Summary

Liste figure 1
I Introducion 2
II Construction Induction machines 2
II .1 STATOR 2
II.1 Rotor 3
II.3 Other parts 3
III Faults in induction machines 3
IV Broken rotor bars 4
V Detection of Broken rotor bars faults 5
VI Simulation 6
VI Analysis 6
VII Conclusion 7

Liste figure
Figure 1: stator 2
Figure 2:rotor 2
Figure 3: Distributions of induction motor faults. 3
Figure 4 :Broken Rotor bars 4
Figure 5 :Detection of Broken rotor bars faults 4
Figure 6 : healthy condition. 5
I Introducion

The induction motor is the most common means of converting electrical energy to
mechanical energy. As such they form a very important part of modem industrial plants.
Adverse service conditions may cause faults to develop within a motor that eventually result
in the motor failing. If warning of an impending failure can be obtained, the motor can be
scheduled for repair or replacement before catastrophic failure occurs, thus avoiding costly
excess downtime of plant. A fault which occurs in cage induction motors, is where a fracture
occurs between the end ring and a rotor bar, or in an end-ring segment. These faults may be
detected by examining the frequency spectrum of the stator current, while the motor is
operating under loaded conditions, for the presence of characteristic frequency components.
The basic theory is reasonably well known, however little work has been done on detecting
faults when the motor is controlled by a variablefrequency drive, which causes extra
frequency components to appear in the stator current spectrum.

II Construction Induction machines

II  .1 STATOR

The Stator is the outer stationary part of induction machines. It consists of three main
parts: stator frame, stator core, stator winding or field winding. The stator frame is the outer
most part in machines who’s the main function is to support the stator core and the field
winding. The stator core allows carrying alternating flux. The stator winding is simply the
stationary winding that has a very low resistance and the winding is also insulated from the
frame.
 Figure 1: stator

II.1 Rotor

The Rotor is the rotating part of induction machines. These machines are classified
according to their rotor. There are two types of induction machine rotors: squirrel cage rotor
and slip ring rotor or wound rotor or phase wound rotor. The rotor is connected to the
mechanical load through the shaft.

Figure 2:rotor

II.3 Other parts

Other parts such as: end-flanges, bearings, steel shaft, cooling fan, and terminal box.
III Faults in induction machines

Induction machines are subjected to many fault types. In the literature, these faults can be
categorized into electrical faults and mechanical faults. Electrical faults include unbalance

Figure 3: Distributions of induction motor faults.

supply voltage or current, single phasing, reverse phase sequence, earth fault, overload, inter-
turn short-circuit fault, and broken rotor bars. Besides, mechanical faults are the most frequent
faults in induction machines. These faults include mass unbalance, air gap eccentricity,
bearing damage, rotor winding failure, and stator winding failure. The most studied faults in
the literature are: bearing faults, stator faults, broken rotor bars, and eccentricity faults.
Distributions of induction motor faults according to IEEE and EPRI studies are given in
Figure 3.

IV Broken rotor bars

Broken Rotor bars (BRB) are the most frequent faults in the rotor. These faults occur when
bars are partially cracked or completely broken. These faults can be caused by various stresses
: thermal (due to thermal overload), mechanical (caused by loose laminations, fatigued parts,
or bearing faults), magnetic (caused by electromagnetic forces, unbalanced magnetic pull),
dynamic (due to shaft torques), and environmental (due to contamination, abrasion of rotor
material). These faults result in an unbalanced rotor flux and additional faulty frequency
components appear in the stator current spectrum. These frequencies are given

f b r b  =  f s  |1  ± 2 k s|   (1)

 Figure 4 :Broken Rotor bars

 V Detection of Broken rotor bars faults

Among all the methods for detecting faults in the inducions machines, The most commonly
used remains the monitoring by spectral analysis of the stator current which consists in
carrying out a simple Fourier transform of the stator current affected by the fault, and to
visualize the parasitic frequencies constituting the signature of a fault in the machine.

Figure 5 :Detection of Broken rotor bars faults

 VI Simulation

To validate the proposed model, a functional schema of the induction machine was
developed based on the Matlab platform By using FFT methode. The machine was first
simulated under healthy condition. Then, the rotor failures under one, two broken bars were
simulated. the simulation results are illustrated by the figures 5,6,

Figure 6 : healthy condition.

Figure 6 : one Broken bars, and two bars broken

VI Analysis

When simulating the motor in healthy mode, we only observe the appearance of the
fundamental at 50Hz.

When a bar is broken, we notice presence compasant ( 1+2 K g ) f s around the

fundamental (figure 6).

VII Conclusion

We performed the spectral analysis of the stator current, by the Fourier transform which
offered us the possibility of detecting the components ( 1+ K g ) f s . Also, we have shown that

the variation on the characteristics of the defect is on the amplitude of harmonics

( 1+2 K g ) f s , just as it has been shown by other authors, follows the number of broken bars.