ULYSSA MAE B.

SERRANO
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NUMERICAL METHODS
• are techniques by which mathematical problems are
formulated so that they can be solved with arithmetic
operations. They invariably involved large numbers of
tedious arithmetic calculations. Even with the presence of
fast digital computers, the role of numerical methods in
engineering problem solving has increased dramatically
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Engineers Problem Solving Approach:

- Graphical solutions – in the form of plots or nomographs

- Solutions were derived for some problems using analytical,

or exact, methods.
- Simple model (linear solution) to complex (non-linear)
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Reasons to study numerical Methods

1. Extremely powerful problem-solving tools

2. Use of commercially available prepackaged (canned)
computer programs that involve numerical methods
3. Many problems cannot be approached using prepackaged
programs.
4. Efficient vehicle for learning to use computers
5. Provide to reinforce your understanding of mathematics
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Types of Mathematical subject areas:

1. Roots of Equations –
Problems concerned with the value of a variable or a
parameter that satisfies a single nonlinear equation
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Types of Mathematical subject areas:

2. Systems of Linear Algebraic Equations -

Problems similar in spirit to roots of equations in the sense
that they are concerned with values that satisfy equations
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Types of Mathematical subject areas:

3. Optimization
Problems which involves determining a value or values of
an independent variable that correspond to a “best” or
optimal value of a function
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Types of Mathematical subject areas:

4. Curve Fitting –
Occasion to fit curves to data points which is divided into
two general categories: regression and interpolation
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Types of Mathematical subject areas:

5. Integration and Differentiation–

Determination of the area under a curve and slope of the
curve
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Types of Mathematical subject areas:

6. Ordinary Differential Equations –

ODE are of great significance because many physical laws
are couched in terms of the rate of change of a quantity
rather than the magnitude of the quantity itself
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Definition of terms:

• Mathematical Model – defined as a formulation or

equation that expresses the essential features of a
physical system or process in mathematical terms. it can
be represented as a functional relationship of the form

Eq 1.1
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Definition of terms:

• Dependent Variable is a characteristic that typically reflects

the behavior or stateof the system
• Independent Variables are usually dimensions, such as time
and space, along which the systems behavior is being
determined
• Parameters are reflective of the system’s properties or
composition
• Forcing Functions are external influences acting upon it.
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Engineering Problem
Solving Process
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Example of Mathematical Model

Newton 2nd Law
Eq. 1.2 F = ma
It can be recast in format
Eq. 1.3 a = F/m
a = dependent variable reflecting the system’s behavior
F = the forcing function
m = a parameter representing a property of the system
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Characteristic of Eq. 1.3 that are typical of Mathematical

Model

1. Describes a natural process or system in mathematical

terms.
2. Represents an idealization and simplification of reality. That
is, the model ignores negligible details of the natural process
and focuses on its essential manifestations.
3. Yields reproducible results and, consequently, can be used
for predictive purposes.
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Example of Complex Model (refer to Fig. 1.1)

Newton’s 2nd law can be used to determine the
terminal velocity of a free falling body near the
earth’s surface.
Eq. 1.4

• where v is velocity (in meters per second). Thus, the

rate of change of the velocity is equal to the net
force acting on the body
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Example of Complex Model (refer to Fig. 1.1)

Net force is composed of two opposing forces: the downward pull
of gravity FD and the upward force of air resistance FU
Eq. 1.5

If force in the downward direction is assigned a positive sign, the

second law can be used to formulate the force due to gravity as
Eq. 1.6

where g is the acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/s2).

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Example of Complex Model (refer to Fig. 1.1)

Air resistance is proportional to velocity and acts in
upward direction. (FU = -cv , linearly)
Eq. 1.7 (non-linearly)

where cd is a proportionality constant called the lumped

drag coefficient (kg/m). Thus, the greater the fall
velocity, the greater the upward force due to air
resistance. The parameter cd accounts for properties of
the falling object, such as shape or surface roughness,
that affect air resistance.
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𝐹
𝑎=
𝑚
𝑑𝑣 𝐹𝐷 − 𝐹𝑈
=
𝑑𝑡 𝑚
𝑑𝑣 𝑚𝑔 − 𝑐𝑣
=
𝑑𝑡 𝑚
𝑑𝑣 𝑐𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑐𝑑 2
Eq. 1.8 =𝑔 − Eq. 1.9 =𝑔 −𝑚𝑣
𝑑𝑡 𝑚 𝑑𝑡
linearly proportional nonlinearly proportional
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Example of Complex Model (refer to Fig. 1.1)

Therefore, Eqs. (1.4) through (1.7) can be combined to yield
Eq. 1.9

The above equation is a model that relates the acceleration of a

falling object to the forces acting on it. It is a differential equation
because it is written in terms of the differential rate of change
(dv/dt). However, the exact solution of Eq. (1.9) for the velocity of
the jumper cannot be obtained using simple algebraic manipulation.
Rather, more advanced techniques such as those of calculus must be
applied to obtain an exact or analytical solution
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Example of Complex Model (refer to Fig. 1.1)

If the jumper is initially at rest (v = 0 at t = 0), calculus can be used to
solve Eq. (1.9) for
Eq. 1.10

where tanh is the hyperbolic tangent that can be either computed

directly or via the more elementary exponential function as in
Eq. 1.11

Note that Eq. (1.10) is cast in the general form of Eq. (1.1) where v(t) is
the dependent variable, t is the independent variable, cd and m are
parameters, and g is the forcing function.
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Example 1.1

Inserting the parameters into Eq. (1.10 - nonlinearly) yields

Which can be used to compute

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Example 1.1
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∆𝑣 𝑐𝑣
𝑎=𝑔 =𝑔−
∆𝑡 𝑚
𝑖+1 𝑣𝑡𝑖+1 − 𝑣𝑡𝑖 𝑐𝑣𝑡𝑖
=𝑔−
𝑡𝑖+1 − 𝑡𝑖 𝑚
𝑐𝑣𝑡𝑖
𝑣𝑡𝑖+1 − 𝑣𝑡𝑖 = (𝑔 − ) (𝑡𝑖+1 − 𝑡𝑖 )
𝑚

𝑐𝑣𝑡𝑖 𝑐 2
𝑣𝑡𝑖+1 = 𝑣𝑡𝑖 + (𝑔 − ) (𝑡𝑖+1 − 𝑡𝑖 ) 𝑣𝑡𝑖+1 = 𝑣𝑡𝑖 + (𝑔 − 𝑣𝑡 ) (𝑡𝑖+1 − 𝑡𝑖 )
𝑚 𝑚 𝑖
linear nonlinear
INSTRUCTION: Write your solution in 1 whole long bond paper. Write your name, course
and section at upper left, date at upper right and title (Assignment No. 1) at center top.
All solution must be hand written and submit it through google classroom. (Deadline will
be before the next meeting)

1. Rather than the nonlinear relationship of Eq. (1.7), you might choose
to model the upward force on the bungee jumper as a nonlinear
relationship: FU = −cv where c = a first-order drag coefficient (kg/s).
A parachutist of mass 68.1 kg jumps out of a stationary hot air balloon.
Compute velocity prior to opening the chute. The drag coefficient is
equal to 12.5 kg/s
(a) Using calculus, obtain the closed-form solution for the case
where the parachutist is initially at rest (v = 0 at t = 0).
(b) Repeat the numerical calculation with the same initial
condition and parameter values until infinity