CE-210

SURVEYING II

by
Aditya kumar Anshu (P.s)
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,
ARUNACHAL PRADESH
 TOTAL STATION
 Total Station is an equipment used
in surveying, designed for measuring
horizontal and vertical angles, inclusive of
measuring sloping distance of object to the
instrument. It is a combination of electronic
theodolite and electromagnetic distance
measuring (EDM) instrument. It also
consists of a micro-processor with a memory
unit which deals with recordings, readings,
and the fundamental calculation of
measurements.
Basic principle
Accessories of a Total Station

INTRODUCTION
Some accessories are required for working
with TS. Some of the Accessories are present as integral part of the TS –
Control Panel , Data Collector , Memory Etc…
Some others totally independent – Reflectors
These are the Major accessories
• CONTROL PANEL
• DATA COLLECTORS
• MEMORIES
• REFLECTORS
• SOFTWARE
 ACCESSORIES - CONTROL PANEL

Control panel of a total station consist of a keyboard & multiple line

LCD ( liquid Crystal Display)
• The keyboard enables the user to select & implement different
measurement modes, enable instrument parameters to be changed and
allow special software functions to be accessed. Multifunction keys in
the keyboard carry out specific tasks and some other keys activate&
display menu systems which enable the TS to be used as computer.
• Keyboard contains different types of keys to provide different commands to
its micro processor which subsequently gets works carried out by its
different parts. It contains different alpha numeric keys , option selection
keys, switching keys, Power key , lighting keys etc..
ACCESSORIES - DATA COLLECTOR

• Automatically receives and stores field notes in computer

compatible files.
• Control of the measurement and storage operations is
maintained through data collector’s keyboard.
• Point identifiers and other descriptive information with
measurements may be recorded.
• Preliminary information required to be entered manually before
the collection of measurements.
• For a given type of survey, data collector is programmed to
follow specific steps.
• Enable operator to scroll through stored data, display for review
and editing in real time.
ACCESSORIES - MEMORIES

• Total station makes use of internal memories or memory cards

for processing and storing information.
• Internal memory on board storage capacity of about 5000 to
10000 coded survey points.
• Data can also be stored on memory cards which are plugged
into Total Station.
• Data may get exchanged to/from PC from/to through card
reader.
ACCESSORIES - REFLECTORS

• TS Use return or reflected signals for

measurements. This is obtained by
using a specific reflector.
• TS reflectors consist of special
reflecting prism constructed from glass
cubes or blocks.
• Return waves or pulses along a path
exactly parallel to the incident path but
within a range of angles of incidence of
about 20 degree.
• A wide range of reflecting prisms are
available to suit short as well as long
range measurements
ACCESSORIES - SOFTWARE

• Operating System generally used is Windows CE

• Field Software or the measurement software . Field
softwares are
manufacturer dependent
• Processing softwares : These are which is made use
to arrive at the
final product of the data collected.
Eg : Carlson , AUTOCAD, etc…
Parts of total station
Types of Total Station

 Manual Total Station

 Semiautomatic Total Station

 Automatic Total Station

#1. Manual Total Station-

Manual Total Stations It was
necessary to read the horizontal and
vertical angles manually in this
type of instrument. The single
value that may be read digitally
was that slope distances.
#2. Semi-automatic Total Station-

 Semiautomatic Total Stations The user needed

to manually read the horizontal circle for all
these instruments, but the vertical ring readings
have been displayed.
 Slope distances were measured electronically,
and also the instruments could, generally, be
used to reduce the values to vertical and
horizontal components.
#3. Automatic Total Station-

 This type is the most usual total station used today. They feel both the
vertical and horizontal angles electronically and measure the slope
distances, compute the vertical and horizontal components of those these
spaces, and then determine the coordinates of observed points.
 To compute the coordinates of observed points, it is necessary to properly
orient the instrument to some known directions such as true north,
magnetic north or to some known bearing.
 The coordinate information obtained can either be stored in the total
station’s memory or by using an external data collector.
 Almost all total stations in the market use infrared as the carrier for
distance measurement. The less expensive unit with a single prism
reflector can measure distances up to 1000 m.
Applications of Total station

• General purpose of angle and distance measurements.

• Plotting of contours
• Illustration of detailed maps
• Carrying out controlled surveys
• Archaeologists use total station to record excavations
• Police use it in crime scene investigations to take measurements of the
scene
• Used to fix the missing pillars
• Meteorologists also use total stations to track weather balloons for
determining upper level winds.
• Total stations are the primary survey instrument used in mining surveying.