Electrical / Instrumentation Installation in

Hazardous area

Properties of Flammable Materials

 Power System

Support Components

Measurement &
Protection System
Monitoring System

Generation Transmission Distribution Load

Main Components
 Criteria for the operation of an electric power system
• Safety
• Quality
• Reliability
• Economy
Safety
aims to ensure the safety of personnel, environment, and property in every aspect of system operations
Quality
is defined in terms of variables, such as frequency and voltage that must conform to certain standards to
accommodate the requirements for proper operation of all loads connected to the system
Reliability
of supply does not have to mean a constant supply of power, but it means that any break in the supply of
power is one that is agreed to and tolerated by both supplier and consumer of electric power
Economy
Making the generation cost and losses at a minimum motivates the economy criterion while mitigating the
adverse impact of power system operation on the environment
Introduction to Hazardous Areas and case studies
Piper Alpha Gas / Vapor Fire
Introduction to Hazardous Areas and case studies
Dust Fire
Introduction to Hazardous Areas and case studies

Piper Alpha June 6th 1988

22.00 hrs

Loss of 167 lives Total destruction of Platform

Introduction to Hazardous Areas and case studies
Brent Alpha June 6th 1988
15.30 hrs

Destruction of Gas Compression Module

Loss of Gas Production Facilities for 1 Year
Properties of Flammable Materials and Definitions

The Fire Triangle

OX
EL

YG
FU

EN

IGNITION

 Flammable Gas or Vapour: “ A gas or vapour which when mixed with air in
certain proportions, will form an explosive atmosphere”
Properties of Flammable Materials and Definitions

The Fire Triangle

• Fuels:
 Oxidizers – Liquids
– Liquids  Gasoline, acetone,
– Gases ether, pentane
 Oxygen, fluorine, – Solids
chlorine  Plastics, wood dust,
 Hydrogen peroxide, fibers, metal particles
nitric acid, perchloric – Gases
acid
 Acetylene, propane,
– Solids carbon monoxide,
 Metal peroxides, hydrogen
ammonium nitrate
 Ignition sources
– Sparks, flames, static electricity,
heat
Properties of Flammable Materials and Definitions

Dust explosions
Confinement

Dispersion
Ignition
Source

Fuel (dust)

Oxidant

 Dust explosions require the presence of two additional elements – dust

dispersion and confinement
 Suspended dust burns more rapidly and confinement allows for pressure
buildup; removal of either the suspension or the confinement elements
prevents an explosion, although a fire may still occur
Properties of Flammable Materials and Definitions

Working Example
Mention sources of ignition in
your work place
Properties of Flammable Materials and Definitions

Sources of Ignition
Naked Flames Electrical

Flare stacks Switches

Gas welding Contact arc/spark
Matches Motor brushes
Rubbing of
Fire
Properties of Flammable Materials and Definitions

 Lightning and switching transient overvoltage in power distribution

systems
 ‫ماهي الصاعقة وكيفية حدوثها‬
‫نتيجةً لحركة الغيوم بفعل الرياح فان بعض الغيوم ُتشحن بشحنات موجبة وأخرى سالبة ‪،‬‬
‫وعندما تتهيأ الظروف الموضوعية لها تحدث الصاعقة أو ما يسمى (( االنفراغ البرقي )) ‪.‬‬
‫ولتبسيط المسألة ‪ ،‬فأنها تشبه المكثف والذي يحتوي على قطبين أحدهما موجب واآلخر‬
‫سالب وبينهما المادة العازلة ‪ .‬أي بمعنى أن الغيمة الموجبة هي القطب الموجب والسالبة هي‬
‫القطب السالب والهواء الذي بينهما يعتبر بمثابة المادة العازلة‬
‫مخاطر الصاعقة‬
‫ويصل طول هذه الوميض لقرابة الثمانية كيلومترات حاملً أكثر من ‪ 100,000,000‬فولت!‬
‫ولتعرفوا مدى قوة هذه الصاعقة تخيلوا أنها تتسبب في رفع درجة حرارة الهواء الذي تعبر‬
‫من خلله إلى قرابة ‪ 27,700‬درجة مئوية!! أي أعلى بعدة مرات من درجة الحرارة على‬
‫سطح الشمس!‪ .‬وفي كل ثانية تمر‪ ،‬تحدث ما بين ‪ 50‬و‪ 100‬صاعقة في مختلف أنحاء‬
‫العالم!‬
‫يصاب قرابة الـ‪ 400‬شخص بالصواعق كل عام في الواليات المتحدة فقط! يموت منهم ‪ %10‬ويعاني ‪%70‬‬
‫من أضرار جسيمة! وتقول بعض اإلحصائيات أنه يموت ‪ 2,000‬شخص كل عام بسبب هذه الصواعق!‬
 ‫مانعات الصواعق‬
‫‪Lightening arrestors‬‬

‫تركب مانعات الصواعق قبل المحول وذلك للحماية ضد زيادة الجهد الناتج من حدوث‬
‫الصاعقة ‪ Lightening‬ويتم توصيل الطرف العلوى لمانعات الصواعق بخط التغذية للجهد‬
‫المتوسط بموصل له نفس مساحة مقطع الخط أو التفريعة ونفس النوع وذلك عن طريق‬
‫وصلة مسمارية وكذلك يتم توصيل الطرف السفلى لمانعات الصواعق بسلك األرضى‬
‫• يتم تركيب مانعات الصواعق فى بداية ونهاية الخط‪.‬‬
‫• يتم تركيب مانعات الصواعق جهد متوسط ويتم الفحص الظاهرى لكل منهم وذلك لبداية‬
‫الخط وكذلك يتم تجهيز أخرين مثلهم لنهاية الخط‪.‬‬
‫الغرضًمنها ‪:‬‬
‫حمايةًاألجهزةًوالمعداتًالكهربائيةًالمركبةًبالخطوطًالهوائيةً(سكاكينً– عازالتً‪ )....‬منً‬
‫زيادةًالجهد ‪ Over Voltage‬الناتجًمنًالعواملًالجويةً(صاعقة)‬
Properties of Flammable Materials and Definitions

 Grounding and bonding

Note: Important! Fasten ground cable to
rack with 3/8” one hole
Identical Grounding
Arrangement
GROUNDING conduit clamps ON2’-0’’
Required for each centers
pair of drums

Building
ground bus

Clamp To Drum
“Retract-A-
“LIP” and drum
cable” ground
Rack
Assembly
To Beam Clamp
On Upper Drum
Grounding Tab
For Connecting
Clamps When
transferring
solvents

BONDING
Properties of Flammable Materials and Definitions

 Temporary bonding
Properties of Flammable Materials and Definitions
Ignition Sources of Major Fires”
Electrical (wiring of motors) 23%
Smoking 18%
Source Friction(bearings or broken parts) 10%
of Overhead materials (abnormally high temperatures) 8%

Ignition Hot surfaces (heat from boilers lamps, etc.) 7%

Burner flames(Improper use of torches, etc.) 7%
Combustion sparks (sparks and embers) 5%
Spontaneous ignition (rubbish, etc.) 4%
Cutting and welding (sparks, arcs, heat, etc.) 4%
Exposure (fires jumping into new areas) 3%
Incendiarism (fire maliciously set) 3%
Mechanical sparks (grinders, crushers, etc.) 2%
Molten substances (hot spills) 2%
Chemical action (Processes not in control) 1%
Static sparks (release of accumulated energy) 1%
Lightning (where lightning rods are not used ) 1%
Miscellaneous 1%
Accident Prevention Manual for industrial operations (Chicage National
safety council, 1974)
Properties of Flammable Materials and Definitions

 Flashpoint

The minimum temperature under standard conditions at which a liquid

produces enough vapor to form a flammable mixture

Acetone -19
Toluene 6
Methanol 11
Ethanol 12
Kerosene 38
Nitrobenzene 88

Liquids with a flashpoint below 32oC are termed ‘HIGHLY FLAMMABLE’

Properties of Flammable Materials and Definitions

Hazard Flash Point

Very Low Hazard Flash point>200°F At 38°C,
(93°C) At 38°C,
“Ignition”
“Ignition”
Moderate Low Hazard Flash point 150°F to
200°F
(66°C to 93°C)
High to Moderated Flash point 100°F to At 37°C,
Hazard 150°F Insufficient
(38°C to 66°C) vapour
Extreme to High Flash point 0°F to given off
Hazard 100°F
(-18°C to 38°C) At 0°C,
Negligible
Extreme Hazard Flash Point<0°F
vapour
(-18°C)
given off
Kerosene
Flashpoint 38 C
Properties of Flammable Materials and Definitions

Auto-ignition temperature

The temperature at which a flammable mixture will start to burn

AIT
hydrogen 560
ethylene 450
kerosene 210
diethyl ether 170
carbon disulphide 102
Properties of Flammable Materials and Definitions

Minimum ignition energy

is the minimum amount of energy required to ignite a combustible vapor

MIE
(J)
methane 525
propane 320
ethylene 160
hydrogen 40
Properties of Flammable Materials and Definitions

Flammable limits

Low Explosive limit Upper Explosive limit

LEL UEL

 Below the LEL the mixture is • Above which the mixture is

too weak to burn too rich to burn
 Also known as the lower • Also known as UFL
flammable limit (LFL)
Properties of Flammable Materials and Definitions

Flammable limits of common gases

0% 100% LEL UEL

ACETYLENE 2.4% 88.0%

BUTANE 1.5% 8.5%

ETHANE 3.0% 15.5%

ETHYLENE 2.7% 34.0%

HYDROGEN 4.0% 75.6%

METHANE 5.0% 15.0%

PROPANE 2.0% 9.5%

PROPYLENE 2.0% 11.0%

= TOO LEAN TO SUPPORT COMBUSTION

= WILL SUPPORT COMBUSTION

= TOO RICH TO SUPPORT COMBUSTION

Properties of Flammable Materials and Definitions

Flammability Relationships
CONCENTRATION OF FUEL

AUTO
IGNITION

MIST
FLAMMABLE
FLAMMABLE REGION
REGION

TEMPERATURE AIT
FLASH POINT
Properties of Flammable Materials and Definitions

Explosion

 An explosion is combustion (usually of a gas or vapour) taking place in a

confined space. The heat causes the pressure to rise and the pressure build-
up destroys the enclosure unless it is strong enough.
Properties of Flammable Materials and Definitions

Detonation

This is an extremely powerful explosion; the explosion pressure is enhanced by

the explosion taking place, for example, down a pipeline
Properties of Flammable Materials and Definitions

 Detonation

1
− The flame accelerates down the tube, pressurising the un burnt gas ahead of
itself, and accelerating, as the pressure increases, to many times the speed
of sound….

2
− The gas ahead of the flame increases in pressure and becomes hotter by
compression and radiated heat from the following flame….

3
− Eventually, the gas reaches its auto-ignition temperature and explodes - the
explosion is more violent because the gas is so highly pressurised and thus
the energy is released more quickly.
Classification of fire
 Fire and Gas detection Systems

Fire Thermal Smoke Gas

Detectors Detectors Detectors Detectors
• UV • Fixed • Ionization • Catalytic
• IR • Rate of rise • Light emitting • H2S
• UV/IR • Compensated • High Sensitivity • Point IR
• CCTV • Bimetallic • IR OPGD
• Fusible loops
(Analog – Digital
– Fiber Optics)
Safety systems operation in oil and gas industry

Safety system operation

Emergency response layer

Plant and
Emergency
Mitigate Response
Passive protection layer

Relief valve,
Rupture disk Active protection layer

Safety Emergency Safety Layer

Instrumented Shut down
system

Prevent Trip level alarm

Operator Process Process control
Intervention Shutdown Layer
Process alarm
Process
Basic Process
Process control
value Normal behaviour
Control system Layer
Safety systems operation in oil and gas industry

 Comparison between control systems & safety instrumented systems

Safety Integrity Probability of
1. Degree of flexibility Level (SIL) Failure on
Demand (PFD)
2. Speed
4 <10−4 −> 10−5
3. Fail safe 3 <10−3 −> 10−4
4. Self Test strategy 2 <10−2 −> 10−3
1 <10−1 −> 10−2

 Hazard analysis and risk classification

1. Safety instrumented function (SIF)
2. Safety integrity level (SIL)
Safety systems operation in oil and gas industry
Safety systems operation in oil and gas industry

Microprocessor Flash RAM Ports I/0 Module

Address

Data
Control

Microprocessor Flash RAM Ports I/0 Module

Address

Data
Control
Watchdog/
SYNC
Compare
Address

Data
Control

Microprocessor Flash RAM

Safety systems operation in oil and gas industry

 Normal operation is established by the controller set point. A high limit and a
low limit are established to keep the process variable within the normal
operating requirements.
 From the chart we can see that the process variable was at set point then it
increased gradually until it exceeded the high limit. At this point the high limit
alarm was activated to warn the operator. After the operator took corrective
action, the process variable returned into the normal operating range.
Abnormal
Operation (Off-
limit)
High Alarm
Limit Normal
Set - point Operation
Low Alarm Range
Limit
Abnormal Operation Process
(Off- limit) Variable

Abnormal Process Conditions

Safety systems operation in oil and gas industry

Shutdown systems philosophy

High
level Control Room
Switch
L
Audibl Alarm
e Inputs
S
Alarm
Visual
Alarm

Visible Alarms Audible

Alarm
Abnormal Activate
Trip Limit
Process Annunciator
Switch
Condition System
Visible
Alarm
Safety systems operation in oil and gas industry

Process at Trip High Limit Activate High

High Limit switch Limit Alarm

Process Trip Activate

Exceed High High / High Shutdown
Limit Limit Switch Indicator

Activate
shutdown
procedures

Alarm and Shutdown Sequence

Safety systems operation in oil and gas industry

Sequence of Event Recorder (SOE)

 The Sequence of Event Recorder (SOE) is an intelligent standalone

microprocessor based system that records remotely occurring events. The
SOE recorder is best suited for systems that require accurate logical
acquisition and recording of incoming status lines. Such lines are frequently
found in power generation plants, Electrical Sub-stations, process plants and
automated control systems.
Level 1 Emergency Shutdown or Red Shutdown
 The plant wide ESD and F&G systems operated by way of a voting
system commonly 2oo3 (two out of three) that will in a logical sequence
shut the plant down in a controlled and safe manner. Also linked to the
big red ESD button in the control room for emergency shutdown.

Level 2 Process Shutdown or Yellow Shutdown

 Outputs linked to the ESD system that will depressurise the plant logically
in a safe manner such as venting liquids to the flare stack, followed by
dirty gas to flush the liquids from the flare system, clean gas and finally
nitrogen to purge the flare line and snuff the flame.

Level 3 Unit Shutdown

 Outputs dedicated to a specific unit for safe isolation / activation of that
unit.
Safety systems operation in oil and gas industry

2oo3 ESD
Logic

2oo3, Two out of Three Voting