)
• World Economic Forum (WEF)
❖ Shaping Global Politics
• Colonialism
• Imperialism
❖ Global Political Structure
• Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
• Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
ADDITIONAL TOPIC: IDEOLOGICAL DIMENSION OF GLOBALIZATION

❖ What is Ideology?
❖ Elements of Ideology
❖ Functions of Ideology
❖ Ideology and Social Imaginary
❖ Traditional and Modern Ideologies
❖ Emerging Ideology of Globalism
❖ Six Core Claims of Globalization
.

The main driver of globalization

After we finished discussing chapter 1, I found out that we, as the people who
live in the 21st century. We are now living at the peak of a global age. Which is the
period that increases interconnectedness and interdependence across the globe.
But the main question is, what are the factors that drive globalization?

There are so many things that can drive globalization, like technology, politics,
markets, cost, and the competitiveness of each country. But all of these are just a
mere product of "capitalism."

According to Marxists, "Globalization is just an extension of capitalist

exploitation, which means that transglobal connectivity is being advanced, first
and foremost, to provide opportunities for capitalists to accumulate profit."

So basically, without the capitalist agenda to control economies, specifically to

extract resources, exploit labor, and control flows of products and prices, no
globalization will happen. So, let's find out how capitalist globalization operates.

SHAPING THE GLOBAL ECONOMY

Two dominant forces facilitate the Global Economy. These are liberalization and privatization.

LIBERALIZATION

• It refers to the relaxation or loosened restrictions imposed by the

government on the economy.
• The other restrictions included tax laws, foreign investment restrictions,
accounting regulations, and legal issues. Economic liberalization reduced all
these obstacles and waived few restrictions over the control of the economy
by the private sector.
• For developing countries, liberalization has opened economic borders to
foreign companies and investments. Not like earlier, investors must
encounter difficulties entering countries with many barriers.
TRADE LIBERALIZATION

• When a government liberalizes trade, it means it has removed tariffs,

subsidies, and other restrictions on the flow of goods and services between
countries.
• The basic idea of this trade liberalization is the belief that it will increase
world trade and will enable developing countries to concentrate on the
production of goods and services in which they have a comparative
advantage.
• However, trade liberalization does not always result in high economic
growth; instead, it causes an economic crisis, increased debt for developing
countries, and increased inequality.
• Like here in the Philippines, trade liberalization has generally worked against
labor. Rather than provide employment, it has led to the decline of major
Philippine industries and the loss of jobs for millions of workers.

INVESTMENT LIBERALIZATION

• It is the process of transferring ownership of a business, enterprise, agency,

public service, or public property from the public or government sector to
the private sector. This happens when the government is facing an economic
crisis such as political interference, labor problems, and income losses. They
seek help from the private sector.
• The negative impact of this phenomenon is that most of the private sector's
number one goal is to earn a profit. Most privatized services tend to rise in
price more than public ones.
PRIVATIZATION

• It is the process of transferring ownership of a business, enterprise, agency,

public service, or public property from the public or government sector to
the private sector. This happens when the government is facing an economic
crisis such as political interference, labor problems, and income losses. They
seek help from the private sector.
• The negative impact of this phenomenon is that most of the private sector's
number one goal is to earn a profit. Most privatized services tend to rise in
price more than public ones.

Global Economic Structure

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)

A forum for state representatives that was establish in October 30, 1947, by 23 countries. It
is a system for the liberalization of trade, particularly in goods. It was a legal agreement
minimizing barriers to international trade by eliminating or reducing quotas, tariffs, and
subsidies while preserving significant regulations. The GATT was intended to boost economic
recovery after World War II through reconstructing and liberalizing global trade. Its purpose
was to make international trade easier.

World Trade Organization (WTO)

Has 152 member nations as of 2008. This organization focuses on liberalizing trade
in services which has put it in the center of economic globalization. WTO is the only
global organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations. The goal of
WTO is to help producers of goods and services, exporters and importers conduct
their business.

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

Specialized agency of the united nation established in 1945. It concentrates on the
macroeconomic stability of its member nations and generally the global economy. IMF is an
organization of 190 countries, working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure
financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote highly employment and sustainable
economic growth, and reduced poverty around the world.

World Bank
Also, a specialized agency of the United Nation, and its official international bank for
reconstruction and development (IBRD). Among its mission, IMF provides funding for
government sponsored programs in its poorer member. World Bank has 189 countries, the
world bank group has two goals, end the poverty and promote sustainable prosperity. World
bank is an international financial institution that provide loans and grants.
 Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD)
Was establish in 1961, the OECD has been regarded as the club for the world’s richest countries
the organization is motivated by the goal of the US to create open, multilateral, and cooperative
international relations. Working with 100 countries, the organization for economic cooperation &
development (OECD) is and international organization that works to build better policies for
better lives. Our goal is to shape policies that foster prosperity, equality, opportunity, and well-
being for all.

Multinational Corporations (MNC)

Major players of the global economy today as per Dickens (2007), an MNC is a “firm that has the
power to coordinate and control operations” in more than two countries “even if it does not own
them”. MNC is the one that has business operations in two or more countries. These companies
are often managed from and have a central office headquartered in the home country, but with
offices worldwide.

World Economic Forum (WEF)

Non-profit organization founded in 1971, headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, with the motto
“Entrepreneurship in the global interest”. International organization for public private
cooperation. The forum engages the foremost political, business, cultural, and other leaders of
society to shape global, regional and industry agendas.

SHAPING GLOBAL POLITICS

Since the post-war period, the United States of America has preceded globalization. As
the new hegemon, the USA has hosted economic integration through introducing
international organizations like the World Trade Organization, International Monetary
Fund and World Bank. Along with these economic means, the capitalist hegemon has also
used political mechanisms to maintain its reign.

COLONIALISM

❖ Colonialism is a phenomenon wherein a colonial power establishes

formal mechanism to run the internal affairs of its colonized country.
This involves settling in the said colony, deploying military forces, and
establishing a new administrative apparatus. Historically, colonialism
has been capitalist in nature. From the conquest of the Americas by
the Spaniards and Portuguese in the 16th century, then by the French
and the British to America's occupation of the East in the 1900's
capitalism has used colonialism to construct a dichotomy of relations
between the dominating countries and the colonized.
 IMPERIALISM

❖ Today, capitalist nations no longer rely on military forces and direct

political control. Imperialism involves employing wide range of methods
to gain territorial, political and economic control over the subjugated
countries. One of these methods is cultural imperialism or the so-caled
westernization; this includes imposing the western culture e.g. media and
technologies to less developed countries with underlying motive of
maintaining influence over them. Moreover, they advance political and
economic control on the South by influencing their laws and policies. This
is done under the face of globalization where the west organizes
international organizations and urges developed countries to participate
for the benefits of political and economic integration; while masking the
capitalist agenda of labor and resource exploitation.

Global Political Structure

Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

Was established on August 8, 1967 in Bangkok, Thailand. ASEAN is founded by Indonesia,
Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, and Singapore with the Bangkok declaration 1967. ASEAN
charter serves as a firm foundation in achieving the ASEAN community by providing legal
status and institutional framework for ASEAN. The aim or purpose of this organization is
“To promote regional peace and stability through abiding respect for justice and the rule
of law in the relationship among countries of the region and adherence to the principles of
the United Nations Charter”. As of today, there are ten member states of ASEAN and these
are Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Myanmar, LAO PDR, Malaysia, Philippines,
Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. Member states are committed to promoting
collaboration on matters of common interest in a broad variety of fields, economic, social,
cultural, technical, scientific and administrative, with the aim of accelerating economic
growth, social progress and cultural development in the region.

Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)

A regional economic forum that was established in 1984 to leverage the growing
independence of Asia-Pacific. APEC aims to create greater prosperity for the people of the
region by promoting balanced, inclusive, sustainable, innovative, and secure growth by
accelerating regional economic integration. APEC has 21 members and these are the
Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, People’s Republic of China, Hong Kong China, Indonesia,
Japan, Republic of Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Peru,
Philippines, Russia, Singapore, Chinese, Taipei, Thailand, United States, and Vietnam. APEC
ensures that goods, services, investment and people move easily across borders. Members
facilitate this trade through faster customs procedures at borders; more favorable
business climates behind the border; and aligning regulations and standards across the
region. For example, APEC's initiatives to synchronize regulatory systems is a key step to
integrating the Asia-Pacific economy. A product can be more easily exported with just one
set of common standards across all economies.
 IDEOLOGICAL DIMENSION OF GLOBALIZATION

ECONOMIC

It refers to the expansion and strengthening of economic ties all over the world. Massive cash flows,
assisted by digital technology, have increased product and service trade. Markets have migrated to
cyberspace, extending their reach globally and forging new links between national and regional
economies. Massive transnational corporations, powerful international economic institutions, and
massive regional trading systems such as the Asian Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) or the European
Union (EU) have emerged as the essential foundations of the twenty-first century global economic order.
- Economic globalization refers to the contemporary commercial practices of multinational corporations.
McDonalds and HSBC were formerly only located in the United States and the United Kingdom,
respectively, but in a "globalized economy," both firms may now be found all over the world.
Manufacturing industries will also shift to developing countries to take advantage of lower wages and
lower the cost of goods. This could benefit developing countries by increasing overall employment, but it
could also be interpreted as exploitation of countries with poor working conditions. It also deprives
wealthy nations of well-paying jobs.

TECHNOLOGY

It is about bringing people from all around the world together beyond physical limitations such
as geographical borders. Technological globalization refers to the diffusion of technology over
the world. The development of the internet, solar panel technology, and medical technology
are all examples of this, and they can all assist to improve the lives of people all over the world.
The concept of a "rising tide lifts all boats" can be applied to the growth of technologies.
Because of globalization, we can leverage the best technologies from around the world to
better everyone's lives and economies.

POLITICAL

It is a term used to describe the diplomatic conversations that take place between nations. It entails
the harmonization of international trade, criminality, and the rule of law. One of the most significant
advantages of political globalization is the establishment of international rule of law. It aids in the
prevention of war crimes and the oversight of bad actors on the international stage. It can also help
speed up other forms of globalization, such as economic globalization, by making it easier for
businesses to sell their products internationally thanks to standardized food and commerce
standards. Countries interfering in one other's affairs is an argument against political globalization.
Many people feel that we should not interfere with the decisions of other countries. Another
objection is that it has promoted the spread of the neoliberal political philosophy, which has
increased the wealth gap between rich and poor.
 SOCIAL

It has to do with the merging of our societies. Sociological globalization, as opposed to

cultural globalization, refers to the notion that we now live in a one society. (There are
many different cultures in a society.) A society, on the other hand, is a collection of
people who live together). And, more than ever, it appears like we are all part of a single
community rather than a collection of distinct societies. We are all part of a common
civilization that must learn to work together despite our diverse cultures and beliefs
since what we do affects others all over the world. Another factor to consider is human
migration. People may easily move from one country to another, and those with
advanced degrees can find work in many countries more easily than ever before.

CULTURAL

It refers to the spread and merging of civilizations on a worldwide scale. Arjun

Appadurai explores cultural homogenization, which occurs when dominant nations
like the United States spread their cultures through television and movies, resulting in
the dilution and loss of local and indigenous cultures.

ECOLOGICAL
It refers to the notion that the entire globe should be regarded as a one integrated
ecosystem. This means that everyone on the planet must work together to address
global environmental issues that transcend national boundaries.

Here are a few examples:

• The hole in the Ozone layer, which required the world to ban CFCs.
• Climate Change, which will affect the poorest nations (particularly low-lying
nations in the Pacific and South-East Asia) even though much of the damage is
caused by developed nations like the United States.
 FINANCIAL

It refers to the ease at which money can be spread around the world. The growth of stock
exchanges like the internationalization of financial markets has made it easier for people
to transfer money internationally. The benefit of this is that it’s easy and cheap to get
investments for new business ventures. You can find a Chinese, French or Canadian
investor to wire you some money to start your business instead of just relying on local
investors. But many nations also face backlash because of the sense that overseas
companies buy out too much of their businesses, real estate and farming land – which
could be a threat to a nation’s sovereignty.

GEOGRAPHICAL

It refers to the idea that the world is no longer seen as groups of distinct nations as much
as it once was. We now work in multinational blocs to make decisions, and nations work
together to solve problems. It also refers to the fact that we’re now able to travel between
nations with increasing ease. You can go from the United States to Europe within a day,
for example. Furthermore, people can identify as belonging to multiple geographic
regions, especially if they hold multiple passports. Heritage and familial ownership of
territory is getting weaker and weaker.
 WHAT IS IDEOLOGY?

An ideology is a set of views or beliefs shared by a group or an individual. The term "ideology"
refers to a system of political beliefs or ideas that constitute a civilization. It is a style of social or
political philosophy in which both practical and theoretical components are important, and it is a
system of concepts aimed at both understanding and changing the world. An ideology's main
purpose through a normative thought process is to encourage either social change or adherence to
a set of principles where conformity already exists. Ideologies are abstract thought systems that are
applied to public issues, making this concept important in politics.

According to (Steger,2013), Ideologies are powerful systems of widely shared ideas and
patterned beliefs that are accepted as truth by significant groups in society. Serving as political
mental maps, they offer people a more or less coherent picture of the world not only as it is, but
also as it ought to be. In doing so, ideologies help organize the tremendous complexity of the human
experiences into fairly simple claims that serve as guide and compass for social and political action.

27 ELEMENTS OF IDEOLOGY (Hamilton,1987)

How one categorizes reality is determined by one's purposes, questions about it, and, in
many cases, prior dispositions and commitments to specific explanations. This supports a
definition of ideology that is as close to a simply descriptive term as possible, emphasizing as little
as possible about its causes or effects. It will be attempted to minimize the multiplicity of
ideological definitions and the elements of such definitions to a manageable subset of elements
that are mutually consistent and together make a coherent and relevant idea. It's better off
sticking as near to standard usage as possible when carrying out a task like this.

Let's have a look at the various aspects that make up the definition of ideology.

1.It consists of ideas, beliefs, 2. It is the underlying cognitive

understandings, and attitudes, etc.
This is clearly important to the concept of
ideology, and it appears in various forms in
all interpretations. Many definitions,
maybe mistakenly, exclude such
possibilities by referring only to thoughts
and beliefs. To minimize confusion,
'attitudes' and 'understandings' appear to
be important additions.
assumptions of belief, or the total
structure of the mind including the
conceptual apparatus.
However, some definitions go far further,
defining ideology in terms of underlying
assumptions and the basic conceptual
framework of all thought and knowledge; in
other words, they make element a
fundamental requirement of ideology. It
would be difficult to pinpoint something as
vague as the "whole structure of the mind of
an age or class." Once one departs from
precise tangible thoughts and beliefs.
 3. It takes the form of a system or
pattern which is more or less coherent.
When we use the term ideology, we appear to
be implying a system of interconnected
concepts. This does not, however, imply that
every component must have total consistency
or a close logical, empirical, or other link. The
ideas can be loosely structured, unclear, or
even contradictory as long as they are
interconnected in some way, and to some
degree and except arbitrarily, it is difficult to
draw a line separating highly consistent sets
of beliefs from those that are not. What
matters is that there is some sort of
interrelationship.
4. It is associated with a particular group,
class or collectivity within the wider
society.
5. It is associated with the whole society
or community.
Elements 4 and 5 are inextricably linked. The
question here is whether ideology is to be
defined as a system of ideas associated with a
specific group, class, or movement, as
something essentially sectional, or whether it
is to be equated with a dominant system of
thought that can be said to be representative
of the entire society. Of course, we don't have
to limit ideology to one or the other. It
appears that the concept may include both,
which makes sense. It would be strange to
insist solely on this basis that a certain system
of ideas and beliefs that began as the beliefs
of a group or movement within society
became widely accepted and thus the
dominant system of ideas in society, the
communal ideology. In contrast, if a widely
held set of beliefs lost the majority of public
support, it would seem strange to declare that
it was no longer an ideology simply because of
this. Components 4 and 5 can then be
combined. Accepting them as definitional
criteria for 'ideology,' we have a belief system
associated with either a specific class or
group, or an entire community.
6. It places supreme significance upon one
particular class or group.
In some ways, this is comparable to 4, but it
appears to be very rigid and peculiar.
Ideologies are widely held, but they do not
always correspond to the specific collectivity
that espouses them, and are frequently
couched in universalistic terms. This criterion
appears to be intended to limit ideology to a
few phenomena, such as Marxism, fascism,
and possibly some nationalistic creeds, while
providing no basis for doing so.
7. It is functional in some specified way.
In any case, this is a highly variable trait, with
different ideas acting differently at different
times and identical ideologies functioning
differently. It is unlikely that all ideologies will
serve the same purpose, that any one
ideology will only serve one purpose, or that
any ideology will always serve the same
purpose.
8. It is socially determined.
The extent to which ideas are socially
determined is likely to be a matter of degree,
with a complex interplay of 'ideational'
and'material' influences. The difficulties have
been described so many times that it seems
pointless to go over them again.
9. It contains statements of fact, or
statements which are held to be factual.
10. It contains statements of a normative
character expressing morals, values, etc.
The problem with elements 7 and 8 is that
they avoid defining ideology in terms of the
fundamental substantive qualities of the
ideas and beliefs that comprise it, instead
defining it in terms of extraneous aspects
such as its functions or causes. Elements 9
and 10 attempt to define the types of
thoughts and beliefs that are at work.
Ideology, according to some definitions, is a
system of assertions that appear to be true but
are really intended to communicate values or
standards; to present the latter as facts.
Ideology is a deceptive system of ideas because
those who advocate it pretend or are deluded
that what they want or believe is right is a
matter of objective reality rather than
subjective worth.
11. It seeks to explain.
Despite the fact that it contains factual
statements and empirical claims, some
definitions regard ideology as inherently
explanatory in character. 'Explanatory' is not
defined in the same way by any of these
definitions, if at all. There appear to be two
kinds of inference going on. Ideologies attempt
to explain why something is the way it is;
ideologies also attempt to explain why some
things are desirable, correct, good, or moral.
According to such definitions, in order to be
considered an ideology, a system of ideas must
contain either factual or normative statements,
or both. Arguments and reasons must be
provided to back up such factual and normative
assertions. It does not, for example, help
differentiate ideology from science, which is
also explanatory. In any case, what is often
referred to as the 'explaining' of values, norms,
and morality through the use of argument is
actually their justification, and this can be
classified as factor.
12. It makes use of and seeks to base itself
upon philosophical ideas, arguments and
theories.
It can be difficult to distinguish philosophical
ideas, schools of thought, theories, and so on
from ideology. It's feasible that we'd prefer to
refer to them as ideologies. Furthermore, rather
than being based on pre-existing philosophical
arguments and theories, ideologies may play a
role in the development of such theories. These
are, of course, empirical questions. As a result,
the relationship between ideology and
philosophy can't be utilized to define ideology.
13. It is concerned with society, man, and
his place in the world.
The reference's scope could be quite broad,
embracing topics such as the social world in
general, man, his nature, and his function in
the world, as well as the implications for
social life. It could alternatively be
substantially narrower, containing only ideas
concerning political life and institutions. This
element is frequently used in definitions,
emphasizing that it is essential to the notion.
Consensus ideologies are formed by ideas
about the social world rather than the non-
social or natural world. The point is, how
broadly do they define "reference"? It
appears to be confined to the domain of
politics and the political.
14. It is the individual’s or group’s
understanding of its relation to, or
position within, the world.
It makes no distinction between ideology
and social-scientific ideas, or between the
more or less objective, coherent, true,
systematic, comprehensive, sophisticated
observations and understandings that all
members of a group or society share to some
extent. Ideology is, in this sense, nothing
more than a collection of social knowledge or
ideas, common representations, and
accepted worldviews. As a result, it is no
longer a separate idea. It does not relate to a
particular type of belief system concerning
social reality or social existence.
15. It facilitates choice or decision.
16. It is passionately held or there is an
emotional commitment to it.
17. t is closed to argument and to
evidence.
18. It reveals an isomorphism or duplication of
reality into an everyday and a symbolic realm or
dimension.
Clearly, the idea that ideology makes it easier to
make a decision or choose should be seen as
empirical rather than as a basic aspect of
ideologies. It's difficult to comprehend why a
belief system that makes it difficult to make a
choice or a decision should not be regarded an
ideology if it meets all of the other criteria. Many
belief systems, collectively known as ideologies,
can make judgments and choices more difficult
and unpleasant in certain situations. Element 16
is also best viewed as an empirical investigation.
As Seliger has effectively demonstrated, making it
a distinguishing feature accomplishes nothing
while producing severe incoherence. Is it an
ideology in the first instance but not in the second
if one person believes the same set of beliefs
zealously while another does not? This issue has
less to do with ideology itself and more to do with
how it is seen and accepted. It disregards the fact
that few believers of a certain ideology have ever
questioned its fundamental assumptions or
ideals. Pragmatism as an ideology would also be
rejected. This was, of course, beneficial to those
who required it. The same can be said for element
17. There is no need to go through anything again.
Because false-consciousness covers more than
just wrong thinking, Element 18 is highlighted as
the concept of ideology. Rather, it comprises the
replication of reality as well as the projection of
everyday characteristics onto a fantastic, holy, or
other symbolic realm.
19. It consists of, or contains, false, distorted,
oversimplified, illusory or mistaken statements.
This term refers to deceit, distortion, or
constitutive concepts, sometimes without and
sometimes with a qualifier; for example, If just
certain sorts of distortions or those caused by
specific sources are damaging, relevant. In both
cases, they reach what would be best left as an
empirical judgment. Regardless of the foundation
of the definition. Both are prone to ignoring the
fact that beliefs sometimes clash.
If they are normative in some way, the
criterion of untruth or distortion does not
apply to them. The simpler forms of this
definition, based on the criterion of general
falsehood or distortion, fail to distinguish
between ideology and 'honest' error and
mistake. Before they can identify an
instance of the phenomenon, more
sophisticated versions that specify specific
types of falsehood or distortion produced
by specific causes, such as the influence of
interests, must demonstrate that the
falsehood or distortion is indeed caused in
the appropriate way or is of the appropriate
type. If all social thought is judged
ideological, then all social thought is limited
and insufficient, and will be replaced. This
much we already know, and the goal, like
with any science, is to progress, to gain
fresh knowledge and comprehension. If the
concept of ideology is limited to the
universal limitations of knowledge, even if
these constraints are merely a question of
degree, it is rendered outdated.
20. It promotes, serves or reflects
interests.
As previously stated, the concept of
ideology as limited awareness or poor
social understanding typically shows that
its shortcomings are caused by the
perplexing feature of interests. Other
definitions make this an explicit need.
Ideology is supposed to reflect, serve, or
promote interests. This is a straightforward
element to eliminate. Those who are
obvious candidates for inclusion in the
category of 'ideology' generally attempt to
state what the interests of those they are
attempting to persuade or those who
already believe in it are. Conversion to a
given ideology's point of view may also
indicate a shift in a person's perception of
his or her own interests, such as from
material well-being to spiritual salvation.
Of course, the 'debunking' or 'unmasking'
tradition of study of 'ideology' is intimately tied
to the concept of ideology in terms of the
advancement of interests. If we know that the
beliefs serve someone's interests, we may see
them for what they are and dismiss them as
unsound. This argument is relevant because it
would be useless if the beliefs in question could
be proven to be false. If they were found to be
inaccurate, the fact that the error was created
by vested interests would only be of interest to
intellectual historians. When it is difficult to
discard beliefs using reason, logic, or proof,
they are more likely to be labeled as
"ideological." It is necessary to find a new cause
for their rejection. Suspicion must be cast at
them by explaining the reasons for their
conduct. Apart from opposing the well-known
maxim that the truth or falsity of a claim can be
shown wholly independently of its provenance
or the reasons anybody could have for
believing it, this type of argument is, by
definition, ideological.
21. It is unconsciously motivated.
The effect of interests is commonly asserted to
be unconscious in this concept; the promotion
of ideas is said to be motivated by unconscious
causes. There does not appear to be any
convincing reason to limit the concept of
ideology to views with concealed goals. To
begin with, the concept of the unconscious is
perplexing, ambiguous, and contentious. Is it
true that ideology's proponents are fully
unconscious of the motivations driving their
adoption of the ideas? Is it possible to be
unconscious of one's own motivations? It's an
issue of how much a person thinks about his or
her reasons and motivations, and how much
attention he pays to them. The emphasis on
unconscious motivation is commonly used to
distinguish ideology from simple lies and
propaganda.
The latter can be defined as a collection of
ideas promoted by individuals and groups
who do not believe in or embrace them.
However, while the concept of ideology may
prevent lying and even evident propaganda
that is not accepted by its propagators, there
is a vast deal that falls between plainly
defined propaganda and those concepts that
are grasped wholeheartedly. Is it then true
that if someone discovers the previously
concealed factors that led him or her to hold
these beliefs while remaining convinced of
their validity, the views are no longer
ideological? If this is the case, it suggests that
a set of views is ideological if some people
hold them but not others. This, obviously,
will not suffice.
22. It consists of, or contains,
statements which are unverified or
unverifiable and held without good
evidence.
It states that concepts are accepted without
good proof, that they are unverified, that
they are unverifiable, and so on. It is linked
to the preceding items 19, 20, and 21. In the
lack of proof, such acceptance is thought to
be driven by material interests to
psychological inequities. Insofar as the
verifiability requirement is used, this sort of
definition fails to distinguish between
ideology and other systems of thinking, such
as religion. It may be argued that science is
based on illogical notions. and that all
systems of ideas, in truth, include incorrect
assumptions. unverifiable. As a result,
determining which is which becomes a
problem. There are different sorts of
unverifiability, which no philosophy can
account for. This type of stuff occurs. In the
sense that "unverifiability" might be viewed
as "metaphysical uncertainty," There
appears to be no need to limit the number of
statements, whether they are true or false.
In such formulations, 'ideology' is frequently
coupled with 'faith' or 'fanaticism.' They are
thus related to the previously described
definitions that state how beliefs are held,
such as those that suggest 'ideology' is a
system of concepts held with passion, or
closed to argument or proof.
23. It advocates action or impels to
action.
24. It seeks to promote social change,
often of a radical kind, and often suddenly,
that is, in a revolutionary manner.
25. It seeks to prevent change and to
preserve a particular social order.
These three elements are linked; both 24 and
25 imply 23. There does not appear to be a
compelling reason to associate ideology with
either change advocacy or change prevention
advocacy. The linkage of ideology with change
advocacy has long been associated with
people who see ideology as intrinsically
related to extremism and tyranny, and
therefore hope to see it disappear. However,
once power and affluence are gained,
radicalism and the desire for change can
quickly give way to conservatism and the
desire to hold on, with little change in the core
ideas and beliefs. Similarly, conservatism may
seek to return things to their former status. As
a result, items 24 and 25 are classified as
action orientation. Action orientation is
significantly too limited and limiting as a
definitional criterion. When associating
ideology with systems of ideas that motivate
individuals to act in the pursuit of a shared
goal or end, some systems of ideas that
should be included are left out. Limiting the
concept of ideology to beliefs that compel
people to act is incorrect, as is omitting
identical systems of thought that do not push
people to act.
26. It is a weapon in the class struggle.
It defines ideology in terms of its main goal. As a
result, it is vulnerable to all of the arguments leveled
towards functional definitions. However, in many
aspects, it is very similar to definitions in terms of
action orientation. This is because it implies that the
objective of an ideology for the class that wields it as
a weapon is to exert some control over the conduct
and actions of others. As a result, it is vulnerable to
the critiques raised in the preceding discussion of
action orientation criteria. It could, however, be
interpreted to suggest that ideology is intended to
influence attitudes, perceptions, and other elements
in addition to, or instead of, action or conduct. As a
result, rejecting belief systems based primarily on
legitimation and justification may not be restrictive.
However, it is highly constrained in another way.
Why limit the concept to the use of ideas in the fight
for social justice? What about ideas in ethnic, racial,
and national conflict, as well as other forms of
conflict? And why should it be confined to the use of
ideas to achieve a goal? This imposes an arbitrary
constraint on the concept.
27. It is persuasive and seeks to argue a
case in order to convince.
When it comes to legitimizing and justifying beliefs and
ideas, this comes very close to conveying the
component of ideology discussed above. This
characteristic of ideologies has frequently been used to
justify the tendency to describe the notion as action-
oriented and interest-driven. This essence, however, is
not so much that ideologies seek to persuade, though
they do so frequently and maybe always, but rather that
they make claims, present arguments, and state
reasons for or against some plan, program, behavior,
action, conduct, value, attitude, preference, view, and
so on. Individuals may or may not be concerned in
convincing or persuading others to accept their reasons
while making such claims, but this is generally the case.
It is critical that the assertions be articulated. They may
be concerned with simply stating the legality, fairness,
logic, admirability, worthiness, validity, meaningfulness,
rightness, morality, and so on of a way of life, pattern of
conduct, or program of activity. In other words, they
may be intended for the consumption of those who
believe in them as much as for the persuading of others.
When it is stated that it argues for or against something,
it is accepted that making claims and presenting
arguments means opposing competing assertions and
counterarguments.
Functions of Ideology

These points of agreement point to an ideology definition that can be used to identify,
compare, and contrast various ideologies. An ideology, according to this definition, is a
more or less cohesive and comprehensive body of beliefs that explains and evaluates social
conditions, helps people understand their role in society, and provides a program for social
and political activity. In other words, ideology fulfills four functions for individuals who
embrace it: explanatory, evaluative, orientative, and programmatic.
• Explanatory function that helps individuals understand why the current situation exists;
• Evaluative function that provides a measure for social conditions;
• Orientative function that supplies individuals with a sense of belonging and identity;
• Programmatic function that gives followers with instructions on what to do and how to
think

Ideologies and Social Imaginary

• The social imaginary offers explanations of how ‘we’—the members of the community—
fit together, how things go on between us, the expectations we have of each other, and
the deeper normative notions and images that underlie those expectations. This
background understanding is both normative and factual in the sense of providing us both
with the standards of what passes as common-sense.
• Constituting the macro-mappings of social and political space through which we perceive,
judge, and act in the world, these deep-seated modes of common understandings within
which people imagine their communal existence.
• Charles Taylor argues that social imaginaries are neither theories nor ideologies, but
implicit ‘backgrounds’ that make possible communal practices and a widely shared sense
of their legitimacy.
• Much in the same vein, Pierre Bourdieu notes that the social imaginary sets the pre-
reflexive framework for our daily routines and social repertoires. Structured by social
dynamics that produce them while at the same time also structuring those forces, social
imaginaries are products of history that ‘generate individual and collective practices—
more history—in accordance with the schemes generated by history.
Traditional and Modern Ideologies

When you look around in a society, you'll see different kinds of people with different values,
beliefs, and opinions. Because of that diversity, people may adopt different ideologies. Ideology is a
set of beliefs or ideas that shows how should human affairs be managed.

Political ideology is a set of beliefs about politics, public policy, and public purpose. Note that
political ideologies are normative and not descriptive, meaning it tells how a society should work,
and not what really happens inside a society.

Left to right polars; a spectrum in politics.

Originated in France in 18th Century, during the French Revolution, this is where the terms left
and right are used in a political context. This political spectrum is composed of Anarchism,
Communism, Socialism, Liberalism, Conservatism, Monarchism, Nazism, and Fascism. It is also
referred to as far-right, far-left, center-right, center-left. Wherein the far-right believes in individual
liberty, and that the government should have a limited role in people's lives. On the other hand, the
far-left strive for an equal society and they believe that the government plays a large part in order
to achieve that. The center-right and the center-left is typically the combination and balance of the
two polars.

Today, the spectrum has two classifications: one as the "left" which is a combination of
anarchists, communists, socialist, and liberals; and the other one as the "right" which consists of
conservatives, monarchists, and fascists. They are also known in the US as the liberal/liberalism and
the conservative/conservatism. Liberal/Liberalism focuses on individual liberty or freedom.

Classical Liberalism stresses more on natural rights, and minimal government intervention such
as having the separation of powers to give their people enough freedom. Neo Liberalism or New
Economy Liberalism focuses more on economic prosperity and advocates for laissez-faire economics.
Laissez-faire is a French word means to leave things on their own. Neoliberals believe that
deregulation and lower taxes on businesses will actually help the economy instead of intervening
with them.

Conservatism believes that government intervention should be limited, and the traditional
values and morality helped create a stable society and allowed mankind to progress. It emerged as
a reaction to the existing political ideas such as the liberalism. Although both a

Modern Conservatism stresses that services shall be provided by private sectors in the free market,
and that government should not be overly involved in societal problems.

Both ideologies mentioned the "little intervention of government" but what differs is that
liberals want the government to protect the freedom of the people but is also open to the possibility
of the government being the threat to their liberty, while the conservatives as Christians, does not
accept the view of human beings can be morally improved by political and social change.
EMERGING IDEOLOGY OF GLOBALISM

Globalism vs Globalization

Globalism versus globalization? Many people would think the two terms
refer to the same phenomenon. However, there are important differences
between the two.

Globalism

• Globalism, at its core, seeks to describe and explain nothing more than a world
which is characterized by networks of connections that span multi-continental
distances.
• Attempts to understand all the interconnections of the modern world and to
highlight patterns that underlie (and explain) them.

Globalization

• Refers to the increase or decline in the degree of globalism. It focuses on the forces the
dynamism or speed of these changes.

In short, consider globalism as the underlying basic network, while globalization refers to the dynamic
shrinking of distance on a large scale.

Globalism is a phenomenon with ancient roots. Thus, the issue is not how old globalism is, but rather
how “thin” or “thick” it is at any given time.

As an example of “thin globalism,” the Silk Road provided an economic and cultural link between
ancient Europe and Asia. Getting from thin to thick globalism is globalization — and how fast we get
there is the rate of globalization.
 Six Core Claims of Globalization

1. Globalization is about the liberalization and global integration of markets

This first core claim came from a liberal idea where self-regulation market is the
normative basis for future global order. Because liberalization promotes individual
liberty, this gives the government a lesser power in putting restrictions in an economy.
As a result, greater participation by private entities opens up the opportunity for an
economic growth. Countries who undergo this process is called the global integration.

2. Globalization is inevitable and irreversible

Globalization is inevitable and irreversible as long as the technology advances. It changes
the global society rapidly that it cannot turn back on how it used to be.

3. Nobody is in charge of globalization

Globalization is ruled by no one. Aside from having a self-regulated market,
globalization does not promote the agenda of any class, and globalists don't impose
their agenda to people.
4. Globalization benefits everyone (. . . in the long run)
Globalization allows companies to buy low-cost ways to produce their products,
because of this, consumers will have a wide variety of choices with a cheap price. Aside
from this, free trade allows developing countries to global commerce which help raise
their economies.

5. Globalization furthers the spread of democracy in the world

Globalists refer to the term freedom, free market, free trade, and democracy as
synonymous. By eliminating the restrictions on such transactions, they strengthen
democracy.

6. Globalization requires a global war on terror

9-11 attack which combines the idea of economic globalization with the American
brand of right-wing foreign policy (openly militaristic and nationalistic). Ensuing
aggressive, militaristic US foreign policy is a response to protect the gains of
globalization
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