SET – B

1. (A) A piston–cylinder device, as shown in Figure, initially contains 0.4 kg water at 3 MPa,
250 °C. Now, the water loses heat to the surroundings, thereby the frictionless piston hits
the stops, at which point the cylinder contains saturated liquid water. The cooling
continues until the cylinder contains water at 175 °C. Determine the following:
(a) Final pressure and final specific volume,
(b) Specific internal energies at at initial state and when it hits the stops
(c) Boundary work,
(d) Amount of heat transfer when the piston first hits the stops [1+3+2+2+4+4 = 16 M]

Solution:
Final pressure and the specific volume:
At T3 = 175 °C, Psat= P3 = 892 kPa [1 Mark]
The properties of steam at state 3 are estimated using Table B.1.2:
For, T3 = 175 °C (given data) and, v3 = v2 (constant volume process)
Since, P2 =3000 kPa= P1 and x2 = 0 (saturated liquid as given data) so v2 = 0.001216 m3/kg
For, v3 = 0.001216 m3/kg [3 Marks]

b. Specific internal energies at at initial state and when it hits the stops:
Taking the steam in the cylinder to be the system, and this is a being a closed system, as no mass crosses the
system boundary,
1Q2 = 1ΔU2 + 1W2 and 1Q3 = 1ΔU3 + 1W3
The properties of steam at state 1 are: P1 = 3000 kPa T1 = 250 °C (given data)
Using Table B.1.3, for P1 and T1, v1 = 0.07058 m3/kg
u1 = 2644 kJ/kg [2 Marks]
The properties of steam at state 2 are estimated using Table B.1.2:
Since, P2 = P1 and x2 = 0 (saturated liquid as given data) v2 = 0.001216 m3/kg
u2 = 1004.76 kJ/kg [2 Marks]

c. Boundary work:
Noting that the pressure is constant until the piston hits the stops during which the boundary work is done, it
can be determined from its definition as,
1W2 = mP1(v2 – v1) = 0.4*3000*(0.001216 – 0.07058) = –83.2 kJ [4 Marks]

d. Amount of heat transfer when the piston first hits the stops:
Substituting into energy balance relation,
1Q2 = m(u2 – u1) + 1W2 = 0.4*(1004.76 – 2644) – 83.2 = –738.8 kJ [4 Marks]

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1. (B) When the manometer shows a combined column heights of 21 cm of Hg and ‘x’ cm of water, and if ΔP is
101.325 kPa, then find ‘x’ in cm. [3 M]

Solution:
(i) ΔP = ρHg g LHg + ρwater g Lwater (Lwater = x) => x = (ΔP - ρHg g LHg)/ρwaterg
ΔP = 101.325 kPa
Therefore, x = 7.51 m or 751 cm

1. (C) A submarine maintains 101 kPa inside it and it dives 740 m down in the ocean having an average density of
1075 kg/m3. What is the pressure difference between the inside and the outside of the submarine hull?
Solution: [3 M]
Assume the atmosphere over the ocean is at 101 kPa, then ΔP is from the 740 m column water.
ΔP = ρLg = (1075 kg/m3 × 740 m × 9.807 m/s2) / 1000 = 7801.47 kPa

1. (D) Find the missing properties and give the phase of the ammonia (NH3):
(i) T = 45 °C, v = 0.0658 m3/kg, Find x and u
(ii) T = 70 °C, P = 500 kPa, Find x, u and v [2+2=4 M]
Solution:
(i) From table, vl<v<vg => saturated
x = (v-vf)/(vfg) = 0.905
u = 1252.4755 kJ/kg
(ii) P<Psat => Superheated vapour
x = Undefined, v = 0.31410 m3/kg, u = 1429 kJ/kg

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2. Consider a refrigeration system where NH3 is initially at T1 = -20oC, saturated vapour. The property variations are
to be assessed for the following states this refrigerant is subject to:
(a) T2 = T1 and the specific volume doubles that of at state 1
(b) T2 = T1 and the specific volume is half of that at state 1
(c) T2 = –40 oC and the specific volume is same as that of at state 1
(d) T2 = 20 oC and the specific volume is same as that of at state 1
Showing all the necessary intermediate computations, determine the following for each of the above states:
(i) Phase
(ii) Quality
(iii) Pressure
Use the Thermodynamic tables available in the EDD notes or at the end of the textbook to solve the problem.
Please Note: Showing the workout and presenting the required logic is a must, in the absence of which, no
credit will be given.
Present your answers at the end of the workout, in the following format (reproduce this table and fill your
answers in the cells):

Question Phase Quality Pressure in kPa

Number (i) (ii) (iii)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

Specific instructions:
● Short/incomplete forms of representation of the phases, quality (that deviate from the standard methods
being used in the course lectures/tutorials) will not get any credit.
● For example: If quality is not applicable, it should be written as “undefined”; If the system is a two phase
mixture with solid and vapour phases, it should be written as “saturated solid-vapour mixture”.
● Blanks left out in the answer table will be considered as un-attempted and no credit will be given for
these blanks. Each question carries 2 marks.
[6 * 4 = 24 M]

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Solution:

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3. A frictionless piston as shown in figure has a mass of 60 kg. Heat is supplied to water
until the temperature reaches to 500 °C. If the quality at initial state is 30 % and
atmospheric pressure as 100 kPa, determine the following:
(a) Initial pressure and mass of water.
(b) Quality when the piston hits the stops
(c) Final pressure.
(d) Work done on the piston.
(e) Plot the entire process on a P-v diagram with respect to saturation lines.
[10+6+4+3+2 = 25 M]
Solution:
(a) Initial pressure and mass of water:
Performing force balance on the piston yields,
P1A = W + Patm A
P1 (π/4)(0.1)2 = (60x9.81) + (100000)(π/4)(0.1)2 [3 M]
Thus, P1 = 175 kPa [2 M]
Specific volume at state 1, v1 = vf + x(vfg1) = 0.001057 + (0.30)(1.00257) = 0.301828 m3/kg [3 M]
Thus, mass of water, m = V1/v1 = {(π/4)(0.1)2 (0.055)/(0.301828) = 0.001431 kg [2 M]
(b) Quality when the piston hits the stops:
Pressure remains constant at 175 kPa until the piston just hits the stops.
Thus, v2 = V2/m = {(π/4)(0.1)2 (0.080)/(0.001431) = 0.43908 m3/kg [3 M]
Hence, the new quality is, 0.43908 = 0.001057 + x2 (1.00257) => x2 = 0.4369 (or) 43.7 % [3 M]
(c) Final pressure:
At T3 = 500 °C and v2 = v3 = 0.43908 m3/kg, water exists as a superheated vapour.
Thus, from the superheated vapour table, by linear interpolation, the final pressure is found to be:
P3 = 809.5 kPa (or) 810 kPa [4 M]
(d) Work involved in each process:
Process 1-2: Isobaric, hence work done, 1W2 = mP1(v2 – v1) = 175(0.001431)(0.43908 – 0.301828) = 34.37 J
Process 2-3: Isochoric, hence work done, 2W3 = 0
Thus total work transfer = 0.03437 kJ (or) 34.37 J [3 M]
(e) Plot the entire process on a P-v diagram with respect to saturation lines:

[2 M]

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