The Efficiency of Calamunggay as Biosorbent in removing heavy metals in Wawa river

A
Research proposal
presented to the
Faculty of Science Department
Of
Rosario National High School

In a partial fullfilment
Of
the requirment in
Research 1
For the degree of Junior High School
Special Science Curriculum

By:
Clarnoco, Jed Andrie M.
Ledesma, Louise Jefferson A.
Desca, Joyce Anne A.
Gabot, Khen Hearty T.
Legaspi, Angelica Joy
Santos, France Analeese E.
Trinidad, Jhoana Lyn

To:
Grace Desca
February 2020
 Abstract
The research study entitled “The efficiency of calamunggay as biosorbent in

removing heavy metals in wawa river” was conducted to assess the performance of

Citrofortunella microcarpa peel and Moringa oleifera leaves as Biosorbent in removing

heavy metals.

This study use the pre test and post research design. The researchrs collect water

sample in wawa river. Within 2 weeks, the researchers originally collected 4 water

samples.

The water was tested at Jefcor Laboratories Incorporation. The test result stated that

in the pre-test, the copper contains < 0.005 mg/l and zinc contains < 0.003 mg/l ehile the

post test treated that copper has < 0.005 mg/l, < 0.005 m/l, 0.028 mh/l with 10g, 20g, 30g

of calamunggay solution while zinc contains 0.028 mg/l, 0.163 mg/l, 0.353 mg/l with the

same amount of calamungga. This concluded that calamunggay is not effective as

bosorbent in removing copper and zinc or in removing heavy metals. Therefore, the

researchers are willing to recommend this study as a basis for the forthcoming

researchers.

.
 CHAPTER 1

Introduction

Background of the Study

One of the emerging problems nowadays is the environmental pollution that is yet to

take actions with. Pollutants like heavy metals that cause environmental degradation in

coastal areas have increased their levels of extent within the past years. The input of

metals or pollutants that tend to accumulate in the bottom sediments are considered as

highly contaminated sediments that led to concerns regarding both metal pollutions effect

on ecosystem and potential hazardous levels on human. Investigations showed that

among concentration of heavy metals Hg, Cu, Cr, Zn, Ni, Pb, Cd and As in the marine

organisms that are mostly consumed by fishes and seawater. Other studies proved that

heavy metals can pose threat to human life in a way that they can experience health

problems not just by drinking dirty water but also just by wading in it. On the other hand,

Moringa oleifera have been found to be a natural coagulant, disinfectant, softener and

heavy metal remover in water and wastewater treatment. Citrus microcarpa is considered

as valuable plant in the Philippines and now grown in a large scale because of its demand

wherein it has variety of uses such as cleaning, culinary, medicinal purposes and also in

removing heavy metal in water. Excessive amounts of heavy metals are considered to be

toxic and carcinogenic that may lead to deposition in the liver and causes several

diseases. To stop the growing concerns about this issue, this study is carried out to

investigate the efficiency of Moringa oleifera and Citrus microcarpa as biosorbent in

removing heavy metals in wawa river where the researchers will make use of the leaf of
Moringa oleifera and the peel of Citrofortunella microcarpa to test their potential as

biosorbent for removing heavy metals in riwer water.

 Significance of the Study

Pollutants like heavy metals causes environmental degradation in coastal areas like

wawa river that can be a source of serious concerns not only to the place but in other

terms. This study hopes to establish understanding regarding the efficiency of Moringa

oleifera and Citrus microcarpa as biosorbent in removing heavy metals in river water.

This study is significant to the following:

Community. The people living in the community as well as the people in charge in

taking care of the river in wawa are also significant in the study. Moreover, significant to

the barangay officials, municipality of Rosario and all the people in charge to give

awareness to them in order to take appropriate actions regarding the risks and threats that

the copper can give not just in coastal areas but also among the people living in the

community in this sense the community and the wawa river will be less pollutant and less

harmful to the health of the people around the community. Also, the fishermen, the

buyers and the vendors of the market of wawa will gain more confidence to purchase and

provide seafood products like tinapa that is more prone to the toxicity of heavy metals.

Data that is produced from this study will be use to provide insight into the issue

concerning responsible environmental practices regarding both metal pollution effect on

ecosystem and potential hazardous threats on the community and so the community may

apply recommended approach derive with from the results of the study that will be able

to provide knowledge to the people in the community in reducing and removing

hazardous heavy metals in wawa area. The study will be significant to the barangays and
the people in charge that will serve as their guide in taking actions about the

environmental concerns.

Researchers. The study is not only significant to the scope of people and the area that are

affected with the risks that the heavy metals can provide but also to the researchers. This

study is also beneficial for the researchers as a sign of their efforts and hard works to

conduct and establish data and information’s in regards of the study. And so the

researchers may also obtain widespan of knowledge that could be a major breakthrough

in the field of science.

Future researchers. The ideas conducted and presented by the researchers may be use as

reference data in conducting a new one by the future researchers. Moreover, the study

will give the new researchers the background and an overview regarding the efficiency of

Moringa oleifera and Citrus microcarpa as biosorbent in removing heavy metal in river

water. In addition, the researchers hoped that this project will be a basis for the ongoing

research studies that focuses into the issue of using different procedures as biosorbent in

removing heavy metals.

 Scope and Limitations

The research study entitled “The efficiency of calamunggay's as biosorbent in

removing heavy metal in wawa river” is limited only to the plant and part of the plant that

is mentioned like the peel of calamansi and malunggay leaves that will be used as

biosorbent in removing copper and zinc. The calamansi peel and malunggay leaves will

be collected in Rosario, Cavite as it is commonly found in the area. The researchers will

use copper and zinc at a concentration of 5ppm at different parameters like pH, agitation

(rpm) and contact time where the researchers devised their own protocol in measuring the

said parameters. Aside from copper and zinc, the researchers will use 10g, 20g, 30g of

Moringa oleifera and Citrofortunella microcarpa that will be pulverized and take place at

Rosario National High School laboratory. The observation of the solutions will be held

for 15 working days.

 Objectives of the Study

General

 The efficiency of Moringa oleifera and Citrus microcarpa as biosorbent in

removing copper in seawater..

Specific

 To evaluate the effect of Mornings oleifera and Citrus Microcarpa in removing

heavy metals in wawa river

 To measure the levels of concentration of Moringa oleifera leaves and Citrus

microcarpa peel in removing heavy metals in wawa river.

 To determine the significant difference of the presence of copper before and after

treating Moringa oleifera and Citrus microparpa.

 Statement of the Study

General

 Do Moringa oleifera and Citrus microcarpa are effective as biosorbent in

removing copper on seawater?

Specific

 How effective are Moringa oleifera and Citrus microcarpa as biosorbent in

remvoing copper in seawater?

 What are the measurements of levels of concentrations of Moringa oleifera and

Citrus microcarpa?

 Is there any significant difference of the presence of copper before and after

treating Moringa oleifera and Citrus microcarpa?

 Hypothesis

Alternative

 Moringa oleifera and Citrus microcarpa are effective as biosorbent in removing

copper on seawater.

• There are specific level of concentrations of Moringa oleifera and Citrus

microcarpa.

• There is a significant difference of the presence of copper before and after treating

Moringa oleifera and Citrus microcarpa.

Null

 Moringa oleifera and Citrus microcarpa are not effective as biosorbent in

removing copper on seawater..

 There are no specific level of concentrations of Moringa oleifera and Citrus

microcarpa.

 There are no significant differences of the presence of copper before and after

treating Moringa oleifera and citrus microcarpa.

 CHAPTER 3

Preparation of
materials and tools

Collection of Application of
calamansi peel and Calamunggay in
malunggay leaves river water

Collection of river Pulverizing of plant

water materials
 METHODOLOGY

Research Design

We use pre test and post test research design because in this study we need to know if we

can lessen the amount of heavy metals in water of wawa river by comparing the pre test and post

test result.

Pre test Post test

Sample Copper Zinc Sample Copper Zinc

Description Description
Wawa river

Wawa river
x x with 10
grams of
calamunggay x x
Wawa river
with 20
grams of
calamunggay x x
Wawa river
with 30
grams of
calamunggay x x
Preperation of materials and tools

We use 3 reagent bottle for the treatment that we will going to do, we use air

drying method to extract the moringa oleifera and Citrofortunella Microcarpa .

Collection of Moringa oleifera leaves and Citrofortunella Microcarpa peel

Moringa Oleifera was first collected from the tree and only Moringa oleifera of

the best matured quality were obtained. Removal of the leaves from the plant was done

manually. Citrofortunella Microcarpa was brought in the salinas market and only

Citrofortunella Microcarpa of the best and matured quality (green peel) were obtained.

Removal of the remaining seed was done manually.

Collection of water sample

The water sample used in this study was obtained in the river of Wawa located in

Little Baguio Wawa 3 Rosario Cavite. The water is used to test the ability of Moringa

Oleifera and Citrofortunella Microcarpa as biosorbent.

Extraction of plant materials

To extract the two plant materials we use air drying method.

Application of different concentration in water sample

The researchers will use 10g, 20g, and 30g of Moringa Oleifera and

Citrofortunella Microcarpa that will be extracted and take place at Rosario National High

School laboratory and it will be mixed in the water sample using the 3 reagent bottle,

each bottle has 250 ml of water. The observation of the solutions will be held for 15

working days.
 CHAPTER 4

Result and Discussion

Sample
Description
Pre test
Copper Zinc Sample
Description
Post test
Copper Zinc

Wawa river
with 10
Wawa river < 0.005 < 0.003 grams of < 0.005 0.085
calamunggay

Wawa river
with 20
grams of < 0.005 0.163
calamunggay

Wawa river
with 30
grams of 0.028 0.353
calamunggay

A. Within the Wawa river that has no Calamunggay exposure the concentration of copper

is <0.005 and the concentration of zinc is <0.003 which means the two parameters is

limited in water sample.

B. Within the Wawa river that has 10 grams of calamunggay the concentration in copper

is constant which is <0.005 while the concentration of zinc is increased from <0.003 to

<0.085.
C. Within the Wawa river that has 20 grams of calamunggay the concentration of copper

is still constant which is <0.005 while the concentration of zinc is increased from <0.003

to <0.163.

D. Within the Wawa river that has 30 grams of calamunggay the concentration of copper

increased from <0.005 to <0.028 while the concentration of zinc also increased from

<0.003 to <0.353
 CHAPTER 5

Conclusion and Recommendation

Conclusion

After performing some test about this study, the researchers concluded that there

was a change between pre-test and post-test in water analysis of Wawa river. Instead of

removing the heavy metals in Wawa, river, some has no change, and most the heavy

metals increases. Calamunggay is not effective as biosorbent in removing heavy metals

because the length of time between the collection of water in pre-test and post-test affect

the water condition.

Recommendation

The researchers advocate to use lower concentration of Calamunggay before the

experiment begin. The researchers need to test the plant materials used if they are free in

the component that you need to test. The sample should be examine in the same day and

time before applying the extract for the best result. This study can help the future

researchers to use other alternative water sample. The forthcoming researcher can use

other fruits that contain biosorbent properties and anti-toxic properties.