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Three
Classical
Electromechanical
Instrument
Deflection Instruments Fundamentals
Examples
Permanent Magnet Moving Coil
(PMMC) instruments, Electro-dynamic
instruments, Moving iron instruments
Deflection Instruments Fundamentals
Deflection Instruments Fundamentals
Deflecting force deflects the pointer to a
deflecting angle proportional to the input
quantity to be measured.
-A permanent magnet
with two soft-iron
pole shoes
- A cylindrical soft-
iron core is
positioned between
the shoes
Construction PMMC Instrument
• One of the two
controlling spiral
springs is shown.
- It cannot be
used directly to
measure
alternating
current Without
rectifiers, it is
purely a dc
instrument
Permanent Magnet Moving Coil Instrument
The mirror is placed below
the pointer to get the
accurate reading by
removing the parallax.
Torque Equation & Scale
Torque Equation & Scale
The force F affecting
on both sides of the
Coil ( N turns) ┴ to B.
F = BILN
They produce a deflecting
torque Tdef
Tdef = BILND
Tdef = BINA = Cdef I
Torque Equation & Scale
…......[Nm/Ampere]
Torque Equation & Scale
As Tcon α Φ
Tcon = Ccon Φ
Linear scale .
Simple and cheap.
Can be constructed with very high
sensitivity (specially if taut band
suspension is used).
Disadvantages Of The PMMC
Instruments
Polarized
Φ=KI
=12x103x1x10-3=120
= 12x103x2x10-3=240
= 12x103x4x10-3=480
=12x103x4x10-3=960
:SOLUTION
Conclusion:
Non polarized
Disadvantages Of The Electro-dynamic
Instruments
find:
The spring (control) constant (C ).
con
The angle of deflection (Ф) for the input currents:
1,2,4,8 mA. Conclude your results.
Solution
Tdef= Cdef I2 = 5x103x(1x10-3)2 = 5x10-3 Nm
K = Cdef / Ccon
Ф =K I2
= 5x105x(1x10-3)2 = 0.5o
= 5x105x(2x10-3)2 = 2o
= 5x105x(4x10-3)2 = 8o
= 5x105x(8x10-3)2 = 32o
Solution
Conclusion of the example:
.
Galvanometer Instrument
.
Galvanometer Instrument
Megohm sensitivity (SMΩ) [MΩ]
It is the resistance connected in series with the
instrument to restrict the deflection to one scale
division for 1 V potential difference between its
terminals
.
Protection Of The Galvanometer
(a) SV = Rcd SI
= 1KΩ x 1 μA/mm = 1 mV /mm
SMΩ = 1 V/mm / SI
= 1 V/mm / 1 μA/mm = 1 MΩ
(b) Si = current (μA) / deflection in mm
= 10 μA / 20 mm = 0.5 μA/mm
SMΩ = 1 V/mm / SI
= 1 V/mm / 0.5 μA/mm = 2 MΩ
Rcd = SV / SI