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Entropy production rate in ciliary induced flows through cylindrical tubules

under the consequences of Hall effect

Article  in  Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers · March 2021

DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2021.03.024

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 Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers 120 (2021) 207
217

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Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jtice

Entropy production rate in ciliary induced flows through cylindrical

tubules under the consequences of Hall effect
A.A. Farooqa,*, M. Kahshana,b, S. Saleemc, Mohammad Rahimi-Gorjid, Fahad S. Al-Mubaddele,f
a
Department of Mathematics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, 22060, Pakistan
b
Faculty of Science, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
c
Department of Mathematics. College of Science, king Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
d
Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, 9000 Gent, Belgium
e
Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
f
Fellow King Abdullah City for Renewable and Atomic Energy: Energy Research and Innovation Center, (ERIC), Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Article History: The current study explores the entropy production rate in the flow induced by ciliary pumping systems
Received 19 January 2021 through cylindrical tubules created under consequences of a magnetic field acting externally in the direction
Revised 1 March 2021 normal to flow. Impacts of Hall currents, viscous dissipation and ohmic heating on heat and mass transferals
Accepted 13 March 2021
in bio-magnetic viscous materials are the prominent features of the present model.
Available online 27 March 2021
The governing equations make up a nonlinear coupled system of five partial differential equations in velocity
Keywords: components, pressure gradient, temperature and concentration distributions. However, implication of creeping
Cilia transport flow approximation in the wave frame of reference makes the problem linear such that solutions of the afore-
MHD flow mentioned quantities are obtained analytically. Expressions for entropy production rate and Bejan number are
Hall current also formulated for the present flow scenario. Effects of heat and mass transfers, Hartmann number, Hall current
Newtonian fluid and cilia length parameters on the flow field, pumping characteristics, temperature, concentration, entropy pro-
Entropy generation duction rate and Bejan number are discussed in details. Key observations are also summarized in the concluding
Bejan number
section. It is found that the inclusion of Hall current not only overcomes the damping effects of magnetic field but
also controls the disorderness of thermodynamic systems. Also, cilia with higher lengths stimulate the momen-
tum transfer in the axial flow direction and consequently promote the pumping rate.
© 2021 Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
Investigation of various transport mechanisms controlled by cilia in
natural processes has been declared as a prominent field of research
activities due to its applications not only in physiology but also in medi-
cal industry. Some examples elaborating these applications arise in the
urine transport in urinary system, ovum movements in fallopian tubes,
blood flows with injected medicines, mucus drainage in lungs and
semen transport in ductus efferentes [1, 2]. The natural mechanism of
cilia transport has been recently utilized in the fabrication of lab-on-a-
chip appliances for medical purposes like pumping, drug deliveries and
diagnosis [3]. Cilia are basically biological structures which are minute,
tinny and hair-like in nature. They exist in form of groups and are fixed
on the surfaces of many cells and tissues across the human body. Their
role in various physiological processes from respiration to reproduction
* Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: aliahmedfarooq@yahoo.com (A.A. Farooq), kahshan@ujs.edu.cn
(M. Kahshan), saakhtar@kku.edu.sa (S. Saleem), mohammad.rahimigorji@ugent.be,
m69.rahimi@yahoo.com (M. Rahimi-Gorji), falmubaddel@ksu.edu.sa
(F.S. Al-Mubaddel).
is now inevitable [4
6]. Motile cilia are a special class of cilia which do
not beat in random but in a coordinated asymmetric style which results
in a periodic pattern in their tips. Eventually, these movements create
the so called metachronal wave moving over their tips. This metachron-
ism of ciliary system is known to be important device for fluid transpor-
tations [7, 8].
During the last few years, investigations on the treatment methods for
human diseases using heat and mass transfers have drawn the attentions
of scientists. On the other hand, usages of magnetic fields in clinical and
medical sciences such that the diagnosis of diseases, MRI, X-rays, MHD
pumps, MHD compressors etc. are obviously important part of daily life.
Some significant applications of heat and mass transportations with
MHD effects in cilia induced scenario include the fabrications of magneti-
cally actuated artificial cilia devices, Hyperthermia therapy, thermoregu-
lation in testis and Radiofrequency therapy [9-16]. The relevant study of
Mills et al. [17] describes the role cilia in the enhancement of heat transfer
in system of micro-channels whose inner part contains ciliated structures.
Due to the above-mentioned applications, the examinations of such
impacts are inspected by many researchers. These implications include
the estimations of transport characteristics of magnetized Newtonian and

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2021.03.024
1876-1070/© 2021 Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
208 A.A. Farooq et al. / Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers 120 (2021) 207
217

non-Newtonian fluids in various configurations. Khan et al. [18
23] have
explored the two- and three-dimensional applications of non-Newtonian
nano-fluids flows characterizing the heterogeneous and homogeneous
chemical reactions, thermophoresis effects with generalized Fourier’s and
Fick’s laws. Bilal et al. [24] used the novel techniques of finite element
method to analyze the heat transfer problems in cavities with cylindrical
geometries. Refs. [25
29] and several therein indicate many innovative
studies about heat and mass transfers under the impacts of constructive
chemical reactions, thermophoretic diffusion and Hall current on the
transport of viscous and viscoelastic fluids.
In the recent years, evaluation of entropy production and its minimi-
zation have been the topic of extensive research due to its usage in ther-
mal systems and process engineering. Minimization of entropy
generation is inevitable in designs of thermal systems which optimally
control the irreversibilities during heat and momentum transport pro-
cesses. Adrian Bejan [30, 31] investigated the second law of thermody-
namics and proposed entropy generation number representing
irreversibility distribution in thermal systems. After the pioneer work of
Bejan, a lot of research work has been done on the estimation of entropy
generation and its minimization in the design of heat and mass
exchange devices [32-36]. Besides these studies, several investigations
were performed for generation and estimation of entropy caused by the
transportations of momentum, heat and mass within the human body
[37
39]. Matjaz Prek [40] considered the human body as a heat engine
and presented a thermodynamical study based on exergy analysis due
to heat and mass transfers in body. Dutta et al. [41] have formulated an
entropy production model in human lungs during respiration. Recently,
Shah et al. [42
45], performed a valuable research work regarding the
entropy generation rate during dissipative processes in thermodynamic
systems. Refs. [46
50] and several therein highlight many innovative
studies about entropy generation during physiological transportations.
Our present study is motivated by the above-mentioned applications
and investigations. We have an intention to consolidate the impacts of
Hall current on the axisymmetric flow of a magneto-biofluid of Newto-
nian type caused by ciliary propulsion through a cylindrical tubule.
Thermal analysis due to heat and mass transfers, viscous dissipation
attached with the inner surface of the tubule. A metachronal wave is
also produced as a result of synchronous movements of cilia which
travels over their tips with a uniform velocity c (wave speed). Due to
electro-conductive nature of physiological materials, the flow is
assumed to be instigated by the Lorentz body force arises as a conse-
quence of the external magnetic field. Moreover, the participations of
Hall current, joule heating, viscous dissipation, heat transfer and
mass transportations are the key features of the present model. The
development of induced magnetic field is not taken into account on
the behalf of small values of magnetic Reynolds number in the Max-
well equations. A schematic diagram of the present model is devel-
oped in the axisymmetric reference system (R, X) where,
X
coordinate is associated with the axis of the tubule and
R
coordinate is fixed in the radial direction (see Fig. 1).
We employ the well-known envelope model for swaying motion-
ing of cilia in which they move or beat in an organized wave-like
manner and produce a metachronal wave due to their effective
strokes. While producing effective and recovery strokes, cilia trace
out the elliptical paths, which are mathematically expressed as


R ¼ G1 ðX; tÞ ¼ Rm þ Rm e cos 2pv
1 ðX
ct Þ ¼ f ; ð1Þ


X ¼ G2 ðX; X0 ; tÞ ¼ Rm þ Rm ed sin 2pv
1 ðX
ct Þ : ð2Þ
Here, we designate R and X as the positions of cilia tips along radial
and axial directions, respectively, Rm stands for the mean radius of
the cylindrical tubule, e is a dimensionless measurement of ciliated
lengths, d highlights the elliptical motions of cilia (eccentricity
parameter), X0 denotes some fixed position for reference and v rep-
resents the wavelength of the metachronal wave.
In the scenario of no slip condition, the velocity components of
fluid over the boundary defined in (1) are exactly same as those of
the cilia tips, which can be formulated directly by using the following
formulae:

@X  @G2 @G2 @X @G2 @G2
V¼ ¼ þ ¼ þ V; ð3Þ
@t X @t @X @t @t @X
0

and joule heating effects are also considered in this study. The analysis

of entropy generation rate of such flows is also a significant part of the @R  @G1 @G1 @X @G1 @G1
U ¼  ¼ þ ¼ þ V: ð4Þ
present model. We hope, our study has applications not only in the @t X @t @X @t @t @X
0
physiological flows of the semen in the male reproductive tract but also
in the design of lab-on-chips devices. Upon simplifying Eqs. (3) and (4), the velocity components at the
boundary become:


 

2pv
1 Rm dce cos 2pv
1 ðX
ct Þ
2. Mathematical modeling V¼ ;U
1
2pv
1 ðRm de cosð2pv
1 ÞðX
ct ÞÞ


 
We consider that an electrically conducting Newtonian fluid is 2pv
1 Rm ce sin 2pv
1 ðX
ct Þ
¼ at R ¼ f : ð5Þ
placed in an infinitely long cylindrical tubule. The flow is created due 1
2pv
1 ðRm de cosð2pv
1 ÞðX
ct ÞÞ
to the pressure gradient and the collaborative motions of cilia

Fig. 1. Metachronous movement of cilia in axisymmetric coordinates (R, X).

 A.A. Farooq et al. / Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers 120 (2021) 207
217 209

Eq. (5) will furnish the boundary conditions for velocity distribution.
For temperature and concentration distributions, we define the fol-     
@u @u @p @2 u @ 1 @ðruÞ
lowing boundary conditions < u þv ¼
þ a2 a2 2 þ
@r @x @r @x @r r @r
T ¼ T0 ; C ¼ C0 at R ¼ f ; ð6Þ
M2

ðau þ mðv þ 1ÞÞ; ð15Þ
where, T0 and C0 are uniform the temperature and concentration dis- 1 þ m2
tributing over the tubule surface. However, at the central region, the  
temperature and concentration distributions admit the symmetry @v @v
a2 < u þv
conditions without any loss of generality. @r @x
  
Now, we construct the mathematical equations by using basic @p @2 v 1 @ @v M
¼
þ a2 2 þ r
ððv þ 1Þ
mauÞ; ð16Þ
laws of conservation of mass, momentum, energy and concentration @x @x r @r @r 1 þ m2
with a modification to include the effects of Hall current according to
     
the generalized Ohm’s and Maxwell’s equations. Thus, we can define @u @u 1@ @u @2 u
Pr < u þ v ¼ r þ a2 2
the system of governing equations as @r @x r @r @r @x
"  2  2 !   #
@V @U U @u u 2
@v @u @v 2
þ þ ¼ 0; ð7Þ þBr 2a2 þ 2þ þ a2 þ ð17Þ
@X @R R @r r @x @x @r
  Br M 2
2
@U @U @U þ v þ 1 þ a2 u ;
r þU þV 1 þ m2
@t @R @X
        
@P @ 1 @ðRU Þ @2 U s B20 @’ @’ 1 @2 ’ 1 @ @’
¼
þm þ 2
ðU þ mV Þ; ð8Þ < v þu ¼ a2 2 þ r
@R @R R @R @X 1 þ m2 @x @r Ns @x r @r @r
  
      @2
u 1 @ @u
r
@V
þU
@V
þV
@V
¼

@P
þm
1 @
R
@V @2 V
þ 2

s B20
ðV
mU Þ; þ Nr a 2 2 þ r ; ð18Þ
@t @R @X @X R @R @R @X 1 þ m2
"  
@x r @r @r
       2 !   #
@T @T @T 1 @ @T @2 T @U 2 U 2 @V @U @V 2
þU þV ¼K þ 2 þm 2 þ 2þ þ þ
rCp
@t @R @X R @R
R
@R @X @R R @X @X @R where, a is the wave number, < (= a Re) represents the modified Rey-
ð9Þ
s B20 nolds number, M2 denotes the magnetic field strength (Hartmann
þ ðV þ mU Þ2 ;
1 þ m2 number), m is the Hall parameter, Pr represents the Prandtl number,
ð10Þ Br = EcPr is the Brinkman number, Ns is the Schmidt number, and Nr is
  the Soret number.
@C @C @C It is clear that the nonlinearities in the above equations are main
þU þV
@t @R @X hurdles in building the analytical solutions, which can be removed by
       
1 @ @C @2 C DKT 1 @ @T @2 T utilizing the well-known approach of Lubrication approximation
¼D R þ 2 þ R þ 2 : ð11Þ
R @R @R @X Tm R @R @R @X (negligible inertia, < ! 0 and long wavelength a  1). Thus, we
arrive at the following simplified version of the mathematical model:
Here, we designate U, V, P, T and C as the velocity components, pres-
sure, temperature and concentration distributions, respectively, in @p
¼ 0; ð19Þ
the flow field. Other parameters like r, m, s and K represent the fluid @r
density, viscosity, electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity of  
1@ @v M2 @p
the fluid. We also define B0 as a constant magnetic field, m as the Hall r
ðv þ 1Þ ¼ ; ð20Þ
r @r @r 1 þ m2 @x
current parameter, D as diffusivity parameter due to mass concentra-
tion, KT as the thermal diffusion ratio and Tm as the mean tempera-    2
ture ratio of the system. Note that the problem is intrinsically 1@ @u @v Br M 2
r þ Br þ ðv þ 1Þ2 ¼ 0; ð21Þ
unsteady due to moving boundary as observed from the fixed frame r @r @r @r 1 þ m2
of reference. However, if we attach the reference frame with the      
metachronal wave, we can treat the flow as steady state. For this pur- 1 1@ @’ 1@ @u
r þ Nr r ¼ 0: ð22Þ
pose, we define the following relations connecting the variables of Ns r @r @r r @r @r
fixed frame (R, X) and wave frame (r, x) as: The mathematical formulation of the respective boundary condi-
x ¼ X
ct; r ¼ R; u ¼ U; v ¼ V
c; pðxÞ ¼ PðX; tÞ: ð12Þ tions in dimensionless variables can be put in the following way:

At this stage, it is appropriate to define the dimensionless scaling
2pead cosð2pxÞ

v¼
1; u ¼ 0; ’ ¼ 0; at r ¼ f
parameters as 1
2pead cosð2pxÞ

ct r x u  v  f R2 p ¼ 1 þ e cosð2pxÞ: ð23Þ
t ¼ ; r ¼
; x ¼ ; u ¼ ;v ¼ ;f ¼ ; p ¼ m ;
λ Rm v ac c Rm cvm
R T
T0  C
C0 @v @u @’
a ¼ m ; u ¼ ;’ ¼ ;
@r
¼ 0;
@r
¼ 0;
@r
¼ 0 at r ¼ 0 ðsymmetry conditionsÞ: ð24Þ
v T0 C0
2 2 ð13Þ
rcRm a 2 s B0 Rm mc P c2 rDKT T0
< ¼ ;M ¼ ; Pr ¼ ; Ec ¼ ; Nr ¼ ;
m m K cP T 0 mT m C 0
3. Formulation of solution
m  Q c
Ns ¼ ;Q ¼ ;c ¼ :
rD pcR2m cRm
Note that Eq. (20) is a non-homogeneous modified Bessel equa-
Upon introducing the above dimensionless variables along with the tion, whose solution satisfying the boundary conditions (23) and (24)
transformations (12) in the governing equations (7)
(11), the math- can be obtained as:
ematical model will be written as

pffiffiffiffiffiffi  !
2pead cosð2pxÞ
pffiffiffiffiffiffi 

1
1
2 pead cosð2pxÞ I0 X1 r 1 dp I0 X1 r
@u u @v v¼
pffiffiffiffiffiffi  þ
pffiffiffiffiffiffi 
1
1 ð25Þ
þ þ ¼ 0; ð14Þ I0 X1 f X1 dz I0 X1 f
@r r @x
210 A.A. Farooq et al. / Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers 120 (2021) 207
217

The energy and concentration Eqs. (21) and (22) contain nonlinear Thus, we get:
terms due to viscous dissipation. Hence, we have obtained their solu-
Z1
tions using the symbolic software Maple. Thus, upon using the value dp
Dp ¼ dx: ð32Þ
of v in Eq. (21), we formulate a second order ordinary differential dx
0
equation in temperature whose solution can be obtained as:
 pffiffiffiffiffiffi
pffiffiffiffiffiffi  Eq. (32) defines a fundamental relation between the pressure rise (or
a2
2 pffiffiffiffiffiffi

2
u ¼ 11 X1 f 2 þ X12 I0 X1 f þ I0 X1 f X1 f drop) and the volume flow rate, which is used to determine the
3
pumping rate. A 2D simulation of the stream function and its graphi-
2ðX1 Þ2
  cal visualization is usually picturized through streamlines calcula-

 pffiffiffiffiffiffi
2 pffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffi
þa211 r 2 X12
f 2 I0 ð X1 rÞ
I0 ð X1 rÞI1 ð X1 rÞ ð26Þ tions as:
0 1 1 @c @c
3   v¼ ;u¼
: ð33Þ
B pffiffiffiffiffiffi C pffiffiffiffiffiffi
2 pffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffi r @r @x
þa211 @r 2 X12
X1 f 2 A I1 ð X1 rÞ
I0 ð X1 rÞI1 ð X1 rÞ
Invoking Eqs. (14), (25) into (33), we come up to the following
expression
Finally, the solution for concentration f is obtained by using the val- pffiffiffiffiffiffi  pffiffiffiffiffiffi 
ues given in Eqs. (25) and (26) into (22) and then solving as ðv0 þ 1ÞI1 ð X1 rÞ 1 dp I1 ð X1 rÞ r2 r2
c¼ p ffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffi þ pffiffiffiffiffi
ffi pffiffiffiffiffiffi

: ð34Þ
 X1 I 0 ð X1 f Þ X1 dx X1 I0 ð X1 f Þ 2 2
a2 r 2 pffiffiffiffiffiffi
2 pffiffiffiffiffiffi
2  a2 r 2 pffiffiffiffiffiffi
pffiffiffiffiffiffi

’ ¼ 12 I0 ð X1 r
2 I1 ð X1 r
11 I0 ð X1 r I1 ð X1 r
4 4
 2 
4. Entropy production model
a
pffiffiffiffiffiffi 
pffiffiffiffiffiffi 
pffiffiffiffiffiffi 2
þ 12 I0 ð X1 r I1 ð X1 r
I1 ð X1 r
4X1
In the problem under consideration, the entropy production will

pffiffiffiffiffiffi 2
pffiffiffiffiffiffi 2 a2 f 2 pffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffi
2

2 I1 ð X1 f X1 f 2
2 I0 ð X1 f þ 12 I0 ð X1 f þ I1 ð X1 f take place due to four reasons: heat transfer, mass transfer, viscous
4
dissipation and joule heating. So, the total rate of entropy production
ð27Þ
is mathematically expressed as
In the above equations, we define      
K @T 2 RD @C 2 m @v 2 s B20
Egen ¼ 2 þ þ þ ðv þ cÞ2 : ð35Þ
Sr Sc Brb11 a211 Sr Sc Bra11 b211 ~ @r ~ 0 @r
’ ~
u0 @r ~
u0 ð1 þ m2 Þ
a44 ¼ ; a55 ¼ ; a22 u 0
4 4
Bra11 b211 Bra211 b211 BrX1 a11 b211 BrX1 a211 b211 By using the dimensionless variables, the entropy production num-
¼
þ ; a33 ¼
; ber, the non-dimensional form of Eq. (34) is defined as
8 8 4 4
 2    2
ðv0 þ 1Þ @u LL2 @’ 2 @v Br M 2
X1 ¼
M2
a11 ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffi þ
1
pffiffiffiffiffiffi
dp
; b11 ¼

1 dp
; v0 Np ¼ L 1 þ þ Br þ ðv þ 1Þ2 : ð36Þ
1 þ m2 I0 ð X1 f Þ X1 I1 ð X1 f Þ dx X1 dx @r L1 @r @r 1 þ m2

2pead cosð2pxÞ Bejan number (Be) is a dimensionless ratio of the entropy production
¼
1
:
1
2pead cosð2pxÞ due to heat and mass transfers to the overall entropy production and
is of significant importance in the evaluation of irreversibility distri-
The expression in Eq. (24) gives the velocity distribution of the bution in the thermodynamic systems. We define
flowing fluid. It contains still another unknown namely dp . We can
dx
2
2
determine its value by using the known physical quantity, the vol- L1 @@ru þ LLL12 @’@r
ume flux, q as Be ¼
2
2
@v2 B M2 ; ð37Þ
L1 @@ru þ LLL2 @’
@r
1
þ B r @r þ 1þm
r
2 ðv þ 1Þ
2

Zh
q¼ 2rvdr: ð28Þ Or

2 B M 2
0
1 Br @v
@r þ 1þm
r
2 ðv þ 1Þ
2
Be ¼ ; where f ¼

 : ð38Þ
Now, we construct the formula for the flow rate as 1þf L @u þ LL2 @’
2 2
1 @r L1 @r
Zf Zf
Egen R2m u0
Q ðX; tÞ ¼ VRdR ¼ ðv þ 1Þrdr ¼ q þ f þ 0:5e2 : ð29Þ In the above formulation, Np ¼ KT0 signifies the dimensionless
0 0 entropy production number, L1 ¼ u0 highlights the temperature dif-
T0

By utilizing Eqs. (28) and (29) in the following definition, we can ference parameter, L2 ¼ ’C~00 represents the concentration difference
predict Q (time-mean volume flow rate) in the laboratory reference parameter, and L ¼ RDC
’ denotes the diffusion parameter. It is signifi-
0
K~ 0
frame as:
cant to note that whenever 0 < ’ < 1, heat and mass irreversibility is
Zf Zf dominant and whenever ’ > 1, the contributions of the fluid friction
1
Q¼ Q ðX; tÞdt ¼ ðq þ f Þdt ¼ q þ 0:5e2 þ 1: ð30Þ and joule heating are imperative in production of entropy. Whenever,
T
0 0 ’ = 1, inputs of both the heat and mass transfers and the fluid friction
plus joule heating in the entropy production are equivalent.
The rate of change in the pressure that is usually termed as the pres-
sure gradient is normally found by using Eq. (25) into Eq. (28). Upon 5. Interpretations of the graphical results
integrating and simplification, we arrive at
pffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffi This part of the model contains graphical results and their physi-
dp ðX1 Þ3=2 ðQ
1ÞI0 ð X1 f Þ
2X1 ðv0 þ 1Þ X1 I1 þ ðX1 Þ3=2 f 2 I0 ð X1 f Þ
¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffi 2 pffiffiffiffiffiffi : cal interpretations for various quantities like velocity, pressure,
dx 2I1 ð X1 f Þ
X1 f I0 ð X1 f Þ
streamlines, temperature, concentration, entropy rate and Bejan
ð31Þ
Number. Graphical results of the axial velocity distribution (v) under
The expression for the pressure difference (Dp) can be evaluated the impacts of Hartmann number (M) and the Hall current parameter
through numerical integration of Eq. (30) over the interval [0, 1]. (m) are displayed in Fig. 2. Velocity distribution declines as we
 A.A. Farooq et al. / Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers 120 (2021) 207
217
Fig. 2. Velocity profile V via M and m.
Fig. 3. Velocity profile V via e.
increase the values of the Hartmann number. This trend in the veloc-
ity is due to the damping force produced as a result of the magnetic
field which creates a resistance to the flow field. Moreover, these
graphs depict that the velocity distribution increases by the increas-
ing values of the Hall parameter. Hence, consequences of (M) and (m)
on the velocity distribution are opposite to each other. This shows
that presence of the Hall current would tend to weaken the resistive
influence of magnetic field up to some extent. Thus, the Hall parame-
ter can act as a controlling parameter in various magnetic therapeutic
processes in physiology. Fig. 3 highlights the velocity distribution (v)
under the impacts of cilia length parameter (e). Here, velocity distri-
bution is seen to be an increasing function of (e). Clearly, cilia with
larger lengths appears to accelerate the axial flow. This behavior of
flow field under the impact of cilia length parameter is also observed
in many studies [51]. Here, we must point out that the present graph-
ical results verify the logical descriptions of axial velocity in a uniform
tube flow, that is, the velocity is parabolic, perfectly symmetric with
its peak values near the centerline of the tubule. These captivating
features of velocity distribution assure the accuracy of our results.
Profiles of the axial pressure gradient (dpdx
) indicating the impacts of
(M) and (m) are displayed in Fig. 4. As expected, the pressure gradient is
seen to diminish when Hartmann number gets larger values. This
reduction in the pressure gradient due to MHD effects indicates that
higher amount of pressure is required to propel the same volume of
211
Fig. 4. Pressure gradient via M and m.
Fig. 5. Pressure gradient via e.
fluid as we increase the strength of magnetic field. Moreover, these
graphs indicate that the pressure gradient grows up in the whole
domain with raising the impacts of Hall parameter. The graphs sketched
in Fig. 5 explain the features of cilia lengths on the pressure gradient.
Cilia of higher lengths produce a stronger acceleration in the flow field
and hence, elevate the pressure gradient across the entire tube region.
Evolution of the pumping characteristics due to cilia transport
under the impacts of (M) and (m) is highlighted in the graphs of the
pressure difference (Dp) versus the volume flow rate (Q). Fig. 6
depicts that the ciliary induced pumping rate increases due to higher
values of the Hartmann number in region (Dp > 0, Q < 0.17).
Whereas, a reverse trend is seen in the region (Dp < 0, Q > 0.17) for
pumping rate versus (M). The critical value of (Q) is approximately
equal to 0.17. Moreover, a comparison between the solid and the dot-
ted lines indicates that the pumping rate admits opposite behaviors
under the impact of Hall parameter vis-a-vis the Hartmann number.
From Fig. 7, we note that the pumping rate consistently increases
with the cilia length parameter (e) for all values of the flow rate
between (0  Q  1). Graphs in Figs. 8, 9 and 10 indicate the well-
known features of trapping through a 2D sketch of streamlines. Fig. 8
describes that the amount of trapped bolus clearly diminishes when
we increase the values of the Hartmann number (M). However, a
212 A.A. Farooq et al. / Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers 120 (2021) 207
217

reverse trend is noticed in trapping for increasing values of the Hall

parameter (m), i.e., amount of the trapped bolus gets larger with
higher values of the Hall parameter (as seen in Fig. 9). From Fig. 10,
we notice that the amount of the trapping bolus increases by increas-
ing the cilia length parameter (e).
From Fig. 11, we notice that Hartmann number (M) tends to
decline the temperature (u ). Actually, the larger values of (M) corre-
sponds to the stronger magnetic field which produces a stronger
retarding force in the flow field. This reduction in the flow field
causes a decay in the temperature distribution. However, an
enhancement in temperature (u ) is observed when the values of the
Hall parameter (m) get larger. It is noticed from Fig. 12 that with an
increment in Brinkman number (Br), the temperature increases. This
is due to that fact that larger values of (Br) indicate strong effects
caused by viscous dissipation in the flow field, which results an
enhancement in the temperature distribution. From Fig. 13, we notice
that concentration (f) increases with the Hartmann number (M),
whereas an opposite trend is seen in it due to increasing values of
(m). Actually, rise in Hartmann number (M) produces a reduction in
the flow field. Consequently, it strengthens the concentration of fluid.
Fig. 6. rp versus Q via M and m. In Fig. 14, a decline in (f) is noted due to higher values of the Brink-
man number (Br). A similar behavior in concentration (f) is seen for
higher values of Schmidt number (Ns) as seen in Fig. 15. Actually, as
we increase the Schmidt number, the diffusivity of mass decreases,
which causes the fluid less dense. Consequently, it reduces the con-
centration in fluid. The graphs in Figs. 13-15 show that the concentra-
tion profiles are negative which is physically compatible with the
actual data, since the concentration of chemical species will ulti-
mately diffuse in veins due to blood flows.
The investigation of the entropy production in thermodynamic
processes is closely associated with the optimization of irreversibil-
ities and system disorderness. The concept of minimized irreversibil-
ities has been applied to upgrade the efficiency of the thermal
systems. Hence, investigation of entropy production rate is of great
importance in system engineering. The graphs in Fig. 16 indicate the
impacts of Hartmann number (M) and Hall parameter (m) on entropy
production number (Np). We examine that entropy production num-
ber increases significantly in the central part of the tubule with (M).
While, near the ciliated walls, an opposite behavior is seen in (Np)
when (M) gets larger values. However, as expected, a reverse behav-
ior is seen in the entropy production under the impact of Hall param-
eter. These results confirm the well-known observations that the Hall
effects generally repel the influences of magnetic field. Thus, the dis-
Fig. 7. rp versus Q via e.
orderness of thermodynamic systems working under the influence of

Fig. 8. Streamlines via M (a) M = 3 (b) M = 5, m = 0.3, e = 0.3, Q = 0.5.

 A.A. Farooq et al. / Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers 120 (2021) 207
217 213

Fig. 9. Streamlines via m (a) m = 0.3 (b) m = 0.5, M = 5, e = 0.3, Q = 0.5.

Fig. 10. Streamlines via e (a) e = 0.15(b) e = 0.3, m = 0.5, M = 5, e = 0.3, Q = 0.5.

Fig. 11. Temperature u via M and m. Fig. 12. Temperature u via Br.
214 A.A. Farooq et al. / Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers 120 (2021) 207
217
Fig. 13. Concentration f via M and m.
Fig. 14. Concentration f via Br.
stronger magnetic fields can be controlled by introducing Hall cur-
rent. It is seen from Fig. 17 that the entropy production number
grows within the central region of the tubule whereas, it declines
near its walls with the cilia length parameter (e). Hence, larger cilia
may create more disorderness in the central part as compared to the
walls of the tubule. The graphs in Fig. 18 indicate that entropy pro-
duction number (Np) increases for larger values of the Brinkman
number (Br). Physically, rise in (Br) supports a rise in the internal heat
of the system due to viscous dissipation. Consequently, it enhances
the entropy production and disorderness of the system. Fig. 19 dem-
onstrates that as the values of Soret number (Nr) get larger, the
entropy production number increases. In fact, as Soret number (Nr)
increases, it will produce a higher amount of mass flow rate due to
concentration gradient, which, enhances the fluid temperature. As a
result, there is a significant enhancement in the entropy production.
Figs. 20-23 are sketched to study the impacts of (M), (m), (e), (Br) and
(Nr) on Bejan number (Be). Fig. 20 depicts that large values of the
Hartmann number (M) produce decreasing effects on Bejan number
while, a reverse behavior is seen in (Be) under the effects of Hall
parameter (m). Fig. 21 indicates that Bejan number goes on
Fig. 15. Concentration f via Ns.
Fig. 16. Np via M, m.
decreasing as the magnitude of cilia length parameter increases.
From Fig. 22, we can easily predict that an increase in the Brinkman
number leads to enhance the Bejan number. Graphs in Fig. 23 display
the effects of Soret number (Nr) on Bejan number (Be). An increase in
(Nr) results in an enhancement in the Bejan number (Be). This is phys-
ically correct, since the temperature arises as we increase the values
of (Nr). Consequently, the entropy production tends to rise up.
6. Concluding remarks
In the previous sections, we have formulated a problem concern-
ing the movement of a viscous Newtonian fluid inside a cylindrical
tubule via ciliary transport mechanisms with the physiological rele-
vance of heat and mass transportations in the human body. The Lor-
entz force is taken to be an active agent in this study for clinical point
of view. Analysis of entropy production rate measures the disorder-
ness in human thermoregulatory systems is another prominent fea-
ture of the present study. The nonlinear problem is tackled
analytically under lubrication approximation approach in the moving
frame of reference. Summary of leading results are briefly stated as:
 A.A. Farooq et al. / Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers 120 (2021) 207
217
Fig. 17. Np via e.
Fig. 18. Np via Br.
1. Increasing strength of magnetic field causes a decline in the
axial velocity distribution. This confirms the resistive nature of
Lorentz body force on the flow field. However, a reverse trend
in the velocity is noted for Hall parameter. Thus, we conclude
that the presence of the Hall current impedes the damping
effects of the magnetic field.
2. As the value of the cilia length parameter increases, axial
velocity rises, which leads to increase the flow field in axial
direction.
3. The imperative impacts of the magnetic and the Hall parame-
ters on the pumping rate are quite opposite to each other.
Implication of the magnetic field can control the flow rate in
the bleeding of blood during surgical procedures. Hall current
parameter may adjust the effectiveness of magnetic field in the
MHD pumping systems.
4. Bolus formation is retarded with the increasing strength of
magnetic field, whereas it is promoted by the Hall current as
well as the cilia length parameter.
215
Fig. 19. Np via Nr.
Fig. 20. Bevia M, m.
5. Temperature distribution is reported to decay for higher values
of the magnetic field strength, while it rises with an increase in
the Hall parameter and the Brinkman number.
6. Concentration distribution is found to increase with higher values
of the magnetic field, while an opposite behavior is seen for the
Hall parameter, the Brinkman number and the Schmidt number.
7. Magnetic field supports the entropy production rate specifically
in the central region of the tube. While Hall current effectively
controls the entropy production caused by the higher strength
of Magnetic fields.
8. An increment in the entropy production rate is noted for larger
values of the Brinkman number, cilia length parameter and the
Soret number.
9. As we increase the strength of magnetic field, Bejan number is
seen to decline. Similar results of Bejan number are observed
for the cilia length parameter.
10. An increasing trend is observed for Bejan number with Hall
parameter, Brinkman number and the soret number.
216 A.A. Farooq et al. / Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers 120 (2021) 207
217

Declaration of Competing Interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial

interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influ-
ence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgement

The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific

Research at King Khalid University for funding this work through
research groups program under Grant No. RGP.2/38/42.

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