Course: EEE251: Measurement and

Instrumentation
Lecture-2: Classification of Instruments
Text Book: (1) Measurement and Instrumentation by A. K. Sawhney.
Reference Books:
(2) Electronic Instrumentation and measurement
Techniques by W.D. Cooper.
(3) Measurement & Instrumentation – Harries K. Forrest.
C.T. by--
Dr. Mohammad Asaduzzaman KHAN
Room # 305

Department of EEE, BSMRSTU,

arzu1013@Hotmail.com.
 SYLLABUS
EEE251 Measurement and Instrumentation
Prerequisite: EEE211 AVO-meter stands for Ampere, Volt and Ohm meter.
3 Credits, 3 hours/week
Introduction:ch1, 2, 3
Applications, functional elements of a measurement system and classification of instruments (Ammeter,
Voltmeter, wattmeter, AVO meter, Energy meter, Ampere-hour meter, CRO).
Measurement of Electrical Quantities: ch8, 9
Current and voltage, power and energy measurement. Current and voltage, power and energy measurement
Current and potential transformer.
Transducers: ch25
Mechanical, electrical and optical transducers.
Measurement of Non-Electrical Quantities: ch29
Temperature, pressure, flow, level, strain, force and torque, earthquake, speed, frequency, phase difference.
Basic Elements of DC and AC Signal Conditioning: ch26
Instrumentation amplifier, noise and source of noise, noise elimination compensation, function generation and
linearization, A/D and D/A converters, sample and hold circuits.
Data Transmission and Telemetry: ch27, 28
Methods of data transmission, DC/AC telemetry system and digital data transmission. Recording and display
devices. Data acquisition system and microprocessor applications in instrumentation.
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 SYLLABUS
Books recommended:
1. Measurement & Instrumentation – A. K. Sawhney
2. Measurement & Instrumentation – Harries K. Forrest

EEE252 Sessional Based on EEE251.

0.75 Credits, 3/2 hours/week
Laboratory experiments based on theory and concepts learnt in EEE251.

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Measuring Meters

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 Measuring Meters
Analog Instruments
An analog device is one in which the output or display is a continuous function of time and bears a constant
relation to its input.
Analog instrument find extensive use in present day applications although digital instruments are
increasing in number an applications. The areas of application which are common to both analog and
digital instruments are fairly limited at present. Hence, it can safely be predicted that the analog
instruments will remain in extensive use for a number of years and are not likely to be completely
replaced by digital instruments for certain application.

Classification of Analog Instruments

Analog instruments can be classified under different basis as follows
(i) According to the quantity they measure
- Ammeter
- Voltmeter
- Wattmeter
- Energy meter etc.
(ii) According to current that can be measured.
- A.C. meter
- D. C. meter
- A.C./D.C. meter (Universal meter)
5
 Introduction
(iii) According to effects used for working
- Indicating Instrument
- Recording Instrument
- Integrating Instrument
Indicating Instrument indicates magnitude of quantity being measured. E.g. ordinary voltmeter, ammeter etc.
Recording Instrument gives a continuous record of the quantity being measured over a specified period. e.g.
recording voltmeter in substation which keeps record of variation of supply voltage during the day.
Integrating Instrument totalizes events over a specified period of time. The summation or product of electrical
quantity with time. e.g. Watt-hour meter / Energy meter.
(iv) According to method used for comparing unknown quantity with the unit of measurement.
- Direct Measuring Instrument
- Comparison Instrument.
Direct Measuring Instrument: converts the energy of the measurand directly into energy that actuates the
instrument and the value of the unknown quantity is measured or displayed or recorded directly. e.g. ammeter,
voltmeter, wattmeter, energy meter.
Comparison Instrument: measures the unknown quantity by comparison with a standard. e.g. d.c. and a.c.
bridges.

Direct measuring instruments are the most commonly used in engineering practice because they are the most
simple and inexpensive. Also their use makes the measurement possible in short time. 6
 Measuring Meters
Principles of Operation of Analog Instruments
Basic principles used are:
Magnetic Effect
Thermal Effect
Electrostatic Effect
Electromagnetic/Induction Effect
Hall Effect
Magnetic Effect:

Let the current charging conductor that produces magnetic field is placed in uniform magnetic field then
it gives distortion of magnetic field causing resultant force F to act from left to right.
Reversal in direction of I cause force to act on opposite direction.
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Air friction damping
The piston is mechanically connected to a spindle through the connecting rod (Fig. 1.6). The pointer is
fixed to the spindle moves over a calibrated dial. When the pointer oscillates in clockwise direction, the
piston goes inside and the cylinder gets compressed. The air pushes the piston upwards and the pointer
tends to move in anticlockwise direction.
If the pointer oscillates in anticlockwise direction the piston moves
away and the pressure of the air inside cylinder gets reduced. The
external pressure is more than that of the internal pressure.
Therefore the piston moves down wards. The pointer tends to move
in clock wise direction.
Eddy current damping
An aluminum circular disc is fixed to the spindle
(Fig. 1.7). This disc is made to move in the
magnetic field produced by a permanent magnet.
Fig. 1.6
When the disc oscillates it cuts the magnetic flux produced by
damping magnet. An emf is induced in the circular disc by
faradays law. Eddy currents are established in the disc since it
has several closed paths. By Lenz’s law, the current carrying disc
produced a force in a direction opposite to oscillating force. The
damping force can be varied by varying the projection of the
magnet over the circular disc. 17
Fig. 1.7 Fig. 1.7
Galvanometer

The source of these information is Text Book (4th Edition). 18

 Measuring Meters
Galvanometer
It is the instrument used for detecting presence of small currents or voltages in a circuit or for measuring
their magnitudes. It is basically used in bridge circuit and potentiometer where their function is to
indicate zero current.
D’Arsonval Galvanometer
Commonly used in various methods of resistance measurement and also used in d.c. potentiometer
work.

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 Measuring Meters
Introduction
Analog ammeters and voltmeters are classed together as there are no fundamental differences in their
operating principles. The action of all ammeters and voltmeters, with the exception of electrostatic type of
instruments, depends upon a deflecting torque produced by an electric current. In an ammeter this torque is
produced by current to be measured or by a definite fraction of it. In a Voltmeter this torque is produced by
a current which is proportional to the voltage to be measured. Thus all analog Voltmeters and ammeters are
essentially current measuring devices.
The essential requirements of a measuring instrument are
- that its introduction into the circuit, where measurements are to be made, does not alter the circuit conditions;
- the power consumed by them for their operation is small.
Main types of instruments used are:
Permanent Magnet Moving Coil (PMMC)
Moving Iron
Electrodynamometer
Hot Wire
Thermocouple
Induction Note:
Electrostatic  PMMC is used for d.c. measurement only.
Rectifier  Induction type is used for a.c. measurement only.
 Others can be used for a.c. / d.c. measurement.
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 Measuring Meters--PMMC
Permanent Magnet Moving Coil (PMMC) instrument
One of the most accurate type of instrument used for D.C. measurements is PMMC instrument.
Construction: A permanent magnet is used in this type instrument. Aluminum former is
provided in the cylindrical in between two poles of the permanent magnet (Fig. ). Coils are
wound on the aluminum former which is connected with the spindle. This spindle is supported
with jeweled bearing. Two springs are attached on either end of the spindle. The terminals of the
moving coils are connected to the spring. Therefore the current flows through spring 1, moving
coil and spring 2.
Damping: Eddy current damping is used. This is produced by aluminum former.
Control: Spring control is used.

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Measuring Meters--PMMC
Principle of operation
When D.C. supply is given to the moving coil, D.C. current flows through it. When the current
carrying coil is kept in the magnetic field, it experiences a force. This force produces a torque
and the former rotates. The pointer is attached with the spindle. When the former rotates, the
pointer moves over the calibrated scale. When the polarity is reversed a torque is produced in the
opposite direction. The mechanical stopper does not allow the deflection in the opposite
direction. Therefore the polarity should be maintained with PMMC instrument.
If A.C. is supplied, a reversing torque is produced. This cannot produce a continuous deflection.
Therefore this instrument cannot be used in A.C.
Torque developed by PMMC
Let Td =deflecting torque l=height of the coil or length of coil
TC = controlling torque N=No. of turns
q= angle of deflection I=current
K=spring constant B=Flux density
b=width of the coil A=area of the coil

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Measuring Meters--PMMC

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PMMC

The source of these information is Text Book (4th Edition). 30

PMMC

Pointer

Permanent
magnet

Coil
Core
Air Gap

Figure : Modern D’Arsonval Movement 31

PMMC

The source of these information is Text Book (4th Edition). 32

PMMC

The source of these information is Text Book (4th Edition). 33

Analog Ammeter…

The source of these information is Text Book (4th Edition). 34

Extension of Range of an Ammeter

The source of these information is Text Book (4th Edition). 35

Extension of Range of an Ammeter

The source of these information is Text Book (4th Edition). 36

 Extension of Range of an Ammeter
Example: A 1mA meter movement with an internal resistance of 100Ω is to be converted
into a 0-100 mA. Calculate the value of shunt resistance required. (ans: 1.01Ω)

The source of these information is Text Book (4th Edition). 37

Extension of Range of an Ammeter

The source of these information is Text Book (4th Edition). 38

Multi Range Ammeter

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 Multi Range Ammeter
The range of the dc ammeter is extended by a number of shunts, selected by a range switch.
The resistors is placed in parallel to give different current ranges.
Switch S (multiposition switch) protects the meter movement from being damage during range
changing.
Increase cost of the meter. +
+
R1 R2 R3 R4 Rm
_
D’Arsonval
Movement
S

Figure : Multirange Ammeter

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 Multi Range Ammeter
• Design an Aryton shunt to provide an ammeter with a
current range of 0-1 mA, 10 mA, 50 mA and 100 mA. A D’
Arsonval movement with an internal resistance of 100Ω
and full scale current of 50 uA is used.

1m
A
+
R4

10mA
+
R3

50mA _
R2 D’Arsonval
Movement
100mA
R1

_ 41
The source of these information is Text Book (4th Edition). 42
DC Voltmeter

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DC Voltmeter

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DC Voltmeter

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DC Voltmeter

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DC Voltmeter

The source of these information is Text Book (4th Edition). 47

DC Voltmeter

The source of these information is Text Book (4th Edition). 48

Digital Voltmeter

The source of these information is Text Book (4th Edition). 49

DC Voltmeter

The source of these information is Text Book (4th Edition). 50

DC Voltmeter

The source of these information is Text Book (4th Edition). 51

DC Voltmeter

The source of these information is Text Book (4th Edition). 52

Temperature Effect

The source of these information is Chap.8 by A. K. Sawhney 53

Temperature Effect Example

The source of these information is Chap.8 by A. K. Sawhney 54

Temperature Effect on Voltmeter?

The source of these information is Chap.8 by A. K. Sawhney 55

Sensitivity

The source of these information is Chap.8 by A. K. Sawhney 56

Sensitivity

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Sensitivity and Loading Effect

The source of these information is Chap.8 by A. K. Sawhney 58

Sensitivity Example

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Sensitivity &Loading Effect

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Loading Effect

The source of these information is Text Book (4th Edition). 61

Loading Effect

The source of these information is Text Book (4th Edition). 62

Loading Effect

The source of these information is Text Book (4th Edition). 63

Loading Effect

The source of these information is Text Book (4th Edition). 64

Loading Effect

The source of these information is Text Book (4th Edition). 65

Adv. & DisAdv. of PMMC

The source of these information is Chap.8 by A. K. Sawhney 66

Ohmmeter

The source of these information is Text Book (4th Edition). 67

Ohmmeter

The source of these information is Chap.8 by A. K. Sawhney 68

Series-type Ohmmeter

The source of these information is Chap.8 by A. K. Sawhney 69

Series-type Ohmmeter

The source of these information is Text Book (4th Edition). 70

Series-type Ohmmeter

The source of these information is Chap.8 by A. K. Sawhney 71

Series-type Ohmmeter Example

The source of these information is Chap.8 by A. K. Sawhney 72

Shunt type Ohmmeter

The source of these information is Chap.8 by A. K. Sawhney 73

Shunt type Ohmmeter

The source of these information is Chap.8 by A. K. Sawhney 74

Shunt type Ohmmeter Example

The source of these information is Chap.8 by A. K. Sawhney 75

 END

The source of these information is Text Book (4th Edition). 76