BONDING

Lewis structures, shapes, angles, hybridization

- Clearly identify what Geometry and Shape describe -

LEWIS STRUCTURES
● COVALENT compounds

● Elements share electrons

● A line represents TWO shared electrons

● OCTET rule
● Every element wants at least 8 electrons (EXCEPT hydrogen
and helium ~ they only want 2)
● Other exceptions ~ Be only wants 4, B only wants 6
● Some can have an EXPANDED octet (only 3rd energy level
and below since the extra electrons go in d orbitals)
STEPS FOR LEWIS STRUCTURES
1. Draw the atoms
● The central atom goes in the middle, and the others go
around it
● The central atom is usually the one you have the
LEAST of (or the least ELECTRONEGATIVE if you
only have one of two or more elements)

2. Count your total number of valence electrons

● Use your periodic table to add up the number of
valence electrons in the formula
STEPS FOR LEWIS STRUCTURES
3. BOND
● Everything must be bonded to the central atom

4. Fix OUTER atoms

● Every outer atom must have 8 electrons (or 2 if it is
hydrogen)

5. Fix CENTRAL atom

● Extras = LONE PAIR(S)
● If your count is ZERO and the central atom still does
not have 8, then you need a MULTIPLE BOND
A COUPLE EXAMPLES
● CH4

● NF3
A COUPLE EXAMPLES
● CO2

● SiO32-
OTHER THINGS WE WILL LOOK AT
● VSEPR (Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion)

● Electrons want to be as far away from each other as

possible since they are all negative
● Gives us:

● SHAPE
● ANGLE
● POLARITY (by looking at shape)

● HYBRIDIZATION
GOING THROUGH
THE SHAPES….
Working through each one with an example
 BeF2
Work Lewis structure
 BeF2 – 2 bond pairs, 0 lone pairs
● Picture

● Shape =

● Bond angle =

● Hybridization =

● Polarity =
 BF3
Work Lewis structure
 BF3 – 3 bond pairs, 0 lone pairs
● Picture

● Shape =

● Bond angle =

● Hybridization =

● Polarity =
 -
NO2
Work Lewis structure
 -
NO2 – 2 bond pairs, 1 lone pair
● Picture

● Shape =

● Bond angle =

● Hybridization =

● Polarity =
 CH4
Work Lewis structure
 CH4 – 4 bond pairs, 0 lone pairs
● Picture

● Shape =

● Bond angle =

● Hybridization =

● Polarity =
 NH3
Work Lewis structure
 NH3 – 3 bond pairs, 1 lone pair
● Picture

● Shape =

● Bond angle =

● Hybridization =

● Polarity =
 H2 O
Work Lewis structure
 H2O – 2 bond pairs, 2 lone pairs
● Picture

● Shape =

● Bond angle =

● Hybridization =

● Polarity =
 PCl5
Work Lewis structure
 PCl5 – 5 bond pairs, 0 lone pairs
● Picture

● Shape =

● Bond angle =

● Hybridization =

● Polarity =
 SF4
Work Lewis structure
 SF4 – 4 bond pairs, 1 lone pairs
● Picture

● Shape =

● Bond angle =

● Hybridization =

● Polarity =
 BrF3
Work Lewis structure
 BrF3 – 3 bond pairs, 2 lone pairs
● Picture

● Shape =

● Bond angle =

● Hybridization =

● Polarity =
 XeF2
Work Lewis structure
 XeF2 – 2 bond pairs, 3 lone pairs
● Picture

● Shape =

● Bond angle =

● Hybridization =

● Polarity =
 SF6
Work Lewis structure
 SF6 – 6 bond pairs, 0 lone pairs
● Picture

● Shape =

● Bond angle =

● Hybridization =

● Polarity =
 IF5
Work Lewis structure
 IF5 – 5 bond pairs, 1 lone pairs
● Picture

● Shape =

● Bond angle =

● Hybridization =

● Polarity =
 XeF4
Work Lewis structure
 XeF4 – 4 bond pairs, 2 lone pairs
● Picture

● Shape =

● Bond angle =

● Hybridization =

● Polarity =