M

O
H
IT
SI
R
M
O
H
IT
SI
R
M
O
H
IT
SI
R
M
O
H
IT
SI
R
M
O
H
IT
SI
R
M
O
H
IT
SI
R
M
O
H
IT
SI
R
M
O
H
IT
SI
R
M
O
H
IT
SI
R
M
O
H
IT
SI
R
M
O
H
IT
SI
R
M
O
H
IT
SI
R
M
O
H
IT
SI
R
M
O
H
IT
SI
R
M
O
H
IT
SI
R
M
O
H
IT
SI
R
M
O
H
IT
SI
R
M
O
H
IT
SI
R
M
O
H
IT
SI
R
M
O
H
IT
SI
R
M
O
H
IT
SI
R
M
O
H
IT
SI
R
M
O
H
IT
SI
R
M
O
H
IT
SI
R
M
O
H
IT
SI
R
M
O
H
IT
SI
R
M
O
H
IT
SI
R
M
O
H
IT
SI
R
M
O
H
IT
SI
R
M
O
H
IT
SI
R
M
O
H
IT
SI
R
M
O
H
IT
SI
R
M
O
H
IT
SI
R
M
O
H
IT
SI
R
M
O
H
IT
SI
R
M
O
H
IT
SI
R
M
O
H
IT
SI
R
M
O
H
IT
SI
R
M
O
H
IT
SI
R
M
O
H
IT
SI
R
M
O
H
IT
SI
R
M
O
H
IT
SI
R
M
O
H
IT
SI
R
15.44 PHYSICS-XII

GUIDELINES TO NCERT EXERCISES

15.1. Which of the following frequencies will be suitable for A

Ans. As ~=~
beyond the horizon communication using sky waves ? Ac
(a) 10 kHz (b) 10 MHz 75
A = ~A = - x 12 V = 9 V.
(c) 1 GHz (d) 1000 GHz "m CIaO

Ans. (b) 10 MHz. Frequency of 10 kHz will require 15.6. A modulating signal is a square wave as shown /;, u:
very large radiating antenna while frequencies 1GHz and
1000 GHz will penetrate the ionosphere and cannot be

R
reflected by it. '"
~1
;>
...--
15.2. Frequencies in the UHF range normally propagate by .5
means of: 1 2

(a) Ground waves (b) Sky waves

tin sec0nd s

SI
(c) Surface waves (d) Space waves
Ans. (d) Space waves. Frequencies in the UHF (0.3 to Fig. 15.49
3 GHz) range normally propagate by means of space The carrier wave is given by c(t) = 2 sin(81tt) volts.
waves. Their sky wave reflection from ionosphere is not
(i) Sketch the amplitude modulated waveform
possible.
(ii) What is the modulation index?
15.3. Digital signals (i) do not provide a continuous set of
Ans. (i) The amplitude modulated wave is shown
values (ii) represent values as discrete steps (iii) can utilize
below:
binary system and (io) can utilize decimal as well as binary
IT
systems. Which of the following is true ? 3~~-r----------~--r-------~
(a) (i) and (ii) only
2
(b) (ii) and (iii) only
(c) (i), (ii) and (iii) but not (iv) r
.l!l
(d) All of (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv) '0
>
H
Ans. (c). Digital signals cannot utilize decimal system .5
0

which represents a continuous set of values.

15.4. Is it necessary for a transmitting antenna to be at the
-
'J -1
same height as that of the receiving antenna for line of sight -2
\
communication? A TV transmitting antenna is 81 m tall. How
O

much service area it can cover if the receiving antenna is at the -3

ground level ? [CBSE F 15]
o 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Time in seconds ~
Ans. No, it is not necessary for a transmitting antenna
to be at the same height as that of the receiving antenna Fig. 15.50
for LOS communication. The heights should be such that
M

the receiving antenna is capable of directly intercepting (ii) ~ = ~n = 1V = 0.5.

the signals radiated by the transmitting antenna. Ac 2 V
Service area covered by the transmitting antenna, 15.7. For an amplitude modulated wave, the maximum
2 amplitude is found to be 10 V while the minimum amplitude is
A = 7UiT = 1t(2Rf7)
found to be 2 V. Determine the modulation index, ~. What
= 22 x 2 x 6.4 x 106 x 81 m 2 would be the value of ~ if the minimum amplitude is zero volt ?
7
Ans. 11 = ~ax - ~in = 10 -2 =~ =~.
= 3258 km2.
~ax + ~in 10 + 2 12 3
15.5. A carrier wave of peak voltage 12 V is used to transmit
a message signal. What should be the peak voltage of the If ~ = 0, then ~ = ~ax = 1
~ax
modulating signal in order to have a modulation index of75% ?
[CBSEOD 10] This is true for all values of ~ax'
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 15.45

R
SI
15.8. Due to economic reasons, only the upper sideband of Multiplying the two signals, we get
an AM wave is transmitted, but at the receiving station, there is
a facility for generating the carrier. Show that if a device is
~ Ac cas (ooc + oom) teas 00/

IT
available which can multiply two signals, then it is possible to = ~Ac [cos (200c + 00 ) t + cas 00 tj
recover the modulating signal at the receiver station. 2 n m

H
Ans. Let, for simplicity, the received signal be If this signal is passed through a low pass filter, we

O
~ cas (ooc + OOm) t can record the modulating signal ~ Ac cas ooJ.
2
The carrier signal available at the receiving stations is

M
Ac cas 00/
M
O
H
IT
SI
R
M
O
H
IT
SI
R
M
O
H
IT
SI
R
M
O
H
IT
SI
R
M
O
H
IT
SI
R
M
O
H
IT
SI
R
M
O
H
IT
SI
R
M
O
H
IT
SI
R
M
O
H
IT
SI
R
M
O
H
IT
SI
R
M
O
H
IT
SI
R
M
O
H
IT
SI
R
M
O
H
IT
SI
R
M
O
H
IT
SI
R
M
O
H
IT
SI
R