ISSN: 0852-0682, EISSN: 2460-3945

)RUXP*HRJUD¿9RO'HFHPEHU
‹$XWKRUV&&%<1&1'$WWULEXWLRQ/LFHQVH

Using Water Balance to Analyze Water Availability for

Communities ( A Case Study in Some Areas of Bengawan Solo
Watershed)
Alif Noor Anna*, Kuswaji Dwi Priyono, Suharjo, Yuli Priyana
)DNXOWDV*HRJUDÀ8QLYHUVLWDV0XKDPPDGL\DK6XUDNDUWD
Jl. A Yani Tromol Pos 1 Pabelan Surakarta
*)
Corresponding author (e-mail: alif_noor@ums.ac.id)

Abstract. 7KLV VWXG\ DLPHG D WR GHWHUPLQH WKH JHQHUDO ZDWHU EDODQFH DW WKH 8SVWUHDP
DQG 0LGVWUHDP RI %HQJDZDQ 6ROR :DWHUVKHG E\ XVLQJ 7KRUQWKZDLWH0DWKHU PRGHO DQG E
WR GHWHUPLQH WKH IXOÀOOPHQW RI GRPHVWLF ZDWHU GHPDQG LQ WKH 8SVWUHDP DQG 0LGVWUHDP RI
%HQJDZDQ6ROR:DWHUVKHG3UHYDLOLQJFOLPDWHFKDQJHKDVDIIHFWHGWKHFRQGLWLRQRIZDWHUVRXUFH
LQ 8SVWUHDP DQG 0LGVWUHDP RI %HQJDZDQ 6ROR :DWHUVKHG 2QH RI WKH LPSDFWV ZDV H[WUHPH
ÁXFWXDWLRQRIPHWHRURORJLFDOZDWHUDYDLODELOLW\WKDWPLJKWFDXVHÁRRGDQGGURXJKW6XUYH\ZDV
VHOHFWHGDVWKHUHVHDUFKPHWKRGZKLOHGHVFULSWLYHTXDQWLWDWLYHPHWKRGZDVXVHGIRUGDWDDQDO\VLV
7KH ÀQGLQJV LQGLFDWHG WKH GLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQ SUHFLSLWDWLRQ DQG FRUUHFWHG HYDSRWUDQVSLUDWLRQ
3(3 DW WKH 8SVWUHDP DQG 0LGVWUHDP RI %HQJDZDQ 6ROR :DWHUVKHG ZDV EHWZHHQ 
PPWRPP7KHKLJKHVWYDOXHZDVREWDLQHGE\%DPEDQJ6XEZDWHUVKHGDQGWKHORZHVW
ZDV:LURNR7HPRQ6XEZDWHUVKHG3RVLWLYHYDOXHLQGLFDWHGWKHZDWHUVXUSOXVZKLOHQHJDWLYH
YDOXHLQGLFDWHGZDWHUGHÀFLW'RPHVWLFZDWHUGHPDQGIRUORFDOFRPPXQLWLHVZDVLQWKHUDQJHRI
OLWHUVWROLWHUVDQGWKHOHYHORIZDWHUDYDLODELOLW\YDULHGQDPHO\IXOÀOOHG
DQGXQIXOÀOOHG

Keywords: *HQHUDO ZDWHU EDODQFH ZDWHU DYDLODELOLW\ ZDWHU GHPDQG %HQJDZDQ 6ROR
:DWHUVKHG,QGRQHVLD

Abstrak.3HQHOLWLDQLQLEHUWXMXDQDXQWXNPHQHQWXNDQQHUDFDDLUXPXPGL+XOXGDQWHQJDK
VXQJDL%HQJDZDQ6ROR'$6GHQJDQPHQJJXQDNDQPRGHO7KRUQWKZDLWH0DWKHUGDQEXQWXN
PHQHQWXNDQ SHPHQXKDQ NHEXWXKDQ DLU GRPHVWLN GL +XOX GDQ WHQJDK VXQJDL %HQJDZDQ 6ROR
'$6%HUODNXSHUXEDKDQLNOLPWHODKPHPSHQJDUXKLNRQGLVLVXPEHUDLUGL+XOXGDQWHQJDK
VXQJDL %HQJDZDQ 6ROR '$6 6DODK VDWX GDPSDN DGDODK ÁXNWXDVL HNVWULP NHWHUVHGLDDQ DLU
PHWHRURORJL\DQJPXQJNLQPHQ\HEDENDQEDQMLUGDQNHNHULQJDQ6XUYHLWHUSLOLKVHEDJDLPHWRGH
SHQHOLWLDQ VHGDQJNDQ PHWRGH GHVNULSWLI NXDQWLWDWLI GLJXQDNDQ XQWXN DQDOLVLV GDWD 7HPXDQ
PHQXQMXNNDQSHUEHGDDQDQWDUDFXUDKKXMDQGDQGLNRUHNVLHYDSRWUDQVSLUDVL3(3GL+XOXGDQ
WHQJDKVXQJDL%HQJDZDQ6ROR'$6DGDODKDQWDUDPPNHPP1LODLWHUWLQJJL
GLSHUROHKROHK%DPEDQJ6XE'$6GDQWHUHQGDKDGDODK:LURNR7HPRQ6XE'$61LODLSRVLWLI
PHQXQMXNNDQ VXUSOXV DLU VHPHQWDUD QLODL QHJDWLI PHQXQMXNNDQ GHÀVLW DLU NHEXWXKDQ DLU
GRPHVWLNEDJLPDV\DUDNDWORNDOGLNLVDUDQOLWHUXQWXNOLWHUGDQWLQJNDW
NHWHUVHGLDDQDLUEHUYDULDVL\DLWXWHUSHQXKLGDQWLGDNWHUSHQXKL

Kata kunci:QHUDFDDLUXPXPNHWHUVHGLDDQDLUNHEXWXKDQDLU%HQJDZDQ6ROR'DHUDK$OLUDQ
6XQJDL,QGRQHVLD

1. Introduction since the early days of the Earth, the

Climate change had been one of
national strategic issues that challenged
the Indonesian government in the efforts
to minimize its negative impacts. Despite
the assumption that global warming is a
natural cycle and has been taking place
process is escalated that causes climate
change and other adverse impacts on the
Earth and life within (Sakuntaladewi and
Wibowo, 2015). Numbers of evidences have
EHHQ V\VWHPDWLFDOO\ UHSRUWHG E\ RIÀFLDO
agencies, including ,QWHUJRYHUQPHQWDO 3DQHO
RQ &OLPDWH &KDQJH (IPCC) and The 8QLWHG

$YDLODEOHRQOLQHDWKWWS-RXUQDOVXPVDFLGLQGH[SKSIJDUWLFOHYLHZ
167 8VLQJ:DWHU%DODQFHWR$QDO\]H:DWHU$YDLODELOLW\$QQDet al.

Nations )UDPHZRUN &RQYHQWLRQ on &OLPDWH change potentially threatened the decline of

&KDQJH (UNFCCC). Their reports highlighted ZDWHU VXSSO\ ÁRRGV DQG GURXJKWV WKXV WKH
the immediate hazard of climate change such vulnerability and risks should be recognized
as the changes of precipitation pattern, rising VSHFLÀFDOO\ LQ RUGHU WR LGHQWLI\ LPSRUWDQW
temperatures, sea level rise, and extreme climate
events. Those potential hazards threaten and
affect the sustainability of community and
natural system (National Defence Institute/
Lemhanas, 2014). One of natural systems
KLJKO\ LQÁXHQFHG E\ WKH FOLPDWH FKDQJH ZDV
watershed. However, climate changes had both
positive and negative impacts on watershed.
Generally, the Upstream and Midstream of
Bengawan Solo Watershed endured adverse
impact of climate change, including drought
DQGÁRRG
In a study, Foster and Ait-Kadi (2012)
UHDIÀUPHG WKDW FOLPDWH FKDQJH ZLOO FRQYH\
DGDSWDWLRQ PHDVXUHV E WKH LQDGHTXDWH
condition of water infrastructure that led
to an increase of climate change risk on the
water sector, and (c) the lack of technology
implementation and inappropriate water
resources management.
Rapid population growth resulted in
higher demand for water resources. However,
higher individual socio-economic status would
be followed by higher consumption level
including on water resources such as for trade
and industrial activity. The necessity for water
resources sector in urban areas was greater
LQ TXDQWLW\ LQ FRPSDUHG ZLWK UXUDO DUHDV ,W
QHJDWLYH FRQVHTXHQFH RQ WKH VHFWRU RI
water resources and economic stability. The
availability of water resources became a global
warning that should be resolved immediately.
Moreover, human interferences such as
area development, population pressure,
and rapid urbanization had worsened the
ZDV FRQÀUPHG E\ 9DUULV et al  ZKR
emphasized that rapid population growth
in major cities had increased the demand for
water resources, and uncontrolled exploitation
would affect the water supply. To maintain
water supply, water resources management
DQG SODQQLQJ ZDV UHTXLUHG LQFOXGLQJ E\ WKH
VLWXDWLRQ 6LPLODUO\ $GL  FRQÀUPHG
that global climate change has provided
evidences in Indonesia, particularly related
with precipitation pattern. Extreme rainfall
IUHTXHQF\ DQG LQWHQVLW\ LQFUHDVHG WKH
RFFXUUHQFH RI ÁDVK ÁRRG DQG ODQGVOLGH ,Q
addition, the elongated duration of the dry
VHDVRQ KDG FDXVHG GURXJKW IRUHVW ÀUHV DQG
degraded land. Luo, et al (2013) also suggested
that the impacts of climate change could lead
to volatility of hydrological cycle and water
TXDOLW\LQDZDWHUVKHG
Watershed is one of the determinants of
water resources status in a given area. However,
the condition of watersheds in Indonesia are
commonly degraded over time (Miardini
determination of regional water balance.
This study aimed to determine the general
water balance at the Upstream and Midstream
of Bengawan Solo Watershed by using
Thornthwaite-Mather model, and to determine
WKH OHYHO RI GRPHVWLF ZDWHU IXOÀOOPHQW LQ WKH
study area.
2. Research Methods
a. Methods
Secondary analysis data was the method
employed in this study and descriptive
TXDQWLWDWLYHPHWKRGZDVXVHGIRUGDWDDQDO\VLV
Furthermore, the determination of watershed’s
general water balance used Thornthwaite-
DQG 6XVDQWL  ,PSURSHU ZDWHUVKHG
Mather method. Watershed’s meteorological
management will have an adverse impact on
water availability was assessed by using the
its water resources status. There was a wide
weighted average method.
range of strategic issues regarding with water
resources sector that should be addressed as
b. Data and Data Sources
an effort in response to global climate change
at the Upstream and Midstream of Bengawan In this study, the data comprised of
Solo Watershed. The strategic issues consisted VHFRQGDU\ GDWD WKDW ZDV VXSSRUWHG ZLWK ÀHOG
of: (a) the water balance between the supply VWXG\UHVXOWV6SHFLÀFDOO\WKHGDWDDQGVRXUFHV
and the demand (water balance). Climate are presented in Table 1 as follows.

)RUXP*HRJUD¿9RO'HFHPEHU ,661(,661

8VLQJ:DWHU%DODQFHWR$QDO\]H:DWHU$YDLODELOLW\$QQDet al. 168

Table 1.'DWDDQG'DWD6RXUFHV
No Analysis Data 6SHFLÀF'DWD Source
Average monthly %37.3'$6%HQJD
Meteorological
precipitation and tem- ZDQ6ROR, %DODL36'$
data
perature %HQJDZDQ6ROR

1 General water balance

Soil map, Geology,
Maps Slope, Land use, and Previous studies
Watershed

Data of total popula-

2 Water demand Population Data tion and population %DGDQ3XVDW6WDWLVWLN
growth

6RXUFH$XWKRUV

3. Data Analysis Technique F 'RPHVWLF :DWHU 'HPDQG )XO¿OOPHQW

Analysis
a. General water balance analysis
7KHIXOÀOOPHQWRIGRPHVWLFZDWHUGHPDQG
Water balance is the balance of the water
in the study area was assessed based on the ratio
input and output in a region at a certain period
of regional meteorological water availability
that can be used to determine the amount of
and domestic water demand in Bengawan
ZDWHUVXUSOXVRUZDWHUGHÀFLW7KHPRGHOXVHG
6ROR:DWHUVKHG'HPDQGZDVIXOÀOOHGLIZDWHU
in this study was the general water balance. It
availability exceeded the demand and on the
UHTXLUHG FOLPDWRORJLFDO GDWD DQG ZDV XVHIXO
FRQWUDU\LWZDVQRWIXOÀOOHGLIZDWHUDYDLODELOLW\
to determine the wet months. Thornthwaite-
was lower than the demand.
Mather method was used to identify the
The calculation of domestic regional
FRQGLWLRQRIWKHZDWHUTXDQWLW\LQHDFKPRQWK
water availability was carried out by using
in a year (Fu’adah, et al., 2015). This method
the weighted average method and domestic
measured air temperature, monthly heat
water demand by the assumption of 100 liters/
index, and correction factor of solar radiation
individual/ day (Muliranti and Hadi, 2013).
duration based on the latitude (Tamba, et al.,
. Projection of domestic water demand
was established by considering the rate of
population growth.
b. Water availability analysis
The weighted average method was
employed to calculate water availability
based on precipitation of each sub-watershed
4. Results and Discussions
a. Physical Condition of Study Area
The Upstream and Midstream of
Bengawan Solo watershed consist of several
sub-watersheds including Pepe, Bambang,
Dengkeng, Mungkung, Samin, and Jlantah
Walikun Ds, Keduang, Wiroko Temon, and
Alang Unggahan. Astronomically, the study
0XOLUDQWLDQG+DGL7KHHTXDWLRQZDV
DUHDLVVLWXDWHGDWž·µ(ž·µ(
as follows:
DQG ž·µ6  ž·µ6 7RWDO DUHD ZDV
3773.99 km². Administratively, the Upstream of
V = (P1xA1) + (P2xA2) + (P3xA3)
Bengawan Solo Watershed covered Wonogiri
district, Sukoharjo district, Klaten district,
Where:
Karanganyar district, Boyolali district, and
V : volume (water availability in
Surakarta City. Spatially, the illustration of
liters/m3),
study area can be observed in Fig. 1.
P1. P2. P3 : precipitation (mm), and
The micro climate of each sub-watershed
A1. A2. A3 : area of the Upstream and
was determined by using Thiessen polygons. It
Midstream of Bengawan Solo
ZDVHVWDEOLVKHGZLWKÀYHUDLQIDOOVWDWLRQVWKXV
Watershed (km2).
WKHUHZHUHÀYH7KLHVVHQSRO\JRQDUHDVQDPHO\
Nepen station (Boyolali), Pabelan station
(Surakarta), Klaten station, Tawangmangu
station (Karanganyar), and Baturetno station

ISSN: 0852-0682, EISSN: 2460-3945 )RUXP*HRJUD¿9RO'HFHPEHU

169
(Wonogiri). Based on the analysis obtained from
those stations, the study area had moderate and
semi-humid climate5DLQIDOOVWDWLRQVFODVVLÀHG
in semi-humid climate group were Pabelan,
Tawangmangu, and Klaten with the Q values,
respectively, 43.2: 39.5: and 50. Meanwhile,
rainfall stations located in moderate climate
were Nepen and Baturetno with Q values of
 DQG  UHVSHFWLYHO\ 6SDWLDO 7KLHVVHQ
polygon of the study area is presented in Fig. 2.
In 2014, there were 7 (seven) types of land
use were recorded in the study area, namely,
forest, mixed orchard, vacant land, settlement,
Figure 1. Administration Map of the Upstream and Midstream of Bengawan Solo Watershed.
The study area was divided into four
topography regions, i.e. flat, undulating,
hilly, and volcanic. This study area was
generally flat (slope of 0-<5%) with a total
DUHD RI  NPò RU  RI WKH WRWDO
regional area. It indicated that the dominant
topography was relatively flat. Other parts
8VLQJ:DWHU%DODQFHWR$QDO\]H:DWHU$YDLODELOLW\$QQDet al.
SDGG\ÀHOGGU\ODQGDJULFXOWXUHDQGUHVHUYRLU
/DQG XVH ZDV GRPLQDWHG E\ SDGG\ ÀHOG DQG
PL[HGRUFKDUGZLWKDUHDRINP2 
km², respectively.
Generally, the soil type of the study area
consisted of eight types, including alluvials,
andosols, complex, grumusols, latosols, lithosols,
mediterranean, and regosols. Lithosol dominated
the study area and was distributed evenly throughout
the area, approximately of 1465.3 km². This kind of
soil has a thickness or soil solum of 20 cm or less on
the surface of source rock or source material (lytic
or paralytic) regardless the color and texture.
were dominated by a slope of 10-<30% of
approximately 931.15 km². It was distributed
on the edge of the study area, including
on the south, east, and west of the area. In
addition, there was a small part of area with
a slope of 5-<10% and >30% (Suharjo and
Anna, 2007).

)RUXP*HRJUD¿9RO'HFHPEHU ,661(,661

8VLQJ:DWHU%DODQFHWR$QDO\]H:DWHU$YDLODELOLW\$QQDet al. 170

Figure 2. Polygon Thiessen Map of the Upstream and Midstream of Bengawan Solo Watershed.

Geologically, the Upstream and Midstream
of Bengawan Solo Watershed were constituted
of $QGHVLWH +RORFHQH $OOXYLXP /LPHVWRQH
2OG 4XDWHUQDU\ 9ROFDQLF 3URGXFW 4XDWHUQDU\
6HGLPHQWDU\ 3URGXFW 7HUWLDU\ 6HGLPHQWDU\
3URGXFW 7HUWLDU\ 9ROFDQLF 3URGXFW and <RXQJ
4XDWHUQDU\ 9ROFDQLF 3URGXFW. The Upstream
and Midstream of Bengawan Solo Watershed
were dominated by <RXQJ 4XDWHUQDU\ 9ROFDQLF
3URGXFW that was evenly distributed in the west
and the east with total area of 2002.5 km².
This area was constituted of materials from
Mount Merapi and Lawu since the study area
is located between Mount Merapi and Lawu in
the west and the east. Meanwhile, Bengawan
Solo River is situated between Mount Merapi
and Lawu, so there were holocene and alluvium
that were composed from the river sediment
material with an area of 435.4 km².
Based on data from the Central Bureau
of Statistics (%DGDQ 3XVDW 6WDWLVWLN) in 2015, the
total population of the six districts included
in the Upstream and Midstream of Bengawan
6ROR:DWHUVKHGZDVSHRSOHZLWKDQ
average population growth of 0.82% per year.
The population data of the study area can be
seen in Table 2.

Table 2. 3RSXODWLRQLQWKH6WXG\$UHDLQ
Total Population
No District/City Population Growth (%)
(individual)
1 Sukoharjo  0.45
2 Karanganyar 840,171 0.71
3 Surakarta City 507,825 1.53
4 Boyolali  
5 Klaten  1.02
 Wonogiri 942,377 

6RXUFH'DWDDQDO\VLV

ISSN: 0852-0682, EISSN: 2460-3945 )RUXP*HRJUD¿9RO'HFHPEHU

171 8VLQJ:DWHU%DODQFHWR$QDO\]H:DWHU$YDLODELOLW\$QQDet al.

b. General Water Balance in the Upstream components had effect on water availability
and Midstream of Bengawan Solo (hydrological conditions) in a watershed.
Watershed 7KH ÀQDO UHVXOW RI ZDWHUVKHG·V JHQHUDO
water balance was derived from the difference
Based on the water cycle system, the between precipitation and corrected EP,
water available on the earth is the result of WKXV ZDWHU VXUSOXV RU ZDWHU GHÀFLW LQ WKH
precipitation. Rainwater poured down on the wet period could be determined. Negative
earth’s surface in various conditions of land value represented the precipitation level was
cover including in urban area, rural area, forest, incapable to add water potential of vegetated
ÀHOGV GLYHUVH VRLO W\SHV DQG WRSRJUDSKLHV area. On the contrary, positive value depicted
Different land conditions would differentiate the water surplus was available during certain
periods of the year to restore soil moisture and
WKHTXDQWLW\RIZDWHUUHODWHGWRWKHSURFHVVRI
runoff. The differences between precipitation
LQÀOWUDWLRQHYDSRUDWLRQVWRUDJHE\WKHFURZQV and monthly P-EP in the Upstream and
and hollows, as well as runoff. The conditions Midstream of Bengawan Solo Watershed are
indicated that the physical and meteorological presented in Table 3.

Table 3. 7KH&DOFXODWLRQRI0RQWKO\3(3LQWKH8SVWUHDPDQG0LGVWUHDPRI%HQJDZDQ6ROR:DWHUVKHG
No Sub-watershed P EP P-EP Description
1 Alang Unggahan    'HÀFLW
2 Bambang  113.50  Surplus
3 Dengkeng  125.70 40.24 Surplus
4 Jlantah Walikun Ds 218.44 123.20 95.24 Surplus
5 Keduang 217.38 122.40 94.98 Surplus
 Mungkung 248.51  78.81 Surplus
7 Pepe 184.84   Surplus
8 Samin 244.82 174.00 70.82 Surplus
9 Wiroko Temon  137.19 -11.19 'HÀFLW
6RXUFH'DWDDQDO\VLV

In Table 3, the Upstream and Midstream
of Bengawan Solo Watershed endured water
GHÀFLWDQGZDWHUVXUSOXV7KHKLJKHVWYDOXHRI
P-EP was obtained by Keduang sub-watershed
and the lowest was obtained by Wiroko Temon
VXEZDWHUVKHG :DWHU GHÀFLW ZDV XQGHUJRQH
by Alang Unggahan and Wiroko Temon sub-
watershed. It was allegedly caused by those
sub-watersheds were in the range of one rainfall
station, which was Baturetno station. The
FRQGLWLRQ RI PHWHRURORJLFDO ZDWHU GHÀFLW DQG
water surplus in the Upstream and Midstream
of Bengawan Solo Watershed is presented in
Fig. 2.

Figure 3. General Water Balance of the Upstream and Downstream of Bengawan Solo Watershed.

)RUXP*HRJUD¿9RO'HFHPEHU ,661(,661

8VLQJ:DWHU%DODQFHWR$QDO\]H:DWHU$YDLODELOLW\$QQDet al. 172

Based on Fig. 3, the blue line showed the
data of average monthly precipitation and
the red line indicated the corrected potential
HYDSRUDWLRQ :DWHU GHÀFLW RFFXUUHG ZKHQ WKH
two curves intersected.
describe the drought of an area with Index of
Aridity (Ia). It compared the difference between
ZDWHUGHÀFLWDQGSRWHQWLDOHYDSRUDWLRQ%DVHG
on the results of the study conducted in the
Code watershed based on Ia, the area could
The assessment of general water balance EH FODVVLÀHG DV U ORZ ZDWHU GHÀFLW 7KXV
in the Upstream and Midstream of Bengawan climatologically, the area of Code watershed
6ROR ZDWHUVKHG UHTXLUHG WKH GDWD RI DYHUDJH could not be considered as drought-vulnerable
monthly precipitation rainfall by employing area.
Thornthwaite-Mather method. This method
was selected since numbers of researchers c. Domestic Meteorological Water
YHULÀHGWKHKLJKDFFXUDF\RIWKLVPHWKRG&DOYR Availability
(2009) conducted a study of the evaluation of
Meteorological water availability in the
water balance by using Thronwaite-Matter in
Upstream and Midstream of Bengawan Solo
predicting run-off in the highlands of Costa
Watershed was obtained from the average of
Rica. The results indicated that the Thronwaite-
monthly precipitation derived from Thiessen
Matter method could estimate annual and
polygons method. Data processing was
monthly run-off and in general, the level of
carried out with the assistance of Geographic
results’ accuracy reached 90%.
Information Systems (GIS) by using Arc GIS 9.3
Similar study related with the calculation
VRIWZDUH6SHFLÀFDOO\UHVXOWVRIGDWDSURFHVVLQJ
of P-EP by employing the Thronwaite-Matter
are presented in Table 4.
method was also carried out by Adi (2015) to

Table 4.0RQWKO\0HWHRURORJLFDO:DWHU$YDLODELOLW\LQWKH8SVWUHDPDQG0LGVWUHDPRI%HQJDZDQ6ROR:DWHUVKHG
Water Availability
No Sub-watershed Precipitation (mm) Total Area (km2)
(liter)
1 Alang Unggahan  508.82 
2 Bambang  321.23 
3 Dengkeng   142,892.59
4 Jlantah Walikun Ds 218.44  79,857.30
5 Keduang 217.38 423.25 
 Mungkung 248.51 324.93 80,748.35
7 Pepe 184.84  
8 Samin 244.82  
9 Wiroko Temon  297.3 37,459.80
Total 1723.99 3713.39 

6RXUFH'DWDDQDO\VLV

Based on Table 4, the highest value of
meteorological water availability was obtained
by Dengkeng sub-watershed of 142,892.59 liters
while the lowest was obtained by Wiroko Temon
sub-watershed of 37,459.8 liters. The difference
ZDVWKHFRQVHTXHQFHRIWRWDODUHDPHWHRURORJLFDO
stations range, and the mean precipitation of each
sub-watershed. Administratively, Sukoharjo
covered Jlantah Walikun Ds, Alang Unggahan,
Keduang, and Wiroko Temon sub-watershed.
Thiessen polygon method to determine the
average precipitation has several advantages
including to provide precise precipitation
data since each part of the catchment area is
SURSRUWLRQDOO\ UHSUHVHQWHG E\ VSHFLÀF UDLQ
gauge that could be used on large area. It was
covered Samin sub-watershed, Karanganyar
covered Mungkung sub-watershed, Boyolali
covered Bambang sub-watershed, Surakarta
covered Pepe sub-watershed, Klaten covered
Dengkeng sub-watershed, and Wonogiri
FRQÀUPHGE\UHVHDUFKFRQGXFWHGE\1LQJ
that used Thiessen polygon method to calculate
and estimate the rainfall distribution of other
areas with the absence of precipitation data in a
given period.

ISSN: 0852-0682, EISSN: 2460-3945 )RUXP*HRJUD¿9RO'HFHPEHU

173
Data of meteorological water availability that
had been calculated by using Thiessen polygon
method and divided into sub-watershed area,
VXEVHTXHQWO\ZDVFKDQJHGLQWRDGPLQLVWUDWLYH
Table 5.0RQWKO\0HWHRURORJLFDO:DWHU$YDLODELOLW\LQWKH8SVWUHDPDQG0LGVWUHDPRI%HQJDZDQ6ROR:DWHUVKHG
No District/City
1 Sukoharjo
2 Karanganyar
3 Surakarta
4 Boyolali
5 Klaten
 Wonogiri
Total
6RXUFH'DWDDQDO\VLV
In accordance to Table 5, the highest
monthly meteorological water availability
was attained by Wonogiri district, which was
amounted to 273,434,51 liters and the lowest was
REWDLQHG E\ 6XUDNDUWD &LW\ RI  OLWHUV
High meteorological water availability should
be necessarily balanced with well-managed
water conservation such as by expanding the
catchment area, reducing land-use conversion,
harvesting rainwater, and reducing excessive
use of ground water. It was also emphasized
by Basuki (2015) that water conservation
WHFKQLTXHVRILQXQGDWLRQUHVHUYRLUV\VWHPFDQ
be an alternative to decrease the run off.
d. Analysis of Domestic Water Demand
in the Upstream and Midstream of
Bengawan Solo Watershed
Water is one of the basic necessities for local
community in the Upstream and Midstream
of Bengawan Solo watershed. It is used for
various purposes including for domestic and
agricultural activities. Water demand of each
area varies in accordance to the population and
their livelihoods. In this study, water demand
was estimated based on the assumption in
Table 6.'RPHVWLF:DWHU'HPDQGLQDWWKH$GPLQLVWUDWLYH$UHDRIWKH8SVWUHDPDQG0LGVWUHDPRI%HQJDZDQ
No District/City
1 Sukoharjo
2 Karanganyar
8VLQJ:DWHU%DODQFHWR$QDO\]H:DWHU$YDLODELOLW\$QQDet al.
based data. As for the details of meteorological
water availability based on administrative area of
the Upstream and Midstream of Bengawan Solo
watershed is presented in Table 5.
Water Availability
Range of Sub-watershed
(liter)
Samin 
Mungkung 80,748,350
Pepe 
Bambang 
Dengkeng 142,892,590
Jlantah Walikun Ds, Alang Un-
ggahan, Keduang, and Wiroko 273,434,510
Temon

ZKLFK HDFK LQGLYLGXDO UHTXLUHG  OLWHUV
day. The domestic water demand of districts
in the administrative area of Upstream and
Midstream of Bengawan Solo watershed is
SUHVHQWHGLQ7DEOH
%DVHG RQ 7DEOH  WKH KLJKHVW OHYHO RI
domestic water demand was obtained by
.ODWHQ GLVWULFW RI  OLWHU ZKLOH WKH
lowest domestic water demand was attained by
Surakarta City of 50,782,500 liters. The level of
domestic water demand in the study area varied
that was caused by diverse total population of
each district or city in the administrative area
of the Upstream and Midstream of Bengawan
Solo watershed. The higher the population
of an area, the higher the domestic water
demand. However, clean water demand was
not linear with the supply, hence, people
VKRXOGIUHTXHQWO\EX\FOHDQZDWHUDWDUHDVZLWK
abundant clean water. Similarly, Alimah and
Putro (2015) asserted water demand as human
EDVLF UHTXLUHPHQW LV LQFOLQHG WR DXJPHQW LQ
accordance to population growth. The demand
is increasing for household, industry sector,
RIÀFHVDQGRWKHUSXEOLFIDFLOLWLHV
6ROR:DWHUVKHG
Total Population Standard
Demand (liter)
(individual) requirement (liter)
 100 
840.171 100 84,017,100

)RUXP*HRJUD¿9RO'HFHPEHU ,661(,661

8VLQJ:DWHU%DODQFHWR$QDO\]H:DWHU$YDLODELOLW\$QQDet al. 174

Total Population Standard require-

No District/City Demand (liter)
(individual) ment (liter)
3 Surakarta 507,825 100 50,782,500
4 Boyolali  100 
5 Klaten  100 
 Wonogiri 942,377 100 94,237,700
Total   
6RXUFH'DWDDQDO\VLV

e. Analysis of Domestic Water Demand low water demand would result on the
Fulfillment in the Study Area fulfillment of domestic water demand, on
The fulfillment of domestic water the contrary, low meteorology-based water
demand was based on the amount of availability and high water demand would
meteorological water availability and the lead to water deficit. The fulfillment of
amount of domestic water demand of domestic water demand in the Upstream and
the population in a certain region. High Midstream of Bengawan Solo Watershed is
meteorology-based water availability and presented in Table 7.
Table 7.7KH6WDWXVRI'RPHVWLF:DWHU'HPDQGLQ8SVWUHDPDQG0LGVWUHDPRI%HQJDZDQ6ROR:DWHUVKHG
Availability
District/City Demand (liter) Difference Description
(liter)
Sukoharjo   -7,920,440 'HÀFLW
Karanganyar 80,748,350 84,017,100  'HÀFLW
Surakarta  50,782,500 4.028.110 Surplus
Boyolali    'HÀFLW
Klaten 142,892,590  11,201,890 Surplus
Wonogiri 273,434,510 94,237,700  Surplus
Total   148,549,150 Surplus
6RXUFH'DWDDQDO\VLV

Table 7 demonstrated that basically, Upstream and Midstream of Bengawan Solo

domestic water demand in the study area
ZDV IXOÀOOHG +RZHYHU VHYHUDO GLVWULFWV KDG
HQGXUHGZDWHUGHÀFLWDVFDQEHVHHQLQ7DEOH
such as Sukoharjo district, Karanganyar district,
and Boyolali district. The status eventually
LPSURYHGFRPPXQLW\ZHOIDUHDQGOLIHTXDOLW\
6XUSOXV RU GHÀFLW GRPHVWLF ZDWHU DYDLODELOLW\
of study area in this research, however, did
QRW UHÁHFW WKH ZDWHU FULVLV VLQFH PRVW RI WKH
population lived in the urban area and utilized
local water company (PDAM) as water source.
5. Conclusion
Based on the results description and
discussion, it can be concluded that the
calculation of general water balance in the
watershed indicated the occurrence of both
ZDWHUVXUSOXVDQGZDWHUGHÀFLW:DWHUVXUSOXV
was obtained by Bambang, Dengkeng, Jlantah
Walikun Ds, Keduang, Mungkung, Pepe and
6DPLQVXEZDWHUVKHGZKLOHZDWHUGHÀFLWZDV
undergone by Alang Unggahan and Wiroko
Temon sub-watershed. The meteorological
water availability in the Upstream and
Midstream of Bengawan Solo watershed was
in the range of 37,459,800 to 142,892,590 liters.
Domestic water demand in Upstream and
Midstream of Bengawan Solo watershed was
EHWZHHQ  WR  OLWHUV 7KH
ZDWHUDYDLODELOLW\JHQHUDOO\IXOÀOOHGWKHZDWHU
GHPDQGWKXVWKHFRPPXQLW\UHTXLUHPHQWIRU
domestic water demand was attained.

6. References
$GL 51  .ODVLÀNDVL ,NOLP GDQ ,QWHQVLWDV .HNHULQJDQ 'DHUDK $OLUDQ 6XQJDL &RGH
berdasarkan Indeks Kekeringan 0DNDODK 6HPLQDU 1DVLRQDO 5HVWRUDVL '$6. Surakarta:
BPTKPDAS.

ISSN: 0852-0682, EISSN: 2460-3945 )RUXP*HRJUD¿9RO'HFHPEHU

175 8VLQJ:DWHU%DODQFHWR$QDO\]H:DWHU$YDLODELOLW\$QQDet al.

Alimah, I., Putro, H P H., 2015. Kajian Tingkat Konsumsi Air Bersih PDAM di Provinsi Jawa
Barat. -XUQDO3HUHQFDQDDQ:LOD\DKGDQ.RWD%6$33.91S
Basuki, T.M., 2015. Evaluasi Kemampuan Penggunaan Lahan dan Alternatif Penerapan Konservasi
Tanah dan Air Sebagai Upaya Restorasi DAS Ciliwung. 0DNDODK6HPLQDU1DVLRQDO5HVWRUDVL
'$6. Surakarta: BPTKPDAS.
&DOYR-&$QHYDOXDWLRQRI7KRUQWKZDLWH·VZDWHUEDODQFHWHFKQLTXHLQSUHGLFWLQJVWUHDP
runoff in Costa Rica. +\GURORJLFDO6FLHQFHV-RXUQDO'2,
Fu’adah, A.T., Iryanti, M., Mujtahiddin, M I., 2015. Analisis Spasial Ketersediaan Air Tanah di
Wilayah Bandung dengan menggunakan Metode Neraca Air Thornthwaite-Matter. -XUQDO
3HQHOLWLDQ )LEXVL -R) 9RO  1R  $SULO . %DQGXQJ -XUXVDQ 3HQGLGLNDQ )LVLND )DNXOWDV
3HQGLGLNDQ0DWHPDWLNDGDQ,OPX3HQJHWDKXDQ$ODP8QLYHUVLWDV3HQGLGLNDQ,QGRQHVLD83,
Lemhanas, 2014. Problem Sumber Daya Air dan Model Pengelolannya. Accessed in 28 April 2014
at:
http://www.lemhannas.go.id/portal/images/stories/humas/jurnal/edisi15/jurnal%20
HGLVLPDWHULSGI
0LDUGLQL$6XVDQWL3'$QDO\VLV3K\VLFDO&KDUDFWHULVWLFVRI/DQGIRU(VWLPDWHG5XQRII
&RHIÀFLHQWDV)ORRG&RQWURO(IIRUWLQ&RPDO:DWHUVKHG&HQWUDO-DYD)RUXP*HRJUDÀ
²
Muliranti , S., Hadi, M. Pramono., 2013. Kajian Ketersediaan Air Meteorologis untuk Pemenuhan
Kebutuhan Air Domestik di Provinsi Jawa Tengah dan DIY. 1DVNDK 3XEOLNDVL 6NULSVL 6.
<RJ\DNDUWD)DNXOWDV*HRJUDÀ8*0
Ningsih, D. H.U., 2012. Metode Thiessen Polygon untuk Ramalan Sebaran Curah Hujan Periode
Tertentu pada Wilayah yang Tidak Memiliki Data Curah Hujan. -XUQDO 7HNQLN 7HNQRORJL
,QIRUPDVL',1$0,.
Suharjo, Anna, A. N., 2007. (YROXVL/HUHQJ'DQ7DQDK'DHUDK6ROR-DZD7HQJDK)DNXOWDV*HRJUDÀ
UMS.
Foster, S. and Ait-Kadi, M. 2012. Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM): How does
JURXQGZDWHUÀWLQ"+\GURJHRORJ\-RXUQDO²6ZHHGHQ6SULQJHU9HUODJ
Sakuntaladewi, N., Wibowo, L. R., 2015. Dampak Perubahan Iklim, Kerentanan, dan Adaptasi
Masyarakat di DAS Cipunagara, Provinsi Jawa Barat. 0DNDODK 6HPLQDU 1DVLRQDO 5HVWRUDVL
'$6. Surakarta: BPTKPDAS.
7DPED&)DX]L06XSUD\RJL,.DMLDQ3RWHQVL.HWHUVHGLDQ$LUPHQJJXQDNDQ0RGHO
Neraca Air Bulanan Thornthwaite-Mather (Studi Kasus: Sub Das Subayang Kampar Kiri
Hulu). -XUQDO3HQHOLWLDQ-RP)7(.1,.9ROXPH122NWREHUSS. Riau: Jurusan
Teknik Sipil Fakultas Teknik Universitas Riau.

)RUXP*HRJUD¿9RO'HFHPEHU ,661(,661