Measuring instruments

Mr.P.Krishna
Assistant Professor, EE
RGUKT-Nuzvid
 Types
1) Indicating instruments: instantaneous
value of electrical quantity at the time of
measurement only
2) Recording instruments: continuous
record of electrical quantity with respect
to time
3) Integrating instruments: register the
quantity of electricity supplied over a
period of time

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 Electrical measurement:
Quantity Measuring
instrument
Voltage Voltmeter
Current Ammeter
Power Wattmeter
Energy Energy meter
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 Indicating instruments:
Essentially consist of

 A pointer

 A calibrated scale

 A moving system

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 Indicating instruments:
The moving system is subjected to THREE distinct torques

1.Deflecting(or operating) Torque

2.Controlling(or restoring) Torque

3.Damping (or stabilizing) torque

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 Deflecting Torque(Td)
 This is responsible to move the pointer

 Proportional to the quantity being measured

 It acts in the direction of Full Scale Deflection (FSD)

 Produced magnetically or electro-statically or thermally

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 Deflecting Torque Td

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 Controlling Torque (Tc)
 Which controls the movement of the pointer and Opposes

Deflecting torque.

 Equal to Deflecting torque numerically

 Increases with the deflection of the pointer

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 Controlling Torque Tc

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 Controlling Torque Tc
 Usually obtained by
1) Spring control method
2) Gravity control method

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 Spring control method
 Spring of large number turns
 Made of phosphor bronze
 Attached to moving system, which resting between two
pivots
 Td is proportional to current through the instrument
 Tc is proportional to deflection

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 Gravity control method

 Adjustable weight is fitted to the moving system

 Controlling torque is proportional sine of angle of deflection
 The instrument using gravity control must be operated in
vertical position only

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 Damping Torque
 The pointer will oscillate before coming to rest

 Which acts opposite to the oscillations of the pointer bringing it to

rest

 Opposes the motion

 Vanishes when the pointer attains steady deflection

 Should be done in the least possible time

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 Damping Torque
Can be provided by

 Air-friction damping

 Fluid-friction damping

 Eddy-current damping(most efficient form of damping)

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 Classification of instruments
(based on type of elements)

1) Electrical instrument
2) Electronic instrument
3) Digital instrument

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 Classification of instruments
(based on construction)

1. Moving coil instrument

2. Moving iron instrument

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Permanent magnet moving coil(PMMC) instrument

Construction :
 Magnetic system
 Moving coil
 Controlling springs
 Pointer and scale
 Damping

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 PMMC instrument

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 PMMC instrument working principle
 It works on the principle of a d.c.motor.

 When current is passed through the coil,it produces magnetic flux.

 This flux interacts with the main flux of the pole.

 The magnetic unbalance exerts a force on the conductor in the

direction of least flux density.

 As the coil is free to move, it moves making a deflection from its

initial rest position.

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 PMMC instrument working principle

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PMMC instrument working principle
 The magnitude of force exerted on both sides of the coil is
equal to sum of F1 and F2

 F=F1+F2

 Since the number of turns on both sides of the coil are

equal F1 =F2

 The total force on the coil=2F1

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Deflecting torque and controlling torque:
Let,
B=Flux density in the air gap in Weber per Meter
square
L=length of the coil in meters
b=breadth of the coil in meters
A=Area of the coil in meter square
N=Number of turns of the coil
I=Current passing through the coil in Amperes

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Deflecting torque and controlling torque:
 Force on the conductor/turn,
F1=BIL newtons
 For ‘N’ number of turns the force,
F1=BILN newtons
 Deflecting torque = Total force x distance
from shaft
 Td =2F1 x b/2
 Td = F1b
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Deflecting torque and controlling torque:
 Td = F1b
=BILN b
=BIN Lb
=BIN A
 Td =NBAI
 Since N,B,A are constants, Td is directly
proportional to I
At deflected position
 Controlling Torque = Deflecting Torque
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Deflecting torque and controlling torque:
 Tc = Td
 For spring control method Controlling Torque is
directly proportional to angle of deflection,
Tc αØ
 From above expression Tdα I
IαØ
 The angle of deflection is proportional to the
current in the coil
 Since the deflection is directly proportional to
the magnitude of the current, the scale of the
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instrument
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 Damping Mechanism:
In this type of instruments eddy current damping is used.
 The aluminum former on which the coil is wound also
moves in the magnetic field.
 EMF is induced in the former due to which an eddy
current flows in it.
 The magnetic flux sets up by this eddy current acts as
damping force.

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 Applications:
 Moving coil instruments are used to measure d.c.voltages and
d.c.currents
 Used as ammeter with the help of a parallel low resistance
 Used as voltmeter by using a high series resistance

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