Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chien Ming-Gao
SUMMARY: The objective of this investigation was to describe the behaviour of strata above a longwall face through
a study of the movement of inter-strata plugs in a longwall working area. The investigations were conducted in the
Dai-Tun coal mine, Province Jiangsu, China. By analysing the subsidence curves of the overlying strata a structural
model was constructed to examine the behaviour of the strata. By using this model, some of the phenomena of ground
subsidence and roof pressure in the longwall mining can be explained.
INTRODUCTION
In the Chinese coal mining industry systems of The experiment was essentially designed to observe
exploitation and of face support are determined by roof the behaviour of the floor in the roadway overlying
conditions and the effects of multi-seam exploitation. coal face No 8 111 with precise level measurement, and
In the last 10 years in China hydraulic powered support to determine the relative displacement between the plugs
installations have been widely used in many coalfields and the floor in this roadway through the multi-wire
and in various roof conditions. In order to define the boreholes. The roadway was 178m deep and coal face
field of their application and to determine the rock loads No. 8111 was 115m long and inclined at 25 . Its
which the supports must be capable of resisting, many extracted height was 2m. The vertical distance between
studies have been undertaken to investigate the inter- the coal seam No. 8 and the roadway was 24.78m.
action between the support and roof pressure.
1 1
In addition to the borr -- - on the floor of the
An important basis for the study of roof control and roadway there were other su points J.
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ground subsidence is the behaviour of strata overlying
placed for levelling and traverse surveying.
the working coal seam.
The strata overlying coal seam No. 8 are mainly
UNDERGROUND INVESTIGATIONS
sandstones. The lowest sandstones, having a total
thickness of 10m, which overlie the coal seam are
Conditions and methods of investigation
inherently weak so that they readily fracture during
mining operations. They contain frequent natural
The general outline of the experimental roadway and
weakness planes and partings. Above the immediate roof
investigation boreholes at the Dai-Tun coal mine are shown
there are four stronger strata of sandstones having
in Figure 1.
thicknesses of 4.05, 2.6, 4.6 and 2.5m.
There were 6 boreholes (S .... S ) placed in the
Vertical displacement (V.D.)
roadway which was over the middle of the working face
No. 8111 in the direction of the face advance.
In discussing vertical displacements, the results
of measurements at boreholes S are taken as an example.
The spacing between the adjacent boreholes along the
Fig. 2 shows the behaviour of the inter-strata plugs
roadway was 8m. 3-5 plugs were placed in each borehole
in S .
and these were placed at intervals of 5-10, 10-15 and
15-20m above coal seam No. 8, to intercept beds of
interest.
Fig. 1 Fig. 2
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The form of the curves is similar to a negative than 40mm.
exponent curve and can be expressed by:
b The vertical displacement of the point b was
aZ
w W (1 - e " ) slight, even of the lower plugs (5-10m from the coal
χ m
seam), until the face was 4-8m past the borehole.
where W is the vertical displacement at distance X from
2. Zone bc-Bed separation (BSor B) zone.
face,
and W is the displacement at distance L from face,
m When the influence of the working coal seam is
where the variation of this curve is just stable.
removed the displacement rate of the points increases
X rapidly. The plug displacement rates in borehole S
Ζ = —, a and b are two coefficients, which are are shown as follows :
closely related to the mechanical properties of the over-
The interval from
lying strata and the interval between the working coal
plug to the working 6-10 10-15 15-20 25
seam and the strata being investigated.
seam (m)
An example of this curve in the 24.78m vertical
interval above the working coal seam is shown in the The max. displacement
following table: rate of the plug 180 100 70 50
(mm/m)
Ζ -γ- 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
The average displace-
measured ment rate of the plug 80-100 60-80 55 45
(mm)
value 12 50 200 350 475 600 700 750 800 825
(mm)
This indicates that the displacement rate of the
calculated overlying bed is not as fast as its underlying bed, i.e.
value 14.6 74.4183 324 473 604 703 765 800 816
(mm) > V >
p
3
In this example L = 50m, W = 825mm.
m In this zone the strata groups are separated from
According to this curve, the distribution of its each other.
gradient is an abnormal curve. On the basis of the
mechanical characteristics of these curves, the overlying 3. Zone_cd-consolidâtion (C) zone.
strata can be divided into three zones (see Figure 2)
along the direction of face advance. In this zone the separated strata are reconsolidated
and the rate of displacement of the plugs in boreholes
1. Zone ab-abutment pressure influence (API or is as follows:
A) zone.
The interval from
The strata in this zone is supported by the influence plug to the working 6-10 10-15 15-20 25
of the working coal seam and the vertical displacement of coal seam (m)
the plugs is very slight, and usually, but not always, a The average rate of
slight negative magnitude occurred. This was always less
displacement (mm/m) 18.5 18.4 22.1 23.5
Fig. 3
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The phenomenon is the opposite to that in separation Fig. 6 shows the displacement path in the vertical
zone be, i.e. plane along the direction of face advance. In this
figure it can be seen that the final position of the
Ν < Ν < v <; V point always overpasses the original space by 100-200mm.
it WëmÊÊÈ^
! \
The interval
from plug to At the
working coal roof 5-10 10-15 15-22 25
seam (m)
The gradient
123 100 54 24 10 Fig. 7
of the line
(%)
The weight of the higher layers of overlying strata
are supported by a system of "working coal seam - waste
Horizontal displacement (H.D.) caved blocks" and the lower layers are supported by a
system of "working coal seam - roof support - waste caved
The horizontal displacement was measured only for the materials".
points placed in the floor of the roadway by theodolite.
For this reason, in order to develop a "structural"
Fig. 4 shows the horizontal displacement path of the description for the support of overlying strata, the
points. It illustrates that when the roadway is under- influence of the roof support resistance on the higher
mined, the movement at the beginning is in a direction stronger strata should be ignored. From an engineering
opposite to that of the face advance and then after a standpoint, the overlying strata can be divided into
time the displacement changes to the direction of face several groups.
advance. At the same time a horizontal displacement occurs
in the direction of rise of the seam inclination. The lower bed of every group is t h e strongest and
thickest bed (e.g. sandstone or limestone and others).
The weak strata which overlie this bed can be considered
as a load acting on this stronger bed and as an inter-
mediate supporting-layer for the overlying group strata.
I
For example, the strata shown in Fig. 7 can be
divided into 3 groups (that is I, II and III). The
Y interlocked space between the adjacent blocks of the
stronger bed was determined by the characteristic of
its vertical displacement curve. For example, when
the curve was bending concave downwards, the interlocked
space was at the bottom of the blocks and in the
opposite case, i.e. bending concave upwards, the inter-
locked space was at the head of the blocks.
STRUCTURAL MODEL
Fig. 4 Fig. 5
Assumptions
From this datum, the displacement path in the vertical
plane along the seam inclination can be obtained as in On the basis of the foregoing statement the
Fig. 5. In Fig. 5 it can be seen that the path of the following assumptions can be made to build a "structural"
point is just normal to the stratification of the worked model.
^oal seam.
3
1. Every stronger bed in every group stata is
assumed to be a "structural" formation.
Fig. 6
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elements of the structural formation, and its Where ^R^|is the column matrix of the force;
overlying weak strata as the load acting on
this structural formation. ^M^Jis the column matrix of the moment;
i4 J ι
x
ic
of columns to support overlying strata and to ΙΟ
load the underlying strata.
If it is assumed that the gradient of a pair of
η = n
Then, considering these conditions, the structural adjacent blocks is the same, i.e. n ^ = n ^ S χ 3 i4>
formation of Fig. 7 can be designated as in Fig. 8. then the approximate value of the horizontal thrust can
be obtained as follows:
L. Q.
τ
T - ίο ίο
i 2(h. -S. )
ΙΟ ΙΟ
n., L. Q.
il ίο ίο
WjQîi mfcQfc * i , Q i3 n^(fr *;,α<9 x
Î2 i2 i 2 h. - S.
1 ÎO
n._ L. Q.
ÎRî, ÎRiz · ÎRî» fr* ]Eis ι3 ίο ίο
x
7/ , - τ · mrr-r-r-rrrr-rj ί Ii ΓΙ J H Τ II i3 i3 i 3 h. - S.
1 ÎO
Fig 9 n.« L. Q.
x
ι3 ίο ίο
The symbols which appear in the subsequent analysis i4 i4 i 4 h. - S.
are given below: 1 ΙΟ
From these formulae, some interesting results can
A.B.CD - The symbols of blocks. be obtained, as follows:
Τ - Lateral thrust of the blocks. 1. The weight of the strata blocks in the inter-bed
separation zone be is loaded almost on the
R - Resistance of the underlying abutment of the working coal seam.
strata and the shear force
between the adjacent blocks. 2. The shear force (R.) rt , between the block Β and
ι 0-1
q - Uniform load per unit length, C is equal to zero. The interlocked space
per unit width of the block. 0-1 is like the top of the "half arch" for
every "structural" formation.
Q - The weight of a block in a group
strata. 3. The maximum shear force in the structural model
occurs in the interlocked space 0-0, i.e.
L - Length of the block. between blocks A and B, and its value is equal
to the total weight of the block B.
and - The relative displacement from
one end to another of a block. Conditions required for equilibrium of the structural
model
h - Thickness of the bed.
From the standpoint of roof control, it follows
η - Gradient of the block. that in the inter-bed separation zone be, degradation
between adjacent blocks should not be allowed to occur.
m - Loaded coefficient of the blocks.
The safety factor can be considered in the lighï:
In order to represent and distinguish every bed and of the relation of the friction force to shear force
every block, to every symbol there is a subscript. For at the interlocked space. If the shear force exceeds
example in ' H ' means that the first subscript the friction force, sliding between block A and Β will
represents the number of the seam and the second one is occur along the crack and the roof will collapse
the number of the block along the direction to the goaf unless additional support is provided.
area.
A simple method to analyse possible sliding along
Taking the bed, number i, for the calculation (Fig. 9) the cracks is to resolve the resultant of the horizontal
the following abbreviated matrix equation can be obtained: thrust T. and the shear force (R.) into components,
ι ι o-o
normal and parallel to the crack surface.
16
Hence, the conditions, required for roof control,
can be expressed in the following formula: r L. .tg(d>- Θ) ]
P TM /
>*h.r.W+ M " 2(h. - S. ) K o '
T.. t «Ρ - Θ) >(R.) L ι ίο
1 g » ι o-o
h. S. Where Eh represents the total thickness of the
i.e. L. > 2 Λ ~ *° stratified immediate roof (in the caving block), W is
ίο tg{(f - Θ)
the width of the working area and r is the unit weight
If we take θ = 0°, tg<f>= 1, > 2ÏU, the structural of the rock.
formation in the strata can be determined. Thus, the density of the resistance of the supports
CONCLUSIONS
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