Land Use Policy 109 (2021) 105629

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Land Use Policy

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/landusepol

Switching behavior in the adoption of a land information system in China:

A perspective of the push–pull–mooring framework
Zhongping Zeng a, Siqi Li a, Jiunn-Woei Lian b, *, Jiang Li c, Tao Chen a, Yujia Li a
a
College of Public Administration, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1037 Road Luoyu, Wuhan City, Hubei province 430074, China
b
Department of Information Management, National Taichung University of Science and Technology, 129 Section 3, San-min Rd., Taichung 40401 Taiwan
c
Information Center, Department of Natural Resources of Hubei Province, No. 27 Road Gongzheng, Wuhan 430071, China

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: The exploration of the general antecedents of what would cause users to adopt innovative information tech­
Land information system (LIS) nologies in land sectors is critical for digital transformation in terms of governance. This empirical study employs
Information technology innovation a push-pull-mooring (PPM) framework (a paradigm that originated from the human migration theory), to
Technology acceptance
examine why users would switch from the traditional paper-based work pattern to land information system (LIS)
Users’ switching behavior
Push-pull-mooring
applications. Based upon the relevant technology adoption theories, a couple of determinants have been inte­
grated into the PPM framework. The land sectors undergoing digital transformation in China have been chosen
for such analysis and investigation. Data collected from 208 public servants at administrative county level in
China are analyzed to test the proposed hypotheses, using the structural equation modeling (SEM) technique. The
results show that push factors (such as dissatisfaction with traditional work patterns), and pulling factors (such as
perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use and subjective norms) positively affect switching intention. Mean­
while, mooring factors such as inertia hinder switching behavior. Based on these findings, several behavior in­
terventions and land information usage policy suggestions are put forward to promote the digital transformation
in land sectors.

1. Introduction management, is a topic of great concern (Adams et al., 2017;

Digital transformation in the public sector is mainly associated with
applying new information technology (IT) as a means to improve em­
ployee’s work efficiency and public service delivery in the information
age (Mergel et al., 2019). This transformation includes switching from
analogue to digital processes. Governments in many countries are
changing their modes of operation, in order to support and promote
improvements in effectiveness and efficiency, by accelerating the digital
transformation in governance (Janowski, 2015; Gong et al., 2020). Ac­
cording to the "2018 United Nations E-Government Survey" (United
Nations, 2018), countries around the world have implemented various
strategies to foster digital transformation, including the "European
Union e-Government Action Plan, 2016–2020", and Australia’s "Digital
Government Strategy". In China, the State Council has also developed an
overall scheme for the further promotion of the "Internet plus Govern­
ment Services" policy (GOV. CN, 2016). Land, as the foundation of social
and economic sustainable development, as well as the mode of land
Ringrose-Voase et al., 2019). There is an urgent need for land sectors to
change from traditional work modes to modern management methods,
in order to promote high-quality social development through digital
transformation.
Digital transformation in land sectors requires the support gained by
establishing information systems, including a variety of technology in­
novations (Romanoa et al., 2015; Dhakal, 2016; Hallett et al., 2003).
Many countries have established land information systems (LIS) via
geographic information systems (GIS), Web-GIS, or
two/three-dimensional (2D/3D) systems to support land management.
Recently, more advanced technologies, e.g., Internet of things (IoT), big
data, artificial intelligence (AI), cloud computing, and mobile Internet,
have been diffusing into the construction of LIS (Shojaei et al., 2016).
However, IT adoption and the diffusion of innovations in digital trans­
formation are complex processes, each of which involves technological,
managerial and human factors. If users are neither willing to embrace IT
nor to switch to using LIS, digital transformation projects in land sectors

* Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: zpzeng@hust.edu.cn (Z. Zeng), sqli97@hust.edu.cn (S. Li), jwlian@nutc.edu.tw (J.-W. Lian), johnlee1124@126.com (J. Li), Chentao15@163.
com (T. Chen), 15926479126@163.com (Y. Li).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105629
Received 20 March 2020; Received in revised form 2 March 2021; Accepted 24 June 2021
Available online 12 July 2021
0264-8377/© 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Z. Zeng et al.
will be a failure (Zeng and Cleon, 2018). Thus, the exploration of the
factors that influence users’ willingness to switch to LIS is becoming
critically important in the area of digital transformation. However, such
an exploration remains in an early stage.
From the perspective of e-government, previous studies indicate that
there are three kinds of users when studying e-government services,
including government employees (internal user) (Gupta et al., 2017),
citizens (external individual user), and business user (external business
user) (Lee et al., 2011). Understanding the IT adoption behavior
mechanism of internal users and e-government diffusion (Zhang et al.,
2014) is important to new system adoption in digital transformation.
The success of internal user’s transformation can provide better infor­
mation support and public service for external user. However, few re­
searches focus on the viewpoint of internal user (employees) (Gupta
et al., 2017).
The purpose of this study is to speed up the research process, in order
to deepen the understanding regarding users’ IT switching behavior (to
LIS applications) during digital transformation. The work moving from
traditional paper-based mapping patterns (“analogue”) to digital work
patterns (LIS) is the premise of digital transformation (Erica, 2016). In
our research, the push-pull-mooring (PPM) model, which originated in
the human migration domain, is employed to delineate the positive
impetus and hindrances that affect internal users’ behaviors towards
switching to LIS. The results show that the PPM can shed light on the
factors that influence users’ LIS switching behavior, moving from
traditional work patterns to geo-ICT (geospatial-information commu­
nication technology) -based LIS in land sectors. It is believed that this
type of research not only helps to bridge the gap in the domain of LIS
adoption, but is also a useful study in the context of digital trans­
formation in governance in general.
2. Literature review
2.1. China land information system
The availability of land information allows decision-makers to
develop short- to long-term plans for the conservation, land-use policies,
sustainable use and development of natural resources (Hallett et al.,
2003; Bennett et al., 2008). A number of authors argue that there is an
urgent need to build modern LIS, particularly in developing economies
(Enemark et al., 2005). Over the past several decades, earth observation
techniques, such as remote sensing (RS) and spatial technology (e.g., GIS
and global position systems) have been widely integrated into LIS
development (Jansen and Di Gregorio, 2004). Globally, new data stan­
dards for cadastral management, such as the land administration
domain model are being increasingly adopted in many countries
(Kalantari et al., 2015). The acceleration of LIS construction is consid­
ered to be an effective approach to increasing the performance of land
resources management (Saroinsong et al., 2007).
In China, LIS construction is growing rapidly. In the country’s ur­
banization progress and the integration of urban and rural areas, China’s
land use change has been dramatic (Liu et al., 2017). These changes
have led to huge pressures on land resources management for public
sectors. The traditional manual management methods are unable to
meet the needs of the rapidly-increasing demand on land administration
services. Recently, many provincial governments have applied innova­
tive technologies to promote their information service abilities, to assist
with the collaboration between government and the public within the
framework of digital transformation (Xinhua, 2018; Gong et al., 2020;
NR. GD. GOV. CN, 2017). Land information has become indispensable
for policy making processes in the business of natural disaster reduction,
urban development and land use planning.
Despite its achievements in LIS (Wang, 2019), China is still con­
fronted with obstacles to promoting the usage of LIS, especially in rural
areas. Evidence shows that the land sectors at the administrative level of
counties have more difficulties (e.g., employees are at risk of lacking IT
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Land Use Policy 109 (2021) 105629
knowledge and computer skills, and limited financial assistance is
available) in LIS construction (Gao et al., 2020). Previous arguments
have highlighted the roles of users in IS projects. However, the de­
terminants of users’ adoption of LIS have rarely been examined from the
perspective of users’ psychology and behavior.
2.2. Technology adoption in information systems and LIS
Users’ information behaviors, such as IT acceptance and adoption,
are critical for IS to be successful. Over the past several decades, a sig­
nificant body of research has been imported from other disciplines, in an
attempt to explain why a certain technology is (or is not) adopted in the
workplace. These theories and models include the theory of reasoned
action (TRA), theory of planned behavior (TPB) (Fishbein and Ajzen,
1975), social cognitive theory (SCT) (Bandura, 1986), technology
acceptance model (TAM) (Davis, 1989), diffusion of innovations (DOI)
(Rogers, 2003), the decomposed TPB (Taylor and Todd, 1995), and the
unified technology acceptance and use theory (UTAUT) (Venkatesh
et al., 2012).
Users’ behavior in terms of the adoption of LIS and GIS in public
sectors has attracted the interest of IS researchers (Nedović-Budić and
Godschalk, 1996; Man and Toorn, 2002). Compared to most business
systems that lack spatial attributions in database design, the geo-feature
is the most distinct characteristic of LIS. Inspired by the TAM, Lay et al.
(2013) investigated how to evaluate the current dissemination of GIS
knowledge and skills in educational system. Eldrandaly et al. (2015)
argued that the GIS success model consists of two main levels: project
diffusion success, and post-implementation success. Based on the DOI,
Eria and McMaster (2016) examined the impacts of the relative ad­
vantages, compatibility, bureaucracy, and patronage-based social norms
on the adoption of GIS. However, overall, research into this area has
been sporadic.
Individual acceptance and adoption of information innovations is a
dynamic and complex multi-stage process. Users might make a com­
parison between traditional approaches and new technology before the
initial adoption, or the comparison could happen post-adoption. For
example, herein, LIS based on geo-ICTs innovation provides alternatives
that replace previous "mapping" services (Demetriou, 2018). Changes in
the IT environment might happen among different ICTs, such as cli­
ent/server (C/S) to browser/server (B/S), web-service to cloud
computing, and 2D to 3D cadastral management. However, the factors
that drive users to switch from traditional/original approaches to new
technology innovations have not been fully explored.
2.3. The push-pull-mooring (PPM) framework
The PPM model is a theoretical framework used to research human
migration behavior. Human migration can be traced to China’s transi­
tion from an agricultural society to an industrial society. One example
would be the influx of farmers from agricultural areas into urban and
manufacturing districts (Ravenstein, 1885). Heberle (1938) argued that
the stimuli for human migration result from "pressure" or "push" factors
from the origin (e.g., a decline in a natural resource or prices, the
structure of rural society, the lack of opportunities for personal devel­
opment in rural life, the customs surrounding farm inheritance, and
natural disasters). Lee (1966) posited that the attracting factors of a
destination might contribute to the occurrence of migration behavior.
People prefer to move to the location that best satisfies them. However,
due to the fact that a push-pull model cannot effectively explain the role
of individual determinants in migration behavior (Bansal, 2005), some
scholars have argued that mooring variables (e.g., personal character­
istics and switching costs) should be introduced into the push-pull the­
ory model. Then, the PPM framework was shaped (Moon, 1995).
Currently, the PPM is widely employed in human resource man­
agement (e.g., job hopping) and consumer behavior (e.g., switching
service providers) (Lehto et al., 2015; Bansal, 2005). The PPM is
Z. Zeng et al.
increasingly being used to explain and predict the switching behavior
between IT applications, such as social networking sites (SNS) (Cheng
et al., 2009; Chang et al., 2014), online games (Hou et al., 2011), blog
services (Zhang et al., 2012), switching from blogs to SNS (Hsieh et al.,
2012), cloud healthcare services (Lai and Wang, 2015), mobile IT ser­
vices (Wang et al., 2019; Cheng et al., 2019; Sun et al., 2017) and
switches across different application environments, such as from offline
to online channels (Li, 2018; Chang et al., 2017). However, the potential
of the PPM in terms of analyzing LIS switching behavior has not yet been
fully examined.
3. Research methodology
3.1. SEM analysis method
Structural equation modeling (SEM) is an effective approach to
exploring the critical factors that determine a specific behavior. A
typical SEM includes the following two steps: theoretical hypotheses and
empirical validation. The SEM process primarily includes assessing the
psychometric properties of the measurement scale (including the iden­
tification of influencing factors, validity and reliability) and model
construction (Hsieh et al., 2012). A questionnaire survey is the method
that is normally used to collect the data that measures the candidate
factors, which in turn influence users’ behavior.
The structural model depicts the relationships among latent variables
(Chin, 1998), where η represents the vector of dependent latent vari­
ables, ξ refers to the vector of independent latent variables, and ζ is the
vector of unexplained variance.
η = β0 + βη + Γξ + ζ
Each dependent latent variable (e.g., switching intention) ηj can be
specified as follows:
ηj = Σ i βji ηi + Σ i γjb ξb + ζj
where βji and γ jb represent the path coefficients that link the dependent
latent variables η and independent latent variables ξ over the range
specified by the index numbers i and b. The variance in the structural
model is R2 = 1 – ζ (Fornell and Larcker, 1981).
A partial least squares (PLS) approach was applied to test the hy­
potheses. It is remarkable that the structural model of Eq. (1) is subject
to predictor specification (Presp):
( ⃒ )
E ηj ⃒∀ηi℩ ξb = Σi βji ηi + Σi γjb ξb (3)
here, Presp forms the basis for PLS modeling and employs statistical
assumptions aimed at the linear conditional expectation between
dependent and independent variables as follows:
y = α + Bx + v,ŷ –
– E[y = x] = α + Bx
–
⇒E[v] = 0
⇒Cov[x, v] = Cov[̂
y , v] = 0
⇒Cov[x, y] = Cov[x, ̂y ] = Bvar[x]
here, y and x are (m × 1) and (n × 1) matrix of dependent and in­
dependent variables, v is a (m × 1) matrix of residuals, and B the (m × n)
matrix of coefficient relations between y and x. For the given x and y: (a)
x is a cause of y; (b) ̂
y is the systematic part of y, relative to x, and (c) ̂
a linear function of x.
3.2. Research model and hypothesis
The identification of influencing factors of LIS switching behavior is
fundamental to model construction. A number of variables (including
trust, past experience, habit, quality and satisfaction, value, the
Land Use Policy 109 (2021) 105629
perceived costs of switching, alternative attractiveness, attitudes,
commitment and social influences) might influence users’ switching
behavior. Thus far, no literature exists that discusses users’ switching
behavior in terms of LIS. Therefore, our model refers to those constructs
usually suggested in previous studies related to IT switching behavior (e.
g., mobile applications and switching service providers) (Wang et al.,
2019; Sun et al., 2017; Ye and Potter, 2011). Previous evidence has
shown that, if IT adoption in an organizational context can offer more
benefits than an incumbent, users will have an extrinsic motivation to
increase job performance (Davis, 1989). In other words, the attractive
attributes of a LIS (e.g., usefulness and ease of use derived from moti­
vation theory) might pull the users to switch. Thus, the constructs in
well-known attitude-behavior models (e.g., TPB, TAM) (Davis, 1989)
were used to represent the pull effects herein. In addition, the concept of
the two constructs’ usefulness and ease of use are generalized. In the
domain of IT adoption, the constructs can be decomposed by other
theories. In order to provide more details relevant to system character­
istics (and thus insights for system design), an information system suc­
cess model (ISSM) (Delone and Mclean, 1992) has been integrated into
the hypothesis model design for validation. The research model is
illustrated in Fig. 1.
3.2.1. Push effects
In the theory of human migration, push factors mainly refer to those
factors that compel people to leave their original place of residence.
Push factors are also negative factors related to the quality indicators of
life in the original location (Moon, 1995). In this study, we hypothesize
that two variables, namely users’ dissatisfaction and fatigue, stimulate
users to abandon their original paper-based work patterns.
(1)
3.2.1.1. Dissatisfaction. Previous literature emphasized the role of
perceived satisfaction and dissatisfaction on migration. Migrants leave
when they are not satisfied with the quality of life in their place of origin.
(2)
In terms of IT acceptance, user satisfaction has always been a key
influencing variable that can represent the effectiveness of IS (Ye and
Potter, 2011; Hsu, 2014). It has been found that users will not continue
to use IT applications if they are not satisfied (Bhattacherjee, 2001).
Dissatisfaction with services has been found to positively influence
users’ willingness to switch to other services, e.g. blog services (Zhang
et al., 2012), web browser services (Ye and Potter, 2011) and online
games (Hou et al., 2011). Thus, we hypothesize:
H1. Users’ dissatisfaction with paper-based work patterns exerts a
positive impact on users’ intention to switch to LIS.
3.2.1.2. Fatigue. In the context of IT switching behaviors, fatigue can be
defined as a user’s subjective negative feelings from incumbent service
usage. Fatigue can take forms such as tiredness and exhaustion (Sun
(4) et al., 2017; Maier et al., 2012). The phenomenon of fatigue has been
investigated in different disciplines, including psychology, clinical
medicine and occupational fields (Xiao and Mou, 2019). For instance,
fatigue can cause employees to have a negative work attitude, ultimately
resulting in their willingness to leave their place of employment (Liu and
Yu, 2019). Users are more likely to suspend the use of a specific SNS and
move to another service to reduce their negative feelings (Ravindran
et al., 2014). Under traditional land management operations, extensive
field surveys and manual mapping of land-use parcels are
time-consuming and tedious work, which might produce fatigue.
y is Therefore, we assume that staff members in land sectors might feel fa­
tigue and could intend to switch to LIS, in order to change this type of
situation.
H2. Users’ fatigue caused by paper-based work patterns exerts a
positive impact on users’ intention to switch to LIS.
3.2.2. Pull effects
In this study, the term pull factor mainly refers to the attractive LIS
3
Z. Zeng et al.
Fig. 1. Research model.
factors that stimulate users to switch to LIS management. In terms of
human migration behavior, people will choose to move when they
perceive the destination as having more attractive characteristics or
advantages (e.g., more income, better quality of life and better envi­
ronment) (Lee, 1966). Herein, we consider perceived usefulness (PU),
perceived ease of use (PEOU) and subjective norm as the pull factor
components.
3.2.2.1. Perceived usefulness. In this study, PU represents the extent to
which the users believe that the usage of a certain technology will
improve their job performance (Davis, 1989). A higher perception of PU
allows users to have the belief that the specific IS can help them
accomplish a task more easily and quickly, thus creating high quality,
increased productivity and effectiveness (López-Nicolás et al., 2008).
Thus:
H3. PU exerts a positive impact on users’ intention to switch to LIS.
3.2.2.2. Perceived ease of use. Next, PEOU is an important factor in the
TAM, reflecting both the complexity and ease of use of a particular IS
(Davis, 1989). It has been found that when IT has low complexity and is
easier to operate, this will increase users’ willingness to use that tech­
nology (Chen and Tsai, 2019). Many studies have shown that PEOU has
a significant impact on people’s willingness to adopt new technology
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Land Use Policy 109 (2021) 105629
(Wallace and Sheetz, 2014). In this study, PEOU is entered as a pull
factor into the PPM framework, which was used to study users’
switching behavior in terms of web browsers (Ye and Potter, 2011), and
blogs to SNS (Hsieh et al., 2012). Thus, we hypothesize that PEOU is one
of the system characteristics that attract users to adopt LIS.
H4. PEOU exerts a positive impact on users’ intention to switch to
LIS.
3.2.2.3. Subjective norm. The term subjective norm refers to the degree
to which the expectations of people and society (which have an influ­
ence on the subject of action) cause the subject of action to tend to make
specific actions (Ajzen, 1991). In the TPB model, employees’ attitudes
and behavioral intentions might be influenced by other important peo­
ple’s suggestions. For instance, the opinions of top managers are an
important factor that affects an organization’s adoption of IT innovation
(Sabherwal et al., 2006). When colleagues or superiors around the staff
members advise the employees to use LIS, this will enhance the em­
ployees’ willingness to use the system (Sun et al., 2017). Unfavorable
and favorable subjective norms have been found to influence users’
switching behavior (Ye and Potter, 2011; Bansal, 2005). Thus:
H5. Favorable subjective norms exert a positive impact on users’
intention to switch to LIS.
Z. Zeng et al.
3.2.3. Mooring effects
Mooring factors in the theory of human migration refer to the factors
that prevent migrants from moving out of their place of origin. People
living in a certain area are affected by the push effect from the origin and
the pull effect from the destination; some people will migrate but others
will not. Migration decisions might differ due to the personal and social
factors that keep potential immigrants from migrating away from their
place of origin (e.g. family traditions and switching costs), even if the
push and pull effects are strong (Bansal, 2005). Herein, we define
mooring factors as factors that prevent users from switching from
traditional paper-based work patterns to LIS. Mooring factors mainly
include switching costs, perceived risks and inertia.
3.2.3.1. Switching costs. A switching cost, defined as a users’ cost
perception of switching service providers, is a typical mooring factor in
migration literature (Kim et al., 2010; Jones et al., 2000). The term
switching cost herein refers to the costs spent by staff to transfer from
paper-based work patterns to LIS. Those costs can take the form of time
and effort, money or psychological costs (Burnham et al., 2003).
Migration costs contribute to the generation of migration barriers (Tsai
et al., 2006), which means that people may give up their intention to
migrate because of the associated high costs (Lehto et al., 2015). In the
field of IT adoption, switching costs have been found to hinder users
from switching service providers (Sun et al., 2017; Chang et al., 2017;
Hou et al., 2011). Therefore, we hypothesized:
H6. Switching costs exert a negative impact on users’ intention to
switch to LIS.
3.2.3.2. Perceived risk. Perceived risk combines uncertainty (lack of
understanding of the possible outcome) with the seriousness of the po­
tential outcome (the possible negative consequences) (Muñoz-Leiva
et al., 2017). In practice, LIS usage might have risks, e.g. transaction
errors and disclosure of information. For instance, a breach of infor­
mation security due to the loss of control over land information might
bring about monetary and psychological losses. Perceived risk has been
modeled as a construct to explain why users resist using IT services (Lee,
2009) and e-government systems (Belanger and Carter, 2008). In the
domain of SNS switching behavior, users were found to worry that the
service offered by SNS wouldn’t work as expected (Wu et al., 2014).
Therefore, we hypothesized:
H7. Perceived risk exerts a negative impact on users’ intentions to
switch to LIS.
3.2.3.3. Inertia. Inertia can be regarded as an unconscious process,
whereby an individual will repeat the same behavior out of habit and
attachment (Samuelson and Zeckhauser, 1988). Previous research has
argued that inertia can be conceptualized as a multi-dimensional
construct based on behavioral, cognitive, and affective components
(Polites and Karahanna, 2012). According to these assumptions, herein,
behavioral inertia means that individuals will keep choosing traditional
work patterns because that is what they have always done. Cognitive
inertia means that individuals will continue to maintain traditional
paper-based work patterns, even if they know that work pattern is not
the most effective method. Affective inertia means that individuals will
continue to choose traditional paper-based work patterns because they
enjoy doing so. Following previous studies, we believe that inertia has a
negative impact on users’ willingness to switch to LIS.
H8. Inertia exerts a negative impact on users’ intention to switch to
LIS.
3.2.4. Antecedents of pull effects
Prior studies have indicated that the addition of several antecedent
variables to PU and PEOU is beneficial in specifying their effects (Chi,
2018; Tang and Chiang, 2009). Herein, convenience, system quality and
information quality are included, in order to give a clearer picture of the
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Land Use Policy 109 (2021) 105629
influences presented in H3 and H4.
Perceived convenience refers to an individual’s preference for a
service or product that can provide convenient and quicker services
(Chang et al., 2012). For example, LIS users can have more convenient
and quicker query and analysis services, thereby reducing the time,
energy and psychological burdens on LIS users. Hsu and Chang (2013)
took the TAM as a foundation to explore students’ acceptance of
open-source e-learning system. The study found that perceived conve­
nience has a directly positive effect on users’ PU. Davis (1989) measured
PU on the basis that PU means "to accomplish tasks more quickly".
Therefore, we assume that if users believe that LIS can assist them in
spending less time and effort on finishing the job, they will consider this
system to be useful.
H3a. Perceived convenience of LIS exerts a positive impact on the
PU.
The concept of system quality and information quality comes from
the ISSM (Delone and Mclean, 1992). The ISSM is a research model that
postulates the factors that influence the success of the IS. The ISSM ar­
gues that system quality and information quality are vital factors that
influence users’ intention to use the system. System quality measures the
essential features of users’ adoption of LIS technology (Eldrandaly et al.,
2015). System quality is represented by functionality, response time,
system reliability, user friendliness and error recovery ability. As
another critical factor involved in the ISSM, information quality
dimension refers to the quality of information provided to the organi­
zation by LIS in the form of maps, tables, charts and reports. Here, in­
formation quality can be measured by accuracy, integrity, ease of
explanation, relevance and timeliness.
Website quality, including system quality and information quality,
has been found to positively affect users’ PU in a mobile environment
(Zhou, 2011; Chi, 2018; Tsao and Tseng, 2011). What’s more, previous
findings related to e-government systems support the significant and
positive influences of system quality and information quality on users’
PU of the digital system (Floropoulos et al., 2010). Hence, we propose:
H3b. LIS system quality exerts a positive impact on the PU.
H3c. LIS information quality exerts a positive impact on the PU.
As mentioned above, time-saving and effort-saving features are two
key elements in determining whether a service or product is convenient
(Berry et al., 2002). Tang and Chiang (2009) found that users are more
likely to feel that a new IT application is easy to use if the application is
convenient. In practice, LIS usually provides the input and land query
information quickly through an electronic device. This avoids the
time-consuming and labor-consuming characteristics of traditional
paper-based work patterns. Therefore, it can be inferred that, when LIS
makes users’ jobs more convenient, the users might feel happier about
operating the system, and the more likely they are to switch. Thus:
H4a. The perceived convenience of LIS exerts a positive impact on
the PEOU.
According to Eldrandaly et al. (2015), the system quality dimension
that originates from an ISSM measures the essential features of users’
adoption of GIS technology. System quality is represented by function­
ality, response time, system reliability, user friendliness and error re­
covery ability. Previous studies have indicated that system quality can
impact users’ PEOU of hospital information systems (HIS) (Chen and
Hsiao, 2012), thereby influencing users’ adoption intentions. Therefore,
we hypothesize:
H4b. LIS system quality exerts a positive impact on the PEOU.
4. Data collection and analysis
4.1. Measurements
The survey measurements were developed according to prior studies.
All the scales are reflective variables and were adapted from previous
literature. Specific questionnaire items for each construct and reference
sources can be found in Appendix A. The scales for dissatisfaction and
Z. Zeng et al. Land Use Policy 109 (2021) 105629

fatigue were mainly adapted from the research of Sun et al. (2017) and
Zhang et al. (2012). The system quality and information quality items
came from the research conducted by Chi (2018). The scale for
perceived convenience was tailored from Chen and Tsai (2019). We
adapted the PU and PEOU scale developed by Lee (2009) and Chen and
Tsai (2019). The scale for subjective norms was adapted from the
questionnaires of Pookulangara et al. (2011). The scale for switching
costs, perceived risk and switching intention relied on three items,
respectively tailored from Ye and Potter (2011), Muñoz-Leiva et al.
(2017) and Zhang et al. (2012). We used three items developed by Wang
et al. (2019) from the three aspects of emotional basis, behavioral basis
and conscious basis. All the items are measured by 5-point Likert scales
ranging from "1: strongly disagree" to "5: strongly agree".
The questionnaire was pre-tested before collecting data from 30 staff
members of various land administration sectors. They were invited to
give some suggestions on the appropriateness and ease of understanding
of the questionnaire items. Slight modifications were made, in order to
fit the context of this study, based on their feedback and appraisal.
4.2. Data collection and participants
Currently, China’s central and local governments are advancing to
digital transformation (GOV. CN, 2016; HUBEI. GOV. CN, 2013). The
survey was conducted in various land administration sectors from
Wuhan City, in China’s Hubei Province. Online and field surveys were
combined to collect the data. The public servants from different land
administration sectors were invited to answer the online questionnaire
by sending them a link. They were asked to distribute the questionnaire
to their colleagues online, using Wechat (a popular SNS software in
China). To achieve a high response rate (Couper, 2000), we also issued
paper-based questionnaires in several land sectors. This survey started in
the middle of April 2019, and lasted for approximately one month. The
participants covered the following institutions: cadaster management,
land use planning, cultivated land protection, land use and manage­
ment, and land information departments.
A total of 208 valid questionnaires were returned. The following
table shows the population distribution of the sample (as shown in
Table 1). Among the effective respondents, 66.8% are males and 33.2%
are females. All the respondents are government staff, aged between 18
and 60. Nearly 80% of the respondents have a Bachelor’s degree or
above. Almost all of the respondents have been exposed to the Internet
for more than five years.
4.3. Data analysis
reliability index can test the internal consistency (Hair et al., 2006).
Table 2 shows the internal consistency and discriminant validity of each
construct. The value of Cronbach alpha and composite reliability (CR)
for all constructs is higher than 0.70. The AVE is greater than the rec­
ommended level of 0.50, and the square root of the AVE scores is greater
than the correlations among the constructs (see Appendix B). This
finding suggests sufficient discriminant validity. Each value is higher
than the recommended level (Fornell and Larcker, 1981), which means
that all variables have strong reliability. As can been seen from the factor
analysis and cross-loadings results, all indicators exhibit high loadings
on their own constructs (see Appendix C). The standardized factor
loadings are above the level of 0.5, and most of them are above 0.7. The
results indicate that all measures have effective convergent validity.
4.3.2. Structural model
Fig. 2 shows the results of the PLS analysis of the structural model.
The value of β on the arrows refers to the path coefficients related to
each independent variable; the decision coefficient R2 indicates the
extent to which the endogenous latent variable can be interpreted. The
model shows the following:
Dissatisfaction with the original paper-based work pattern
(β = 0.259, t = 3.146, P < 0.001) has significantly positive effects on
switching intention. However, contrary to our expectations, the impact
of fatigue (β = − 0.029, t = 0.239, P > 0.05) is not obvious. Also, PU
(β = 0.293, t = 2.817, P < 0.01) can positively influence the switching
intention, thus validating the hypothesis. Meanwhile, system quality
(β = 0.164, t = 2.618, P < 0.01), information quality (β = 0.401,
t = 3.381, P < 0.001) and perceived convenience (β = 0.431, t = 3.123,
P < 0.001) have a significant positive relationship with PU, explaining
the 84.0% variance of usefulness. As expected, PEOU (β = 0.270,
t = 2.442, P < 0.01) and subjective norm (β = 0.234, t = 1.963,
P < 0.05) are consistent with the null hypothesis, exerting a signifi­
cantly positive impact on switching intention. In addition, system
quality (β = 0.471, t = 4.889, P < 0.001) and perceived convenience
(β = 0.246, t = 1.762, P < 0.05) have a significantly positive relation­
ship with PEOU, explaining the 42.4% variance of ease of use. The
mooring factors of switching cost (β = − 0.018, t = 0.175, P > 0.05) and
inertia (β = − 0.161, t = 1.683, P < 0.05) both negatively affect users’
willingness to switch, which is consistent with the original hypothesis.
However, the impact of switching cost is not significant. The effect of
perceived risk (β = 0.018, t = 0.242, P > 0.05) on switching intention is
also insignificant, thereby rejecting the hypothesis. Overall, the model
can explain 64.3% of the variance in users’ intention to switch to LIS (see
Fig. 2.).

4.3.1. Validity and reliability

Table 2
The discriminant validity of the variables can be tested using the
Composite reliability, AVE and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient.
correlation matrix and square roots of average variance extracted (AVE)
Construct Composite AVE (average variance Cronbach’s
(Hsieh et al., 2012). As described in previous literature, the composite
reliability extracted) alpha

DIS 0.943 0.847 0.908

Table 1
FAT 0.948 0.860 0.918
Socio-demographic characteristics of the sample (N = 208). PU 0.961 0.925 0.919
Variables Levels Percentages (%) PEOU 0.967 0.907 0.949
CON 0.948 0.901 0.890
Gender Male 66.8 SYS 0.927 0.810 0.882
Female 33.2 INF 0.972 0.946 0.942
Age 18–39 57.7 SN 0.955 0.876 0.929
40–60 40.4 SC 0.976 0.931 0.963
>60 1.9 PR 0.955 0.877 0.930
Education Junior high school and below 0 INE 0.955 0.875 0.929
High school 0 INT 0.960 0.888 0.937
College degree 20.2
Bachelor degree 63.5 DIS-dissatisfaction; FAT-fatigue; PU-perceived usefulness; PEOU-perceived ease
Master degree or higher 16.3 of use; CON-convenience; SYS-system quality; INF-information quality; SN-
Experience of Internet use <1 year 0 subjective norm; SC-switching cost; PR-perceived risk; INE-inertia; INT-inten­
1–3 year 3.4 tion.
3–5 year 1.4
Recommended level (Fornell and Larcker, 1981): composite reliability > 0.7;
>5 year 95.2
AVE > 0.5; Cronbach’s alpha > 0.7.

6
Z. Zeng et al.
Fig. 2. Path coefficients for the model.
According to the results, Hypotheses H1, H3–5 and H8 were all
validated as significantly influencing users’ intention to switch to LIS,
but H2, H6 and H7 were not supported. For the antecedents of pull ef­
fects, H3a, H3b, H3c, H4a and H4b were all validated.
5. Discussion
The case study examines several factors that may cause users to
switch from traditional work patterns to LIS under the current circum­
stance of land management digital transformation in China. Utilizing the
PPM paradigm derived from population migration literature, we inter­
pret why staff members might be willing to switch to LIS in several
specific departments. The push effects, or dissatisfaction with traditional
work patterns, exert positive influences on switching intention. The pull
effects, which consist of PU, PEOU and subjective norm, also have a
significantly positive impact. The mooring effects, including inertia,
have a negative impact on the willingness to switch, acting as a barrier
to the onset of users’ switching behavior. Overall, our findings enrich the
understanding of LIS switching behavior by using a theoretical approach
from other domains. The major findings of the research results are
outlined as follows:
7
Land Use Policy 109 (2021) 105629
5.1. Push effects
Although previous studies have indicated that users in land sectors
have started to embrace GIS/LIS, and their adoption has raised concerns
(Lay et al., 2013; Zeng and Cleon, 2018), we still lack sufficient under­
standing of which drivers will push or pull users to use LIS. Among the
push factors, users’ dissatisfaction has the power to bring about a result
of pushing them to use LIS. As a psychological state, lacking satisfaction
is considered to be the primary reason why users are pushed away from a
previous product or service (Ye and Potter, 2011). Users are inclined to
actively seek alternative services and to engage in job hopping if they are
dissatisfied with services or certain jobs. Herein, the feeling of dissat­
isfaction with traditional work patterns significantly prompts users to
switch to LIS, such that dissatisfaction can increase users’ switching
intention. Our findings are in accordance with the results of earlier
research (Zhang et al., 2012).
Contrary to our expectations, fatigue associated with traditional
work patterns did not emerge as a significantly positive push effect. It
seems that the participants did not perceive that traditional paper-based
work patterns will make them feel fatigued. Prior research has demon­
strated that fatigue can occur after long, intense and continuous hard
work (Van Yperen and Hagedoorn, 2003). A probable reason for such an
insignificant level from the respondents in this study might be due to the
Z. Zeng et al.
fact that the work intensity of land mapping has not reached an extent at
which the respondents feel fatigued. However, such an explanation re­
quires further investigation.
5.2. Pull effects
The pull factors consist of three factors, namely PU, PEOU and sub­
jective norm. With regard to the antecedents to the pull, push and
mooring effects, only the hypotheses in the pull effect are all consistently
validated. The three factors exhibit significantly positive associations
with users’ willingness to switch. Furthermore, PU and PEOU, which are
the components of the TAM, have been demonstrated to be the signifi­
cant antecedents of IT acceptance intention in mainstream research
(Tang and Chiang, 2009; Chen and Hsiao, 2012). The positive path co­
efficient of PU to switch intention indicates that, if the system can help
users improve their job performance, those users will be more willing to
use LIS. In addition, the three antecedent variables of PU (convenience,
system quality and information quality) were validated as having sig­
nificant effects on PU, as anticipated. The results imply that improving
convenience, system quality and information quality will help to in­
crease the PU, which is consistent with most studies on IS acceptance, e.
g. electronic learning platforms (Hsu and Chang, 2013) and e-govern­
ment (Floropoulos et al., 2010).
In the TAM, PEOU represents the degree to which users believe that
the use of a particular system would be relatively free of effort (Davis,
1989). The positive impact of PEOU reveals that designing LIS so that
the system is easy-to-use will be a critical factor in raising users’
switching intentions. A friendly interface, including simple operations,
might enable users to learn and master the IS quickly. The two ante­
cedents of PEOU (perceived convenience and system quality) are found
to be positively related to PEOU. The results indicate that the conve­
nience of functions and system quality can improve users’ PEOU.
Subjective norm is from the TRA, which can be viewed as a form of
pressure from the organizational environment (Bansal, 2005). A number
of measures were found to be effective in improving subjective norm.
For example, in an organizational context, the culture of collectivism
would benefit from the form of subjective norm. An employee’s
behavior is easily influenced by the expectations and pressures from his
colleagues and the group with which he/she identifies (Anandarajan
et al., 2002). According to these studies, we believe the cultivation of
collectivism would be an important means to improve the effects of
subjective norm.
5.3. Mooring effects
Among the three determinants of mooring effects, only inertia re­
veals significant associations with switching intention. This finding
aligns with the notion that inertia negatively predicts switching
behavior (Wang et al., 2019). Switching costs and perceived risk are
insignificant in terms of switching behavior. Inertia is an unconscious or
less-deliberate process, in which users merely reject a change out of
habit. Inert users might be reluctant to actively seek new options (Li,
2018). The result implies that inertia is a hindrance to accepting LIS; the
removal of users’ inertia should be highlighted in the land sectors we
investigated.
Switching costs and perceived risk are found to indirectly affect
switching intentions, which is inconsistent with our assumptions. This
finding seems to indicate that the respondents we visited did not regard
switching cost as a factor that would impede their switching behavior,
and neither was perceived risk. These results are inconsistent with the
findings in commercial online service contexts. In mobile shopping en­
vironments, previous studies showed that users would have more con­
cerns about the risk of monetary losses, as well as security concerns
(Chang et al., 2017). In our study, the users don’t seem to have paid
much attention to, and nor do they care, about risky issues in using LIS.
In addition, unlike those players who attach importance to the money
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Land Use Policy 109 (2021) 105629
and time they spend on online games (Hou et al., 2011), the participants
seemingly don’t consider cost as a critical determinant to using LIS. Most
LIS are provided and purchased by the organizations.
6. Implications
6.1. Theoretical implications
This study extends the theoretical understanding of the LIS switching
research context in several ways. The users’ perception and evaluation
of system characteristics are critical in helping management to under­
stand which factors will lead to more success when switching. However,
previous studies rarely consider the pre-determinants of influencing
factors (e.g., herein, PU and PEOU) to switching behavior. In our study,
we attempt to use system quality and convenience to represent the
human-machine interaction between users and system characteristics,
based on the ISSM framework. To the best of our knowledge, such
integration is the first to be conducted in an IT-extended domain of the
PPM. The integration of the ISSM enriches the theoretical model of the
PPM in the IS domain. The result indicates that PU is not only aroused by
cognitive evaluations, but also by system characteristics. The framework
provides a more comprehensive picture of the formulation of LIS
switching behavior. Investigations of this kind provide a new perspec­
tive regarding the system characteristics that influence IS switching
intentions.
Currently, LIS has emerged as an abundant and potentially insightful
research area, attracting increasing intention from IS researchers.
However, this field is still a relatively new area in the exploration of how
psychological factors and system characteristics influence users’ de­
cisions to switch to LIS, from the perspective of users’ behavior in­
tentions. Previous studies focused more on users’ intentions to accept
and adopt LIS. The switching behavior between different IT or platforms
in terms of land sectors was scarcely noticed. This study empirically
attempts to explain the determinants of users’ LIS usage from the
perspective of behavior switching. Moving from a non-digital to a digital
pattern is the foundation of digital transformation for land sectors, but
the current technology innovation is far beyond such a form. In fact, IT
innovations are popularly observed in land sectors, and users’ switching
behavior might exist among various IT innovations relevant to LIS. For
instance, the government currently stresses the importance of 3D and
digital twins in LIS, and the land information service is accelerating
towards mobile technology. Therefore, we believe that our findings
could contribute to providing insights for future research in this area.
6.2. Practical implications
Our results confirm that PU and PEOU play a critical role in affecting
users’ willingness to switch. System quality and information quality
have a positive influence on users’ PU and PEOU. These findings could
provide guidance for the practical management and software develop­
ment of land sectors. For instance, during the digital transformation,
when confronted with a diversified LIS software market, the system’s
quality and information quality should be highly valued. It is essential to
choose a product that can provide users with convenience and enhanced
job performance. Software engineers should put more effort into
friendly interface design and into simplifying LIS operations, e.g. using
AI technology. A viable system should focus on system quality and in­
formation quality, in order to free users from original work patterns,
making it easier to switch to LIS.
Subjective norm facilitates users’ willingness to use a system. This
factor is considered to be related to the organizational environment
(Bansal, 2005). Therefore, more emphasis should be placed on the
positive influence of organizational and interpersonal factors on users’
behavior with regard to switching to LIS. Several interventions (which
include meetings, formulating a clear scheme and providing organiza­
tional support) might increase the role of subjective norm and thus
Z. Zeng et al. Land Use Policy 109 (2021) 105629

encourage subordinates to use LIS in their daily work.
Our results indicate that organizational managers should pay atten­
tion to the effects of staff inertia on using LIS. Previous studies indicate
that inertial users will consciously persist with the incumbent product,
because they have a strong psychological commitment to that product
(Lin and Huang, 2014). Polites and Karahanna (2012) argued that the
effects of inertia can be overcome by strategic management, such as
providing information, training and reducing switching costs, as well as
changing the organization’s bias to new technology. Thus, referring to
previous studies, to decrease affective commitment by providing infor­
mation and training might be an effective way to inhibit users’ inertia to
LIS.
7. Limitations and future directions
This research still has some limitations. Regarding the users of LIS,
the model mainly focuses on individuals. The information environment
in an organization is complex, so contextual variables such as organi­
zational support, commitment and information policy should be
considered in the future. In order to provide more detailed information
with regard to system design, the characteristic of LIS could be added. In
addition, this study only focuses on the opinions from government em­
ployees (internal users). External users (citizens or businesses) could be
studied in the future and make comparisons to rich this research field.
Finally, the samples in this study were restricted to China. The factors
that influence users’ switching intentions towards LIS might vary in
different countries. Cross-cultural surveys could be further conducted to
provide a more complete view of the antecedents of users’ intentions
with regard to LIS switching behavior.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Zhongping Zeng: Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing - orig­
inal draft, Project administration. Siqi Li: Formal analysis, Data cura­
tion, Writing - review & editing. Jiunn-Woei Lian: Conceptualization,
Writing - review & editing. JiangLi: Data curation. Tao Chen:
Conceptualization. Yujia Li: Data curation.
Declaration of Competing Interests
There are no competing interests of this study.
Acknowledgements
The research was supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for
the Central Universities of China (Grant No: 2021WKYXZD007). The
authors deeply appreciate the reviewers/editors’ comments, which have
contributed much to improve the manuscript.

Appendix A

Questionnaire

1. Gendermale □ female □.
2. Age.
18–39 □ 40–60 □ >60 □.
3. Education.
Junior high school and below □ high school □ college degree□.
Bachelor degree □ master degree and higher □.
4. Which of the following is most appropriate for your use of the land information system?
Department has never used land information system (LIS). □.
My colleagues are using LIS, but I have never used the system myself. □.
I have access to LIS and use it occasionally when I need it. □.
I often use LIS and even cannot do without it. □.
5. Years of computer usage experience.
0–1 year □ 1–3 year(s) □ 3–5 years □ more than 5 years □.

Push effect

Dissatisfaction (Zhang et al., 2011; Ye and Potter, 2011; Sun et al., 2017).
DIS1 I feel satisfied about my overall experience using traditional paper-based work pattern to deal with land management business.
DIS2 I feel happy about my overall experience using traditional paper-based work pattern to deal with land management business.
DIS3 The traditional paper-based work pattern can meet various land management requirements.
Fatigue (Van Yperen and Hagedoorn, 2003; Sun et al., 2017).
FAT1 After using traditional paper-based work pattern to deal with land management business, I felt tired.
FAT2 In the past, when using traditional paper-based work pattern to deal with land management business, I felt that the management was tedious,
the workload was heavy, and it was difficult to get a rest.
FAT3 I used to use traditional paper-based work pattern to deal with land management business, which made me unable to be relaxed.

Pull effect

Perceived usefulness (Eldrandaly et al., 2015).

PU1 I think using LIS can increase the efficiency of my work.
PU2 In general, I think that the adoption of LIS is useful.
Perceived ease of use (Lee, 2009; Chen and Tsai, 2019).
PEOU1 I can very quickly learn how to operate this system.
PEOU2 I can very easily operate LIS to perform work tasks.
PEOU3 It is relatively easy to use LIS to deal with various land management businesses.

9
Z. Zeng et al. Land Use Policy 109 (2021) 105629

Convenience (Chen and Tsai, 2019).

CON1 I think the LIS makes me save a lot of time in obtaining land information for my work.
CON2 I think the LIS assists me to perform my work more conveniently.
System quality (Chi, 2018).
SYS1 LIS allows users to easily operate specific functions (such as looking up land information).
SYS2 I think the page layout of LIS is clear.
Information quality (Eldrandaly et al., 2015; Chi, 2018).
INF1 The information provided by LIS is accurate and credible.
INF2 The information provided by LIS is complete and abundant.
Subjective norm (Pookulangara et al., 2011).
SN1 People who can influence me would think that I should use LIS.
SN2 People who are important to me would think that I should use LIS.
SN3 My colleagues and leaders expect me to use LIS.

Mooring effect

Switching cost (Ye and Potter, 2011).

SC1 In general it would be a trouble to switch from traditional work pattern to LIS.
SC2 It would take a lot of time and effort to switch to LIS.
SC3 I would lose a lot if I were to switch to LIS.
Perceived risk (Muñoz-Leiva et al., 2017).
PR1 Compared with traditional work pattern, information security problems are more likely to appear in LIS.
PR2 LIS is easy to leak important information.
PR3 LIS is easy to make mistakes.
Inertia (Wang et al., 2019).
INE1 I will continue using traditional work pattern because it would be stressful to change.
INE2 I will continue using traditional work pattern simply because it is what I have always done.
INE3 I will continue using traditional work pattern even though I know it is not the most efficient way of doing things.
Switch intention (Zhang et al., 2012).
If the organization provides LIS (a digital pattern) to be an alternative of my current paper-based work pattern,
INT1 I will consider switching from traditional work pattern to LIS.
INT2 The likelihood of my switching to LIS will be high.
INT3 I will be determined to switch to LIS.

Appendix B

DIS SN INF INE CON PEOU PU PR FAT SYS INT SC

DIS 0.920
SN 0.401 0.936
INF 0.095 0.379 0.972
INE -0.177 -0.264 -0.068 0.935
CON 0.158 0.394 0.885 -0.067 0.949
PEOU 0.303 0.391 0.472 -0.186 0.533 0.952
PU 0.170 0.379 0.875 -0.137 0.886 0.483 0.962
PR -0.024 -0.106 -0.050 0.475 -0.042 -0.168 -0.104 0.936
FAT 0.439 0.450 0.432 -0.238 0.470 0.352 0.420 -0.185 0.927
SYS 0.376 0.510 0.560 -0.336 0.609 0.621 0.652 -0.165 0.481 0.900
INT 0.502 0.585 0.455 -0.354 0.507 0.605 0.567 -0.169 0.448 0.803 0.942
SC -0.155 -0.167 -0.097 0.570 -0.096 -0.355 -0.156 0.502 -0.236 -0.245 -0.315 0.965
DIS-dissatisfaction; SN-subjective norm; INF- information quality; INE-inertia; CON-convenience; PEOU-perceived ease of use; PU-perceived usefulness; PR-perceived
risk; FAT-fatigue; SYS-system quality; INT-intention; SC-switching cost.
Note: The bold diagonals represent the square roots of the AVEs of the individual constructs; off-diagonal values are the correlations between constructs.

Appendix C. : Results of factor analysis and cross-loadings

DIS FAT PEOU CON PU SYS INF SN SC PR INE INT

DIS1 0.954 0.411 0.288 0.148 0.146 0.371 0.105 0.392 -0.086 -0.005 -0.163 0.491
DIS2 0.955 0.377 0.303 0.136 0.140 0.351 0.098 0.363 -0.129 -0.014 -0.175 0.461
DIS3 0.848 0.349 0.245 0.157 0.195 0.313 0.058 0.349 -0.221 -0.050 -0.151 0.433
FAT1 0.455 0.913 0.327 0.405 0.424 0.497 0.435 0.423 -0.193 -0.111 -0.231 0.428
FAT2 0.349 0.953 0.360 0.424 0.396 0.414 0.371 0.386 -0.292 -0.217 -0.240 0.388
FAT3 0.354 0.955 0.285 0.423 0.392 0.425 0.393 0.427 -0.197 -0.166 -0.239 0.403
PEOU1 0.251 0.262 0.944 0.457 0.391 0.551 0.395 0.354 -0.365 -0.201 -0.206 0.539
PEOU2 0.326 0.354 0.956 0.513 0.496 0.585 0.470 0.409 -0.349 -0.121 -0.155 0.598
PEOU3 0.286 0.361 0.957 0.555 0.492 0.634 0.478 0.353 -0.302 -0.161 -0.173 0.587
CON1 0.118 0.377 0.462 0.940 0.841 0.570 0.858 0.387 -0.079 -0.006 -0.041 0.492
CON2 0.180 0.459 0.549 0.958 0.836 0.587 0.822 0.361 -0.102 -0.072 -0.085 0.472
(continued on next page)

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Z. Zeng et al. Land Use Policy 109 (2021) 105629

(continued )
DIS FAT PEOU CON PU SYS INF SN SC PR INE INT

PU1 0.200 0.440 0.491 0.825 0.969 0.659 0.816 0.364 -0.182 -0.150 -0.178 0.597
PU2 0.125 0.383 0.438 0.879 0.954 0.594 0.867 0.366 -0.117 -0.050 -0.085 0.492
SYS1 0.370 0.530 0.557 0.546 0.576 0.880 0.556 0.482 -0.263 -0.203 -0.292 0.708
SYS2 0.381 0.414 0.512 0.561 0.607 0.910 0.478 0.456 -0.206 -0.138 -0.296 0.763
SYS3 0.289 0.359 0.605 0.538 0.576 0.909 0.478 0.441 -0.193 -0.107 -0.319 0.699
INF1 0.103 0.429 0.469 0.859 0.853 0.556 0.973 0.350 -0.129 -0.061 -0.059 0.464
INF2 0.083 0.412 0.448 0.862 0.847 0.532 0.972 0.388 -0.060 -0.035 -0.074 0.421
SN1 0.421 0.501 0.389 0.437 0.373 0.480 0.414 0.912 -0.110 -0.135 -0.231 0.558
SN2 0.345 0.381 0.359 0.364 0.374 0.494 0.358 0.970 -0.182 -0.098 -0.276 0.551
SN3 0.358 0.347 0.348 0.297 0.317 0.458 0.289 0.925 -0.179 -0.062 -0.234 0.532
SC1 -0.133 -0.193 -0.218 -0.073 -0.121 -0.147 -0.071 -0.166 0.946 0.445 0.524 -0.248
SC2 -0.125 -0.272 -0.382 -0.124 -0.190 -0.255 -0.143 -0.169 0.975 0.512 0.526 -0.299
SC3 -0.183 -0.226 -0.397 -0.081 -0.145 -0.285 -0.068 -0.153 0.975 0.492 0.591 -0.349
PR1 -0.028 -0.211 -0.101 -0.064 -0.132 -0.174 -0.088 -0.068 0.394 0.938 0.417 -0.124
PR2 -0.044 -0.139 -0.166 -0.074 -0.131 -0.177 -0.087 -0.085 0.491 0.954 0.399 -0.177
PR3 0.005 -0.151 -0.190 0.011 -0.046 -0.115 0.029 -0.137 0.506 0.917 0.515 -0.163
INE1 -0.183 -0.186 -0.164 -0.035 -0.090 -0.251 -0.024 -0.323 0.525 0.435 0.937 -0.376
INE2 -0.170 -0.216 -0.169 -0.075 -0.143 -0.330 -0.083 -0.235 0.534 0.416 0.975 -0.317
INE3 -0.139 -0.321 -0.193 -0.089 -0.176 -0.380 -0.095 -0.162 0.545 0.487 0.893 -0.290
INT1 0.524 0.460 0.511 0.461 0.552 0.740 0.433 0.556 -0.326 -0.115 -0.330 0.925
INT2 0.445 0.399 0.543 0.509 0.562 0.775 0.465 0.542 -0.255 -0.196 -0.352 0.966
INT3 0.450 0.365 0.654 0.461 0.501 0.756 0.389 0.554 -0.307 -0.166 -0.319 0.935
DIS-dissatisfaction; FAT-fatigue; PEOU-perceived ease of use; CON-convenience; PU-perceived usefulness; SYS-system quality; INF-information quality; SN-subjective
norm; SC-switching cost; PR-perceived risk; INE-inertia; INT-intention.

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