Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2 2
The Transformer – Basic Components
Dry-Type Transformer Example
3 3
Transformer Types – Sampling
• Step – Up
• Step – Down
• Autotransformer
• Isolation Transformer
• Single – Phase
• Polyphase
• Harmonic Transformers
• Instrument Transformers
4 4
Transformer Locations / Applications
5 5
Utility
G
OC
PD
OC
PD
OC
PD
OC OC OC VT
PD PD PD
CT OC OC
PD PD
M
OC OC OC
PD PD PD
OC OC
PD PD
M
Industrial
Control
Panel OC OC
PD PD
6 6
Utility
G
OC
PD
OC
OC
PD
OC
PD
OC
PD
OC
PD
VT Transformer
CT OC OC
PD PD
M
OC OC OC
PD PD PD
OC OC
PD PD
M
Industrial
Control
Panel OC OC
PD PD
7 7
Utility
G
OC
PD
OC
Instrumentation
PD
OC
PD
OC
PD
OC
PD
OC
PD
VT Transformers
CT OC OC
PD PD
M
OC OC OC
PD PD PD
OC OC
PD PD
M
Industrial
Control
Panel OC OC
PD PD
8 8
Utility
G
OC
PD
OC
Power Distribution
PD
OC
PD
OC
PD
OC
PD
OC
PD
VT Transformers
CT OC OC
PD PD
M
OC OC OC
PD PD PD
OC OC
PD PD
M
Industrial
Control
Panel OC OC
PD PD
9 9
Utility
G
OC
PD
OC
Control Power
PD
OC
PD
OC
PD
OC
PD
OC
PD
VT Transformers
CT OC OC
PD PD
M
OC OC OC
PD PD PD
OC OC
PD PD
M
Industrial
Control
Panel OC OC
PD PD
10 10
Utility
G
OC
PD
OC
PD
CT OC OC
PD PD
M
OC OC OC
PD PD PD
OC OC
PD PD
M
Industrial
Control
Panel OC OC
PD PD
11 11
Transformer Basics
• 1-Phase Transformers
13 13
Three Phase Delta-Wye
Vll = VΦ VΦ
Vll - √ 3*VΦ
14 14
14
Basic Transformer Principle
● A voltage and current in the primary coil magnetize the iron core.
● The magnetic field in the core induces a voltage and current in the secondary coil.
CORE
Enclosure
Primary Secondary
windings windings
15 15
Transformer Example
Primary Core Secondary V1 N1
=
V1 = 480 volts V2 = 120 volts V2 N2
A2 N1
=
N1 = 400 N2 = 100 A1 N2
V1 A2
=
V2 A1
A1 = 52 amps A2 = 208 amps
16 16
KVA
17 17
17
KVA Example
KVA = 83.14
18 18
18
FLA & Isc Example
Full Load Amps - three phase, 480 volts, 60 Hz, 300 kVA
Amps = 1000* kVA
1.732 *Volts
Amps = 361 A
20 20
20
Taps
21 21
21
Taps Example
480V
120V
22 22
22
Tap Example – Low Primary V
432 4
Primary Secondary
108 1
480V 120V
432 3.6
120 1
23 23
23
Insulation Systems and
Temperature Rise
24 24
24
Auxiliary Cooling
25 25
25
Ratings - Liquid Filled
`Fluid Filled
26 26
26
Ratings - Cast Coil
27 27
27
Ratings - Dry Type
150°C Rise 115/150°C Rise
AA FA AA AA 150°C FA 150°C
150C (AA150 x 115°C (AA115 x (AA150 x 1.33)
(Base) 1.33) (Base) 1.15)
AA AA FA AA AA FA
80° 115° 115° 80°C 150°C 150°C
(Base) (AA80 x 1.18) (AA115 x (Base) (AA80 x (AA150
1.33) 1.35) x 1.33)
28 28
28
Insulation Levels
Kv BIL
High Liquid Liquid Vent. Dry Vent. Dry Cast Coil Cast Coil
Voltage Filled Filled Transf. Transf. Transf. Transf.
Rating Transf. Transf. HV LV HV LV
HV LV (600 Max.) (600 Max.)
(600 Max).
2400 45 30 30 10 45 10
4160 60 30 30 10 60 10
4800 60 30 30 10 60 10
6900 75 30 40 10 75 10
7200 75 30 40 10 75 10
12000 95 30 60 10 95 10
12470 95 30 60 10 95 10
13200 95 30 60 10 95 10
13800 95 30 60 10 95 10
22,900 125 30 110 10 110 10
34,400 150 30 150 10 150 10
29 29
29
Sound Levels
32 32
Transformer Standards
33 33
Transformer Standards
34 34
Transformer Standards
35 35
Transformer Standards
1.2 Neon transformers and power supplies covered by this standard are designated by their
construction and intended use as specified in Table 1.1.
36 36
Transformer Standards
37 37
Transformers and The NEC
39 39
Transformers and The NEC
Exceptions
1. Current transformers.
450.1 Scope. This article 2. Dry-type transformers that constitute a component part
of other apparatus and comply with the requirements for
covers the installation of all such apparatus.
3. Transformers that are an integral part of an X-ray, high-
transformers. frequency, or electrostatic-coating apparatus.
4. Transformers used with Class 2 and Class 3 circuits that
comply with Article 725.
5. Transformers for sign and outline lighting that comply
with Article 600.
Exceptions Illustrate Other Articles 6. Transformers for electric-discharge lighting that comply
with Article 410.
Important to Proper Application of 7. Transformers used for power-limited fire alarm circuits
Transformers that comply with Part III of Article 760.
8. Transformers used for research, development, or
testing, where effective arrangements are provided to
safeguard persons from contacting energized parts.
40 40
Transformers and The NEC
Article 725: Class 1, Class 2, and Class 3 Exceptions
1. Current transformers.
Remote – Control, Signaling, and Power-Limited
450.1 Scope. This article
Circuits
2. Dry-type transformers that constitute a component part
of other apparatus and comply with the requirements for
covers the installation of all
Article 600: Electric Signs and Outline Lighting
such apparatus.
3. Transformers that are an integral part of an X-ray, high-
transformers.
Article 410: Luminaires, Lampholders, and
frequency, or electrostatic-coating apparatus.
4. Transformers used with Class 2 and Class 3 circuits that
Lamps comply with Article 725.
5. Transformers for sign and outline lighting that comply
with Article 600.
Article 760: Fire Alarm Systems
Exceptions Illustrate Other Articles 6. Transformers for electric-discharge lighting that comply
with Article 410.
Important to Proper Application of 7. Transformers used for power-limited fire alarm circuits
Transformers that comply with Part III of Article 760.
8. Transformers used for research, development, or
testing, where effective arrangements are provided to
safeguard persons from contacting energized parts.
41 41
Protection – Table 450.3(A)
42 42
42
Protection – Table 450.3(A)
PRIMARY PROTECTION
400% - Circuit Breaker 300% - Fuse
Seconday > 1000Volts
250% - Circuit Breaker 225% - Fuse
43 43
43
Protection – Table 450.3(A)
44 44
44
Protection – Table 450.3(A)
PRIMARY PROTECTION
400% - Circuit Breaker 300% - Fuse
Seconday > 1000Volts
250% - Circuit Breaker 225% - Fuse
45 45
45
Protection – Table 450.3(A)
PRIMARY PROTECTION
300% - Circuit Breaker 250% - Fuse
Seconday > 1000Volts
N/A - Circuit Breaker N/A - Fuse
46 46
46
Protection – Table 450.3(A)
47 47
47
Protection – Table 450.3(B)
48 48
48
Protection – Table 450.3(B)
49 49
49
Protection – Table 450.3(B)
50 50
50
Protection – Table 450.10 (A) & (B)
450.10 Grounding
(A) Dry-Type Transformer Enclosures. Where separate equipment grounding
conductors and supply-side bonding jumpers are installed, a terminal bar
for all grounding and bonding conductor connections shall be secured
inside the transformer enclosure. The terminal bar shall be bonded to the
enclosure in accordance with 250.12 and shall not be installed on or over
any vented portion of the enclosure.
Exception: Where a dry-type transformer is equipped with wire-type
connections (leads), the grounding and bonding connections shall be
permitted to be connected together using any of the methods in 250.8 and
shall be bonded to the enclosure if of metal.
51 51
51
Protection – Table 450.10 (A) & (B)
450.11 Markings
(A) General
(1) Name of Manufacturer
(2) Rated Kilovolt-Amperes
(3) Frequency
(4) Primary and Secondary Voltage
(5) Impedance of Transformers 25 kVA and Larger
(6) Required Clearance for Transformers with Ventilated Openings
(7) Amount and Kind of Insulating Liquid Where Used
(8) For Dry-Type Transformers, Temperature Class for the
Insulation System
52 52
52
Transformer Standards
54 54
Questions And Comments
57 57
• General Provisions
• Overcurrent Protection
• Transformers over 1000 Volts
• Transformers 1000 Volts Nominal or Less
• Autotransformers
• Standard
• Grounding Transformers
• Grounding
• Markings
58 58
Three- Core Construction
Wound Cores
Stacked Cores
59 59
Coil Construction
LV Sheet Winding with Cold Welded Lead
60 60
Coil Construction
LV Sheet Winding with Cold Welded Lead HV Winding with Diamond Epoxy Insulation
61 61
Coil Construction
LV Sheet Winding with Cold Welded Lead HV Winding with Diamond Epoxy Insulation
62 62
Coil Construction
LV Sheet Winding with Cold Welded Lead HV Winding with Diamond Epoxy Insulation
63 63
Serving Many Locations
64 64 64
Open Type Transformer
65 65
Unit Substation Transformer
• Unit Substation Transformer for
Industrial/Commercial
Applications:
• Petro/Chem
• Pulp & Paper
• Government/Military
• Institutional
• Food & Drug
• Mining & Minerals
• Manufacturing
• Data Centers
66 66
67 67
The Transformer – Codes and Standards
70 70
• Specific Provisions Applicable to Different Types of
Transformers
• Dry types
• indoors
• Outdoors
• Liquid-insulated
• Indoors
• Outdoors
• Other types of insulated transformers
71 71
• Transformer Vaults
• Location
• Construction
• Ventilation
• Drainage
• Storage
72 72