Course: EEE251: Measurement and

Instrumentation
Lecture-1: Introduction
Text Book: (1) Measurement and Instrumentation by A. K. Sawhney.
Reference Books:
(2) Electronic Instrumentation and measurement
Techniques by W.D. Cooper.
(3) Measurement & Instrumentation – Harries K. Forrest.
C.T. by--
Dr. Mohammad Asaduzzaman KHAN
Room # 305

Department of EEE, BSMRSTU,

arzu1013@Hotmail.com.
Course Objectives
● Course objectives:
• This course aims to provide students to learn and able to explain voltage and
current using basic physics concepts, to understand how to measure a voltage or a
voltage signal.
• Learn to predict situations where the voltmeter disturbs the circuit in a minimal
way, or where the Voltmeter produces an undesirable change in circuit operation
when attached.
• Learn to use an oscilloscope to display a signal and calculate signal parameters.
• Given a requirement for simple signal processing, be able to design, construct and
test Voltage Dividers from resistors.
• Learn to use the sensors in different real life applications.

The source of these information is Text Book (4th Edition). 2

 Learning Outcomes
● On completion of this course, students should be able to:
• Describe common measuring instruments, devices and circuits, and their application to
electrical testing.
• Identify and classify error sources, and explain how their effects can be minimized in
particular measurement situations.
• Analyze single- and three-phase circuits to determine voltage and current values, by means
of complexions, matrices and phasor diagrams.
• Analyze test measurements and circuit performance mathematically in both time and
frequency domains, with the aid of network theorems, response curves and locus diagrams.
• Specify details of instrumentation and devices intended for a particular application.
• Evaluate the results of tests and measurements taken from circuitry constructed by the
student; and
• Demonstrate, through technical report writing, competency in mathematical and graphical
analysis of data. The source of these information is Text Book (4th Edition). 3
Teaching Methodology
● The learning activities included in this course are:
• Attendance at lectures where syllabus material will be presented and explained,
and the subject will be illustrated with demonstrations and examples;

• Completion of tutorial questions and laboratory exercises designed to give further

practice in the application of theory and procedures, and to give feedback on student
progress and understanding.

• Completion of written assignments consisting of numerical and other problems

requiring an integrated understanding of the subject matter.

• Self study, working through the course as presented in classes and learning
materials, and gaining practice at solving conceptual and numerical problems.
The source of these information is Text Book (4th Edition). 4
Course performance evaluation basis:
• Attendance: 10%
• Assignment and/or Presentation: 10%
• CT/Midterm Exam: 20%
• Final exam: 60%
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total: 100%

Instructor’s special note/ instructions: Class attendance policy (Max 3 absent full marks),
Assignment must submit within deadline after that evaluation will be zero.

The source of these information is Text Book (4th Edition). 5

 SYLLABUS
EEE251 Measurement and Instrumentation
Prerequisite: EEE211
3 Credits, 3 hours/week
Introduction:ch1, 2, 3
Applications, functional elements of a measurement system and classification of instruments (Ammeter,
Voltmeter, wattmeter, AVO meter, Energy meter, Ampere-hour meter, CRO).
Measurement of Electrical Quantities: ch9
Current and voltage, power and energy measurement. Current and voltage, power and energy measurement
Current and potential transformer.
Transducers: ch25
Mechanical, electrical and optical transducers.
Measurement of Non-Electrical Quantities: ch29
Temperature, pressure, flow, level, strain, force and torque, earthquake, speed, frequency, phase difference.
Basic Elements of DC and AC Signal Conditioning: ch26
Instrumentation amplifier, noise and source of noise, noise elimination compensation, function generation and
linearization, A/D and D/A converters, sample and hold circuits.
Data Transmission and Telemetry: ch27, 28
Methods of data transmission, DC/AC telemetry system and digital data transmission. Recording and display
devices. Data acquisition system and microprocessor applications in instrumentation.
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 SYLLABUS
Books recommended:
1. Measurement & Instrumentation – A. K. Sawhney
2. Measurement & Instrumentation – Harries K. Forrest

EEE252 Sessional Based on EEE251.

0.75 Credits, 3/2 hours/week
Laboratory experiments based on theory and concepts learnt in EEE251.

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 Introduction

Or, it is the process by which one can convert physical parameters to meaningful number.

The principle aspects of the scientific method are accurate measurement, selective analysis, and
Measurements: mathematical formulation. Note that the first and most important is accurate measurements.
The measurement of a given quantity is essentially an act or the result of comparison between the quantity
(whose magnitude is unknown) and a predefined standard. Since two quantities are compared the result. is
expressed in numerical values.
In order that the results of the measurement are meaningful, there are two basic requirements :
(i) The standard used for comparison purposes must be accurately defined and should be commonly
accepted, and
(ii) The apparatus used and the method adopted must be provable. 8
 Introduction…
1.3 Methods of Measurement:
The methods of measurement may be broadly classified into two categories.
1.3.1. Direct Methods: In these methods, the unknown quantity (also called the measurand) is directly
compared against a standard. The result is expressed as a numerical number and a unit. The standard,
in fact, is a physical embodiment of a unit. Direct methods are quite common for the measurement of
physical quantities like length, mass and time.

1.3.2. Indirect Methods: Measurement by direct methods are not always possible, feasible and
practicable. These methods in most of the cases, are inaccurate because they involve human factors.
They are also less sensitive.
Hence direct methods are not preferred and are rarely used. In engineering applications Measurement
Systems are used. These measurement systems use indirect methods for measurement purposes.

• A measurement system consists of a transducing element which converts the quantity to be

measured in an analogous form.
• The analogous signal is then processed by some intermediate means and is then fed to the
end devices which present the results of the measurement.
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Definition of instruments
An instrument is a device in which we can determine the magnitude or value of the quantity to be measured.
The measuring quantity can be voltage, current, power and energy etc.

Generally instruments are classified in to two categories. i.e.

(i) Absolute Instrument,
(ii) Secondary Instrument.
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1.3.3. Instruments and Measurement Systems
Measurement involves the use of instruments as a physical means of determining quantities or variables.
Because of modular nature of the elements within it, it is common to refer the measuring instrument as a
MEASUREMENT SYSTEM.

Evolution of Instruments
Mechanical
Electrical
Electronic Instruments.

MECHANICAL: These instruments are very reliable for static and stable conditions. But their disadvantage is that
they are unable to respond rapidly to measurements of dynamic and transient conditions.

ELECTRICAL: It is faster than mechanical, indicating the output are rapid than mechanical methods. But it
depends on the mechanical movement of the meters. The response is 0.5 to 24 seconds.

ELECTRONIC: It is more reliable than other system. It uses semiconductor devices and weak signal can also be
detected.
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Further it is classified as
Deflection Type Instruments
Null Type Instruments.
 Functions of instrument and measuring system can be classified into three.
 They are:

i) Indicating function. ii) Recording function. iii) Controlling function.

 Application of measurement systems are:

i) Monitoring of process and operation. ii) Control of processes and operation. iii) Experimental engineering
analysis.

Types of Instrumentation System

Intelligent Instrumentation (data has been refined for the purpose of presentation )
Dumb Instrumentation (data must be processed by the observer)
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1 Indicating instrument
This instrument uses a dial and pointer to determine the value of measuring quantity. The pointer indication
gives the magnitude of measuring quantity.
2 Recording instrument
This type of instruments records the magnitude of the quantity to be measured continuously over a specified
period of time.
3 Integrating instrument
This type of instrument gives the total amount of the quantity to be measured over a specified period of time.
4 Electromechanical indicating instrument
For satisfactory operation electromechanical indicating instrument, three forces are necessary. They are
(a) Deflecting force
(b) Controlling force
(c)Damping force
Deflecting force
When there is no input signal to the instrument, the pointer will be at its zero position. To deflect the pointer
from its zero position, a force is necessary which is known as deflecting force. A system which produces the
deflecting force is known as a deflecting system. Generally a deflecting system converts an electrical signal to
a mechanical force.
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Elements of Generalized Measurement System
Primary sensing element.
Variable conversion element.
Data presentation element.

PRIMARY SENSING ELEMENT: The quantity under measurement makes its first contact with the primary
sensing element of a measurement system.
VARIABLE CONVERSION ELEMENT: It converts the output of the primary sensing element into suitable
form to preserve the information content of the original signal.
DATA PRESENTATION ELEMENT: The information about the quantity under measurement has to be
conveyed to the personnel handling the instrument or the system for monitoring, control or analysis purpose.

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Static Characteristics of Instruments and Measurement Systems
Application involved measurement of quantity that are either constant or varies slowly with time is known as static.
Accuracy ACCURACY: It is the closeness with an instrument reading approaches the true value of the
Drift quantity being measured.
Dead Zone TRUE VALUE: True value of quantity may be defined as the average of an infinite no. of
Static Error measured value.
Sensitivity SENSITIVITY is defined as the ratio of the magnitude of the output response to that of input
Reproducibility response.
STATIC ERROR: It is defined as the difference between the measured value and true value of
Static Characteristics the quantity.
Static correction Reproducibility is specified in terms of scale readings over a given period of time.
Scale range Drift is an undesirable quality in industrial instruments because it is rarely apparent and cannot
Scale span be maintained.
Noise It is classified as
Dead Time Zero drift
Hysteresis. Span drift or sensitivity drift
Linearity Zonal drift.
Noise
A spurious current or voltage extraneous to the current or voltage of interest in an electrical or
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electronic circuit is called noise.
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Measuring Lag
It is the retardation delay in the response of a measurement system to changes in the
measured quantity. It is of 2 types:
 Retardation type: The response begins immediately after a change in measured
quantity has occurred.
 Time delay: The response of the measurement system begins after a dead zone
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 Introduction…Errors
Errors in Measurement
Limiting Errors (Guarantee Errors)
Known Error

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Residual error: This is also known as residual error.
These errors are due to a multitude of small factors which change or fluctuate from one
measurement to another.
The happenings or disturbances about which we are unaware are lumped together and
called “Random” or “Residual”.
Hence the errors caused by these are called random or residual errors.

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Statistical evaluation of measurement data

Arithmetic Mean
The most probable value of measured variable is the arithmetic mean of the number of readings taken.
Deviation
 Deviation is departure of the observed reading from the arithmetic mean of the group of readings.
Standard Deviation
The standard deviation of an infinite number of data is defined as the square root of the sum of the individual
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deviations squared divided by the number of readings.
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Calibration
Calibration of all instruments is important since it affords the opportunity to check the instruments against a
known standard and subsequently to find errors and accuracy.
Calibration Procedure involve a comparison of the particular instrument with either
 a Primary standard
a secondary standard with a higher accuracy than the instrument to be calibrated.
an instrument of known accuracy.

Standards A standard is a physical representation of a unit of measurement. The term „standard‟ is applied to a
piece of equipment having a known measure of physical quantity.

Types of Standards
International Standards (defined based on international agreement )

Primary Standards (maintained by national standards laboratories)

Secondary Standards ( used by industrial measurement laboratories)

Working Standards ( used in general laboratory) 45

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END

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