Answer the following

Q. 1. What do you mean by the term measurement?

Q. 2. Define the term unit.
Q. 4. What do you understand by fundamental quantities?
Q. 5. What do you mean by derived quantities?
Q. 6. Define 1 kilogram on an atomic scale.
Q. 7. Define the following terms: · (i) One metre (ii) One kilogram (iii) One second.
Q. 8. Define One kelvin temperature.
Q. 9. What do you mean by a solar day?
Q. 10. What do you understand by the term mean solar day?
Q. 11. Define the term pitch of a Vernier Calliper.
Q. 12. What do you understand by the term least count of an instrument?
Q. 13. Define the term least count of a Vernier calliper.
Q. 14 . Define Vernier constant for a Vernier calliper.
Q. 15. Define the term pitch of a micrometre screw gauge.
Q. 16. What do you understand by zero error for Vernier calliper?
Q.17. Define a simple pendulum.
Q. 18. Define the following terms as, applied to a simple pendulum.(i). Amplitude (ii) Time
period (iii) Frequency (iv) Effective length.
Q. 19. Define a second's pendulum.
Q. 20. What do you mean by backlash error?

Differentiate
Q. 1. Differentiate between the accuracies of a Vernier calliper and a micrometre screw.
Ans. (i) The accuracy of micrometre screw gauge is more than that of Vernier
calliper.
(ii) The least count of MSG is correct up to 3dp, while LC of Vernier is 2dp.
Q. 2. What is the difference between positive error and negative error for a Vernier?
Q. 3. Distinguish between positive and negative zero error in case of a micrometre.
Q. 4. Differentiate between actual length and effective length of a pendulum.
Ans. (i) Effective length of the pendulum is the distance between point of suspension
and the centre of gravity of the bob, while, actual length is the distance between point of
suspension and the tip of the bob.
(ii) Effective length affects the time period of the pendulum, while actual length has no effect
on the time period.

Answer the follwoing

Q. 1. Name the two parts of measurement and state the significance of each.
Q. 2. Why is a standard unit of measurement necessary?
Q. 3. How is corrected reading obtained from observed reading?
Q. 4. How would you calculate the least count of a micrometre screw gauge?
Q. 5. The SI unit of length is represented by the Symbol 'm'.
Q. 6. When is a Vernier calliper said to be free from zero error?
Q. 7. Name the principle on which screw gauge works. [February, 2020]
Q. 8. Draw a graph (not to the scale) representing the variation of square of time period (T )
with the length (l) of a pendulum.
Q. 9. If the length o( a simple pendulum is increased to four times the initial length
how is the time period affected? [February, 2020]
Q. 10. What is the relation between time period (T) and frequency (f) of an oscillation of a
simple Pendulum?
Q.11. What will be the effect on the time period of the pendulum if the mass of the bob is
increased for the same length?
Q. 12. A screw gauge has a pitch of 1 mm and 100 divisions on the circular scale. Is it possible
to increase the accuracy of the gauge arbitrarily by changing the divisions on circular scale?
Q. 13. A girl is swinging in a swing in a sitting position. How will the period of the swing
be affected if she stands up?
Q.14. Name the units which are used to measure very large astronomical distances.
Q. 15. How backlash error can be avoided?
Q. 16. Two simple pendulums A and B have equal length, but their bobs weighs 20 g
and 30 g. What will be difference in their time period?
Q. 17 Name the instruments used for measuring length.
Q. 18. What is the need of measurement?
Q.19. Write some characteristics of standard unit.
Q. 20. Name two factors on which time period of simple pendulum depends.
Q. 21. Name two factors on which time period of simple pendulum does not depend.

Answer the follwoing

Q. 1. State four characteristics of a standard unit.
Ans. The four characteristics of a standard unit are:
(i) The value of unit should not change
with space and time.
(ii) It should be of a convenient size.
(iii) It should be possible to define without
any ambiguity.
(iv) It should be easily reproduced.
Q. 2. Give scientific reason for the following: (i) Pendulum clock runs faster in winter and
slower in summer. (ii) Pendulum clock runs slow when either taken to a mountain top or in a
mine.
Ans. (i) Time period of a pendulum is directly proportional to square root of its length. During
winter its length contracts, hence decreasing the time required to complete one oscillation.
Decrease in time results in faster movement of the pendulum clock. While in summer its length
expands, hence increasing the time required to complete one oscillation. Increase in time results
in slower movement of the pendulum clock.
(ii) When we go on the top of a mountain or in a mine there is a minimal decrease in the value
of acceleration due to gravity. Hence the period of oscillation increases and so the pendulum
clock runs slow.
Q. 3. State the factors which influence the time period of oscillation for a pendulum
Q. 4. Asimple pendulum is setup in a laboratory at sea level. How would its time period change
if it is shifted to:
(i) the moon
(ii) a deep mine
(iii) top of Mount Everest
(iv) an artificial satellite of earth?
Q. 5. (i) Which of the following instrument is the most precise instrument for measuring length:
1. A Vernier Callipers of least count 0.01 cm.
2. A screw gauge of pitch 1 mm and100 divisions on a circular scale.
(ii) When is a screw gauge said to be a free from a zero error?
(iii) Give one way to decrease the least count of a screw gauge. [November, 2019]
Q. 6. (i) What is a second's pendulum? (ii) State the effective length of second's pendulum at a
place where g is 9.8 ms-2? (iii) A boy is swinging on a swing. If another boy sits along with
him without disturbing the motion how will the time period change? [November, 2019]

Draw the following;

Q. 1. Show the variation of effective length of a pendulum to its time period graphically.
Q. 2. Draw a graph of length of pendulum to [time period]2 to express its variation.

Numerical Problems
Q. 1. Calculate the time period of a pendulum of length 0.84 m, when g = 9.8 ms-2. { The time
period of the pendulum is 1.84 seconds.}
Q. 2. Calculate the time period of a simple pendulum of length 1.44 m on the surface of moon
where acceleration due to gravity 1/6th that of the earth. {The time period of the pendulum on
surface of moon is 5.90 sec.}
Q. 3. A simple pendulum completes 60 oscillations in one minute: Find (i) its frequency (ii) its
time period.
Q. 4. Compare the time periods of a simple pendulum at places where acceleration due to
gravity is 2.45 ms-2 and 9.8 ms-2. {2:1}.
Q. 5. Length of second's pendulum is 100 cm. Find the length of pendulum whose time period
is 2.4 sec. {1.44m}
Q. 6. Compare the time periods of two pendulums at a given place when their lengths are 110
cm and 27.5 cm respectively. {2:1}.
Q. 7. The time periods of two pendulums are 1.44 sand 0.36 s respectively. Calculate the ratio
of their lengths. {The ratio of their lengths is 16:1}
Q. 8. An instrument has 20 divisions on Vernier scale which coincides with 19th division of
the main scale. If one cm of the main scale is divided into 20 parts, find its least count. { 0.0025
cm}
Q. 9. A Vernier scale has 50 divisions which coincide with 49th division of the main scale. The
main scale is graduated in½ mm steps. What is the least count of Vernier?{0.001cm}
Q. 10. The pitch of micrometre screw gauge is 0.1 cm. Find its least count if number of
divisions on circular scale is 50. {0.002 cm}
Q. 11. The thimble of a screw gauge has 50 divisions for one revolution. The spindle advances
1 min when the screw is turned through two revolutions. What is the pitch of the screw? What
is the least count of the screw gauge?
OR
If the screw gauge's circular head is divided into 50 divisions, and the screw travels 1 mm
forward in two circular head revolutions. Calculate its (i) Pitch and (ii) Least count. {0.001
cm}
Q. 12. Calculate the length of a second's pendulum at a place where acceleration due to gravity
is 9 .8 m/s2. { 0.992m}.
Q. 13. In, an instrument, there are 25 divisions on the Vernier scale which have length of 2
divisions of the main scale. 1 cm on main scale is divided into 20 uniform parts. Find the least
count. {0.002 cm}
Q.14. A boy measures the length of a piece of pencil by meter rule, Vernier callipers and screw
gauge to be 1.2 cm, 1.24 cm and 1.243 cm respectively. State (i) the least count of each
measuring instrument (ii) the accuracy in each measurement.
{(i) Least count of meter scale= 0.1 cm Least count of Vernier _calipers = 0.01 cm Least count
of screw gauge = 0.001 cm (ii) Accuracy in 1.2 cm= 0.1 cm Accuracy in 1.24 cm = 0.01 cm
Accuracy in 1.243 cm = 0.001 cm}
Q.15. The pitch of the screw is 0.1cm. Find the reading observed on the screw gauge. { 0.692
cm}

Q . 16. Find the observed reading and corrected reading in case of Vernier calliper shown
below if the zero error is + 0.02cm? {0.61 cm}

Q. 17. Study the following figure carefully and hence calculate (i) pitch (ii) L.C. (iii) reading
shown by Vernier calliper.

Q. 18. Figure below shows a screw gauge in which the thimble has 100 divisions. The spindle
moves 1 mm ahead in one complete rotation. Calculate the (i) Least count (ii) Diameter of wire.