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All content following this page was uploaded by Richard Olsen on 25 February 2016.
Richard S. Olsen, PhD, PE
Acting Principle Geotechnical Engineer
Geotechnical & Materials CoP Lead
Headquarters
Engineering & Construction Division
US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE)
Washington DC
o16F1618
HQ USACE
inclinometers
HQ USACE
Inclinometer thoughts
Install
properly
Estimate shear zone
Depth is Enough
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HQ USACE
Inclinometer casing
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HQ USACE
IN-PLACE OR
STATIONARY
INCLINOMETERS
Inclinometers for vertical measurement
HQ USACE
Poor man’s inclinometers
Sometimes just an installed Reduction in cable length can
plastic tube together with a also be used to index shear
plumb bob is all that is required movement
Slip surface Slip surface
Strong
cable
Concrete Plug
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HQ USACE
A & B directions
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B
Technically, this is what you need to calculate
A (45 years ago we did these calculations)
Today it’s done with software
BUT remember – garbage in – garbage out
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incremental cumulative
A A
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Zone
Influenced by
slope
movement
Shear
Zone
} Shear Zone
Stable
cumulative ZONE
cumulative
HQ USACE
Good Example
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Errors
Insufficient Depth
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Errors
First
Measurement
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Extensometers
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HQ USACE
Get Good Advice
(more than just from vendors)
HQ USACE
Piezometers (equipment and evaluation)
Measuring
pore
pressures Stay away from multi stage piezometers
HQ USACE
Piezometer
in a grouted
hole
Two stage
piezometer
in a grouted
hole
HQ USACE
Points B and A will correctly measure the
corresponding soil pore pressures If Rd << Ld
Ld
Rd
HQ USACE
Casagrande Standpipe Piezometer
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HQ USACE
Evaluating piezometer data
You need to understand how piezometer
data can be evaluated to know the why,
the where, and how to install them.
USSD 2016 (April) paper: (this paper is already out of date)
Artesian
water
Inclined sand
pressure
layers can have
Hillside geometry extremely high
can concentrate water (pore)
pressure
seepage and cause
high pore pressure
Tube filled with water
This tube is like a sand layer that Localized landslide can
extends up the slope but is 1) block the sand layer, or
2) Dissipate pore pressure
plugged at the end
HQ USACE
Simple flow net construction
∆H
d=8.3
8.3
part
1
8
flow
2
3
1 7
2 3 4 5 6
4
Equal potential lines
Same dimensions n=4 (equal elevation pore pressure)
Flow lines
HQ USACE
Determining elevation pore pressure along a flow line.
∆H
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Elevation pore pressure for a situation having a cutoff wall
Pore pressure Pore pressure
along a along an interface
seepage path
i=0.5=7.5/15
Cutoff wall
i=0.7=10.5/15
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HQ USACE
From Field to Representative
Field
Simplified
Idealized
Flow in
Representative
Flow out
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Pore pressure for an equivalent sand layer
Flow in Equivalent water well standpipe
Pore pressure elevation head
trend for steady state flow in a
uniform granular layer
Gauge
pore Flow out
pressure
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Comparison of pore pressure trend for sand and gravel layers
Same elevation pore pressure trend
sand gravel
HQ USACE
Pore pressure response for a blocked sand layer.
Total pressure head, also known as
Elevation Pore Pressure Head
For a blocked soil path the
pore pressure elevation head
trend is equal to the reservoir water
elevation
blocked
No pore pressure
decrease between
soil path
two point means no
water flow
HQ USACE
Flow nets representing an equivalent uniform sand layer
Water elevation
pressure head
(uniform sand layer)
HQ USACE
Defining a pinch condition in a uniform sand layer
Water elevation pressure trend
due to pinching of a sand layer
Water elevation
H
P
pressure head
(uniform layer)
B T
Uniform Layer – normal situation
Pinching of sand layer
Q/sec decreases because of the pinch but is the same for the total length
V (distance/sec) at the pinch will be higher than for either side
HQ USACE
Construction of the R‐P trend line to a “no flow” condition
Reservoir (head) equals Piezometer
(R=P, no soil condition) NOTE: tail is constant
Elevation Piezometric Level
Head water U
Head water
Piezometric
Piezometric
Constant
Tail water
Situation trend to
no flow condition
High reservoir Low reservoir
Reservoir Head water level
L‐P plot R‐P plot L‐P plot
HQ USACE
How does Seepage caused piping
change the Reservoir‐Piezometer (R‐P) chart ?
Head=Piezo (no flow) U
v
Piezo Elevation
v Initial
piping
Major piping Seepage
piping
Initial piping formation
Major piping Reservoir (head) Elevation
Initial formation Head = Piezo (i.e. no soil)
of piping
HQ USACE
Data example from FEMA manual to determine the zero flow condition
PIEZO Elevation
1.9 ft POOL Elevation
8 ft Assuming piezometer is from the crest location
1.9
ap = = 0.24
8.0 Data from
FEMA document
Data trend to P=R no flow
TAIL ? at elevation 243 ft HQ USACE
Data example from USACE manual to determine the zero flow condition.
Before grouting 1992‐2009
Piezo DC248R
Data from USACE EM 1110‐2‐1908
Tail ranges from 545 to 563 ft After grouting 2010‐2102
HQ USACE
Data from USACE EM 1110‐2‐1908
Both data trends to
elevation 1309 ft for zero flow condition
Data example from USACE manual to determine the zero flow condition.
41
HQ USACE
Show Spillway invert
piezometer Project: xxxx
Infrastructure: xxxx High pool emergency
information
Location: i.e. on crest xx m from right abutment
at top left inside
Piezometer Elevation
U/D location: i.e. xx m upstream from crest
plotting area Computer file (database) name : xxx key
Lat/Long: xx.xxxxxxx xx.xxxxxxxx Piezometer xxxx
Piezo Name: xxxx during normal operations
Database item name: xxxx Piezometer xxxx
Sensor Elevation: xxxx after seepage observed
Show projected Ground elevation: xxxx
to no flow
condition and
related text Other example Symbols;
∆ static reservoir (summer)
Inferred projected ↑ reservoir going up
Show lines for ↓ reservoir going down
no flow condition ⃝ a er site modifica on
Head=Piezo and
― high tail water elevation
Uniform sand layer Piezo response for uniform
behavior U sand layer behavior
Use axis interval R=P (no soil) i.e. reservoir = piezo
of 1, 2, 5, 10 etc
and use tic Reservoir Elevation
marks
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USACE information to
show a site map and time
history of piezometer
Data from USACE EM 1110‐2‐1908
Date
43
HQ USACE
Stopping a CPT probe inside a thin critical sand layer,
for pore pressure measurements
Cone resistance
CPT probe
CPT sleeve
CPT piezo element
Clay layer
CPT cone
Thin critical
sand layer
Clay layer depth
HQ USACE
Required plots that should be added to computer seepage modeling output
% passing #200
Permeability (cm/sec) or
10‐3 10‐2 10‐1 1 D10 (mm)
SM‐ML
SM
Elevation (feet)
Depth below crest (feet)
SP
SM
SP
Lab measured D10
Lab measured permeability
Trend from measured data Lab based trend
Estimated trend from D10
HQ USACE
Debris from landslide dams
could cause failure of
conventional earth/rock dams
(due to high fluid density)
Olsen (ERDC) concept through US STATE & DOD
Landslide Dams China 2008
= 62 psf = 90 psf
W F+W
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Thank You
Rick Olsen
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