Simplified Course Pack (SCP) For Self-Directed Learning: CDI1 - Fundamental of Investigation and Intelligence

ST.
JOHN PAUL II COLLEGE OF DAVAO
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached
SIMPLIFIED COURSE PACK (SCP) FOR SELF-DIRECTED

LEARNING
CDI1 – Fundamental of Investigation and Intelligence
This Simplified Course Pack (SCP) is a draft version only and may not be
used, published or redistributed without the prior written consent of the
Academic Council of SJPIICD. Contents of this SCP are only intended for
the consumption of the students who are officially enrolled in the
course/subject. Revision and modification process of this SCP are
expected.
SCP- CDI1 | 1
ST. JOHN PAUL II COLLEGE OF DAVAO
Vision
By 2023, a recognized professional institution providing quality, economically accessible,
and transformative education grounded on the teachings of St. John Paul II.
Serve the nation by providing competent JPCean graduates through quality teaching and
Mission
learning, transparent governance, holistic student services, and meaningful community-
oriented researches, guided by the ideals of St. John Paul II.
● Respect
● Hard Work
Core Values ● Perseverance
● Self-Sacrifice
● Compassion
● Family Attachment
● Inquisitive
Graduate Attributes ● Ingenious
● Innovative
● Inspiring
Course Code/Title CDI1/ Fundamental of Investigation and Intelligence
The course covers the concept and principles of criminal investigation including
the modern technique in crime detection and investigation. Modern techniques in
processing the crime scene involving murder, homicide, rape, robbery, etc.
Further, it aims to study the concept and general principles of arrest, searches
Course Description and seizures, and the rights of the accused during custodial investigation. Also,
focuses on comparative study of military and police intelligence functions and
operations, types of police intelligence, phases of intelligence cycle; modus
operandi and order of battle regulations system for identification of criminals and
other threat to national security.
Course Requirement Crime scene search simulation and Intelligence operation
Time Frame 72 Hours
“Based 40” Cumulative Averaging Grading System
Periodical Grading = Attendance (5%) + Participation (10%) + Quiz (25%) + Exam
(60%)
Grading System
Final-Final Grade = Prelim Grade (30%) + Midterm Grade (30%) + Final Grade
(40%)
Contact Detail
Dean/Program Head Liezl Mae S. Artogue, RCrim (09308058188)
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Course Map
CDI1- Simplified Course Pack (SCP)
SCP-Topics: Prelim Period SCP- Topics: Midterm Period SCP- Topics: Final Period
Introduction to criminal Week Principles and concept of

Week 1 Week 7 Art of interrogation
investigation 13 intelligence
Week 2 Crime scene investigation Week

Week 8 Methods of instrumentation Surveillance
14
Measurement, collection,
Week 3 marking, tagging and Week
Week 9 Tracing and arresting criminals Intelligence operation
15
preservation of evidence
Identifying criminals and Week Week

Week 4 Applicable rules of evidence Intelligence cycle
collecting of evidence 10 16
The art of obtaining an Week Week

Week 5 Criminal Procedure Intelligence collection plan
information 11 17
Week Week
Week 6 Preliminary Examination Midterm Examination Final Examination
12 18
Course Outcomes
1. State the foundation or basic principles of criminal investigation.

2. Explain the legal sanction and/or requirements that should be observed in conducting
investigation of criminal cases.
3. Identify, enumerate, and discuss the elements, tools, and phases of criminal investigation.
4. Discuss the standard processes and techniques of identifying, tracing, locating, and apprehending
suspect including the systematic method of collecting and preserving evidences.
5. Appreciate the importance of utilizing scientific knowledge in the field of criminal investigation for
successful detection and prevention of crimes.
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Welcome Aboard! This course covers the concept and principles of

criminal investigation including the modern technique in crime
detection and investigation. Modern techniques in processing the
crime scene involving murder, homicide, rape, robbery, etc. further,
it aims to study the concept and general principles of arrest, searches
and seizures, and the rights of the accused during custodial
investigation. Also, focuses on comparative study of military and
police intelligence functions and operations, types of police
intelligence, phases of intelligence cycle; modus operandi and order
of battle regulations system for identification of criminals and other
threat to national security.
SCP-TOPICS: PRELIM PERIOD TOPICS

Week 1
Lesson Title Introduction to Criminal investigation
Explain the foundation or basic principles of criminal
Learning Outcome(s)
investigation.
At SJPIICD, I Matter!
LEARNING INTENT!
Terms to Ponder
Criminal investigation is an art, which deals with identity and location
of the criminal offender and the gathering and providing evidence of his guilt in
criminal proceedings
Criminal investigator is a skilled person who is charged with the duty of

conducting criminal investigation when a crime is committed.
Essential Content
Introduction
Hans Gross ones said that “criminal investigation is 95% perspiration, 3%
inspiration, and 2% luck.” He also added that criminal investigation is an art not
a science. But must treat partially as a science in order that we are guided by
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the general principles and concept; and the provisions of laws pertinent to our
Criminal Justice System.
The criminal investigator who is an artist is guided by these rules, unlike

the freelance artist who could do everything he wishes in his artistic pursuit.
CONCEPT AND PRINCIPLE OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION
Criminal Investigation
● It has a threefold aims:
o To identify guilty party
o To locate the guilty party
o Provide evidence of his guilt
Phases of investigations
The main objective of a police investigator is to gather all facts in order to:
Phase I Identify the suspect/s through (1) confession; (2)
Eye witness testimony, (3) circumstantial evidence; and (4) associate evidence;
Phase II Locate and apprehend suspect/s; and
Phase III Gather and provide evidence to establish the guilt of the accused.
In proving the guilt of the accused in court, the fact of the existence of the
crime must be established; the accused must be identified and associated with
the crime scene; competent and credible witnesses must be available; and the
physical evidence must be appropriately identified. The investigator must know
by heart the elements of a specific crime
Criminal Investigation as
1. An art based on intuition and sometimes by chance.
2. A science because it involves the application of knowledge of forensic
sciences.
3. A process because it involves systematic procedure
A. Etymology of Investigation
1. The term came from the latin word investigare (vestigare insome books)
which means “to track or to look into for traces”.
2. Fundamentally, it may have been derived from vestigium, another latin
word which means footprint.
3. Criminal Investigation came from the Latin term Investigate, which
means “to inquire or to discover” during the 5th century.
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THE THREE TOOLS OR I’S OF INVESTIGATION

1. Information:
- it is knowledge or facts which the investigator had gathered or
acquired from person or documents which are pertinent and relevant in
concerning the commission of the crime or criminal activities.
INFORMATION CLASSIFIED AS TO SOURCES

1. Regular sources- records, files from government or non-government
agencies, news item.
2. Cultivated sources- information furnished by informants or informers.
3. Grapevines sources- these are information coming from the underworld
characters.
2. Interview and interrogation

a. Interview
-it is simple questioning of a person who cooperates with the investigator.
These are the witness who voluntarily give their accounts about the commission
of a crime.
B. Interrogation
-It is the process of obtaining an admission or confession from those
suspects to have committed a crime. It is also a skillful way of questioning.
C) Field inquiry
-it is general questioning of all person at the crime scene conducted by the
investigator.
3. Instrumentation
-It is the process of applying instrumentation or tools of the police science
in criminal investigation and detection. The used of police laboratory in the
examination of physical evidence, such us forensic.
CARDINAL QUESTIONS IN INVESTIGATION
1. The 5 w’s and 1 h of criminal investigation
-These are the questions: what, who, when, where, why, and how.
- In the performance of his duties, the investigator must seek to establish
the six (6) cardinal points of investigation, namely: what specific offense has been
committed; how the offense was committed; who committed it; where the offense
was committed; when it was committed; and why it was committed.
2. Recurring questions
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- These are the repeated questions that shall be asked by the investigator
on witnesses, suspect informant and informers, during the phase of interview
and interrogation.
PROTOCOLS IN INVESTIGATION
Protocol 1: Jurisdictional Investigation by the Territorial Unit Concerned
The Police Station, which has territorial jurisdiction of the area where the crime
incident was committed, shall immediately undertake the necessary
investigation and processing of the crime scene, unless otherwise directed by
higher authorities for a certain case to be investigated by other units/agency.
Protocol 2: Official Police Blotter

a. A Police Blotter is an 18” x 12” logbook with hard-bound cover that
contains the daily register of all crime incident reports, official summary of
arrests, and other significant events reported in a police station.
b. As a general rule, all crime incidents must be recorded in the official
police blotter.
c. A separate Police Blotter, however, shall be maintained for offenses
requiring confidentiality like violence against women and children and those
cases involving a child in conflict with the law to protect their privacy pursuant
to R.A. 9262 (Anti-Violence Against Women and Children Act of 2004) and R.A.
9344 (Juvenile Justice and Welfare Act of 2006).
d. The duty police officer shall record the nature of the incident in the
police blotter containing the five “W”s (who, what, where, when and why) and
one “H” (how) of the information and inform his superior officer or the duty officer
regarding the occurrence of such incident.
e. In answering the above 5 Ws and 1 H and the Case Disposition, all such
material details about the incident, including the nature of the action or offense;
the Date, Time, and Place of Occurrence; the names of the suspect/s, the
victim/s, the witness/es, if any; facts of the case; significant circumstances that
aggravate or mitigate the event or the crime should be entered along with the
identity of the officer to whom the case is assigned (Officer-on-case); and, the
status of the case.
RESPONDING TO THE CRIME SCENE

When report of a crime is received, the identity of the person who reported
must be noted, to include his address, personal circumstances and possibly
contact number.
1. The means of the report-
- This is either personal appearance, by phone or any other means.
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2. The time of the report

- The exact time of the report to include minutes shall be recorded.
3. The receiver of the report
- The identity of the one who received the report must also be recorded
4. The time of dispatch
- The time when the desk officer dispatches the investigator, is also
recorded together with the names of the investigator their means of
transportation, either mobile car or taxi
These are all part of the investigation report to be submitted by the
investigator, together with the time of the arrival at the crime scene.
SELF-SUPPORT: You can click the URL Search Indicator below to help you further understand the lessons.
Search Indicator
Pinow (2020). Criminal investigation.
http://www.plnow.com/invesrigations/criminal-investigations)
Bermas, D.S. (2004). Handbook on criminal investigation in the Philippines:

fundamental and special crime. SJPIICD LIBRARY
Soriano, W.J. (2008). Fundamentals of criminal investigation: principles and

procedures. SJPIICD LIBRARY
Tradio, C.M. (2003). Handbook of criminal investigation with criminal evidence.

SJPIICD LIBRARY
SCP- CDI1 | 8
LET’S INITIATE!
Activity 1. Let us try to check your understanding of the topics. Write your answers on
the space provided below every after the questions.
1. Explain the nature of criminal investigation.

_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
2. What is criminal investigation and its importance?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
3. Discuss criminal investigation as an art, science and process.

_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
4. What are the cardinal rules in conducting criminal investigation? Explain.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
5. Discuss the objectives in conducting investigation.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
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I
LET’S NQUIRE!
Activity1. In this activity, you are required to expound your answer to each of the
questions below.
1. Discuss narratively the process when the police respond to the crime scene.
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. Explain what makes an investigation successful?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
3. What could be the reason why some questions have to be asked repetitively to the
witness, suspect or victim during the investigation?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
4. Discuss the duty of the police in the conduct of crime scene investigation.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
5. Examine the three classified sources of information and discuss how these sources
helps in the gathering of information.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
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I
LET’S NFER!
Activity 1.
1. Using a graphic organizer, compare the two objectives of interrogation the admission
and confession. Provide each a two example.
Admission Confession
Contrast
example example
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Week 2
Lesson Title Crime Scene Investigation
Discuss the standard processes and techniques of identifying,
Learning Outcome(s)
tracing, locating, and apprehending suspect.
LEARNING INTENT!
Terms to Ponder
Crime scene search is a planned and coordinated legal search of a crime scene to
locate physical evidence relevant to the investigation.
Essential Content
Purpose of crime scene search:
● To developed facts of the crime.
● Identify, collect, and preserved evidence.
● Identify the criminals.
Crime scene search must be conducted in a methodical manner to maximize
the recovery of evidence of any scene. Evidence recovered at a crime scene can be
interpreted to assist in the reconstruction of the crime scene events. Crime scenes
cannot be lump together. Each crime scene is different and they must be evaluation
vase by case.
Sequence of conducting a crime scene search:
● Survey the scene
● Record the scene
● Locate and document all physical evidence
● Search, process, document and recover fingerprints
Processing and Securing a Crime Scene – Processing a crime scene includes the
application of diligent and careful methods by an investigator/policemen to recognize,
identify, preserve and collect fact and items of evidentiary value that may assist in
reconstructing that which actually occurred. The crime scene is the area surrounding
the place where the crime occurred. The processing of the area at the scene includes all
direct traces of the crime. And this is determined by the type of crime committed and
the place where the act occurred.
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Protecting the Crime Scene and the Evidence – Successful crimes scene
processing depends upon the policeman’s or investigator’s skill in recognizing and
collecting facts and items of value as evidence, and upon his ability to protect, preserve,
and later, to present these in a logical manner. This requires making careful and detailed
notes and sketches; written statements and transcribing verbal statements of witnesses,
suspects and marking and preservation of collected physical objects of evidentiary
nature.
Laboratory examination of objects and substances located usually at the crime
scene. Objects and substances needing examination in some cases are carried,
intentionally or unintentionally, by suspects from the crime scene.
THE GOLDEN RULE AT THE CRIME SCENE
• Never touch any object at the crime scene unless photograph, measured and
indicated in the sketch.
ASSIGNMENT OF DUTIES
A. TEAM LEADER
B. PHOTOGRAPHER
C. SKETCHER
D. MASTER NOTE TAKER
E. EVIDENCE MAN
F. MEASURER
Ordinarily, only one investigator is assigned to a particular cases, especially when
there is an over loading cases. But in complex cases or sensational ones a team of
investigators usually handle said cases. The team is headed by the chief or senior
investigator who will assign the respective task to each member.
Equipment of the investigator:
1. Police line;
2. Video camera;
3. Voice recorder;
4. Camera;
5. Measuring device;
6. Gloves;
7. Flashlight;
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8. Fingerprint kit;
9. Evidence bag;
10. Evidence tag;
11. Evidence bottles/vials; and
12. Investigator‟s tickler (contains the following)
a) Investigator‟s checklist
b) Anatomical diagram form
c) Evidence checklist
d) Turn-over receipt
Duties of the First Responder
a. Proceed to the crime scene to validate the information received;
b. Record the exact time of arrival and all pertinent data regarding the incident in
his issued pocket notebook and notify the TOC;
c. Cordon off the area and secure the crime scene with a police line or whatever
available material like ropes, straws or human as barricade to preserve its integrity;
d. Check whether the situation still poses imminent danger and call for back up if
necessary;
e. Identify possible witnesses and conduct preliminary interview and ensure their
availability for the incoming investigator-on-case;
f. Arrest the suspect/s if around or in instances wherein the suspect/s is fleeing,
make appropriate notification for dragnet operations;
g. Prepare to take the “Dying Declaration” of severely injured persons with the
following requisites:
1. That death is imminent and the declarant is conscious of that fact;
2. That the declaration refers to the cause and surrounding circumstances
of such death;
3. That the declaration relates to facts which the victim is competent to testify
to; and
4. That the declaration is offered in a case wherein the declarant’s death is
the subject of the inquiry. (Section 37, Rule 130 of the Rules of Court).
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h. Evacuate the wounded to the nearest hospital using emergency services;

i. Account for the killed, wounded and arrested persons for proper disposition;
j. Conduct initial investigation; and
k. Brief the investigator-on-case upon arrival and turn over the crime scene.
I. Conduct inventory on the evidence taken at the crime scene; Inventory receipt
should be properly signed by the first responder, SOCO and the investigator.
Duties and responsibilities of the Investigating Team
a. Take full control of the crime scene to include the conduct of crime
scene search; taking of photographs; making sketches; lifting of fingerprints;
markings of physical evidence; (Chain of custody) the transmittal of evidence to
crime laboratory; interview of witnesses; gathering and evaluation of evidence;
follow-up of the case and the documentation and filing of appropriate charges in
court.
b. Establish a command post in the immediate vicinity of the crime scene;
c. Designate a holding area in the immediate vicinity of the crime scene (for the
media, VIP‟s and other personalities present);
d. Conduct case conference with the first responder, SOCO, other law enforcers
and rescue personnel;
e. Note any secondary crime scene (if situation requires); and
f. Release the crime scene after investigation.
CRIME SCENE SEARCH/THE METHOD OF SEARCHING
STRIP METHOD
The searchers proceed slowly at the same place along the path parallel to one
side of the rectangle. At the end of the rectangle, the searchers turn and proceed
back along new lanes but parallel to the first movement. When a piece of evidence
is found, the finder announces his discovery and the search must stop until the
evidence has been cared for. A photographer is called, if necessary. The evidence is
collected and tagged and the search proceeds at a given signal. At the end of the
rectangle, the searchers turn and proceed along new lanes.
THE DOUBLE STRIP OR GRID METHOD
It has the same process as that of the strip method but with the modification
that the lanes covered by the strip method is processed twice.
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THE SPIRAL OR CIRCULAR METHOD

The searchers follow each other in a path of spiral, beginning in the outside
and spiraling towards the center of the scene.
ZONE METHOD
The area subject of the search is divided into quadrants and each searcher
is assigned to his specific quadrants.
THE WHEEL METHOD, RADIAL OR SPOKE METHOD
This method is applied if the area to be searched is approximately circular or
oval. The procedure should be repeated several times depending on the size of the
circle and the number of searchers. One shortcoming of this method is the great
increase in the area to be observed as the searcher departs from the center.
Three Basic Premises to be considered when searching
1. The best search options are often the most difficult and time consuming.
*** During the conduct of your preliminary search, keep in mind the
LOCCARDS PRINCIPLE (Every contact leaves a trace).
2. You cannot over document the physical evidence.
3. There is only one chance to perform the job properly.
PHOTOGRAPHING THE CRIME SCENE
1. GENERAL VIEW
• The general view of the scene must be photograph in different angles,
showing the specific location of every physical evidence discovered
during the search.
Distance: From the doorway to the room and other corners of the
room.
2. MID-RANGE PHOTOGRAPH –
• Shows the nature of the crime.
Distance: 8 or 10 ft. from the victim
3. CLOSE UP VIEW
• Every physical evidence must be photograph in a close-up views and
different angles. And this close up views must be enlarged in court
presentation.
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Distance: 5 ft. or less from the subject/ object.

4. Color Photography
• It is advisable to used colored photograph to enhance their effects on
the sense of the court
GUIDES IN PHOTOGRAPHY
A. Series of photographs of the crime scene.
B. The depicted object in the photographs should not be immaterial or
irrelevant.
C. Overall photos of the scene are taken to show the approach to the area,
street signs, and street light locations in relation to the actual scene, street
addresses and identifying objects at the scene. Pictures should also be taken of
every room in the house, even if their relationship to the crime scene is not readily
apparent.
D. Photograph the scene in a clockwise pattern before altering the body's
position or any other evidence within the scene. Photograph the scene from at least
2 opposite corners, but from all four corners is even better. This way, nothing is
missed or hidden from view by intervening objects.
E. Photograph the body and the immediate vicinity around the body. If you
have a camera boom, take pictures from ceiling height down of the victim and any
other evidence. This perspective often shows things missed when viewed from
ground or eye level.
THE KINDS OF PHOTOGRAPH TO BE TAKEN AT THE SCENE
● The photograph of the deceased showing the relationship of the dead body
with the surroundings, specially the physical evidence.
● Photograph of evidence showing forcible entry, destroy padlocks, broken
doors and windows and other relevant sign of disturbances.
THE USED OF SPECIAL PHOTOGRAPH
● Such as infrared ultra violet, macro-photography, photomicrography, movie
camera, etc.
● Photograph of environs.
● Close up photograph of the wounds of the dead body after removal.
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Search Indicator
SJPIICD LIBRARY
SCP- CDI1 | 18
LET’S INITIATE!
Activity 1. Let us try to check your understanding of the topics. Write your answers to
1. Explain the purpose of crime scene search.

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
2. Distinguish rough sketch and finish sketch.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
3. What are the basic principles to be considered in conducting a crime scene search?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
4. Discuss the Loccard’s principles in the conduct of crime scene investigation.

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
5. What are the guidelines in conducting photograph?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
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LET’S INQUIRE!
Activity 1. In this activity, you are required to expound your answer to each of the
questions below.
1. Discuss the importance of Golden rule at the crime scene “Never touch any object at
the crime scene unless photograph, measured and indicated in the sketch.”
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
2. Discuss the importance of sketch in the crime scene investigation.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
3. Justify the use of photograph in the crime scene investigation?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
4. Explain the necessity of special photograph in crime scene processing?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
5. Justify the importance of rough sketch and finish sketch in the court proceedings.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
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LET’S INFER!
Activity 1. Using a graph organizer, discuss what photograph must be taken in
conducting crime scene investigation.
Text
Text Text
Photograp
h
Text Text
Text
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Week 3
Measurement. Collection, marking, tagging and preservation
Lesson Title
of evidence
Discuss the systematic method of collecting and preserving
Learning Outcome(s)
evidence.
LEARNING INTENT!
Terms to Ponder
Chain of custody it is the number of person who handled and possessed the
pieces of evidence the moment that they were collected, marked, and tagged, up to
the time of the final disposition of the case.
Reconstructing crime it is the assessment made by the investigator after the

crime scene investigation, of how the crime is committed.
Essential Content
TYPES OF CRIME SCENE MEASUREMENT
1. Triangulation method
-An object is located by drawing two straight lines from two fixed points (reference)
creating a triangle; the object is in an angle formed by the line.
-Sketching method that requires measuring the distance of an object along a
straight line from two widely separated fixed reference points.
2. Rectangular coordinates method

-This method uses two walls in a room as fixed points, from which distances are
measured at right angle to the object.
3. Baseline method
- A sketching method that makes measurements along from a single reference line
called a baseline, which can be established by using a length of string, chalk line, or
some other convenient means.
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SKETCHING THE CRIME SCENE

a. Sketch
-It is the graphic representation of the crime scene of the crime, with complete
measurement of the relative of the crime, with complete measurement of the relative
distances of relevant object and condition obtaining therein.
Procedures on making a sketch
a. To establish admissibility, the investigator must have personal observation of the data
in question. In other words, the sketch must be sponsored or verified.
REMINDER: Sketches are not a substitute for notes or photos; they are but a
supplement to them.
THE GENERAL KINDS OF SKETCH
1. Rough sketch
It is made by the investigator at the crime scene which is full of important details.
This is used as the basis for the finished sketch.
2. Finished sketch
This is a sketch with a scale of proportion and drawn by a drafts man.
SPECIFIC KINDS OF SKETCHES
a. Sketch of locality-
It deals with the crime scene in relation to the environs, to include neighboring
buildings, structures, or means of access leading to the scene. This kind of sketch is
applied in conflagrations, suspected arson indicating the origin of the fire and how it
spread naturally or unnaturally against the wind.
b. Sketch of the ground
This is the kind of sketch which illustrates the scene of the crime with the nearest
physical surroundings, such the room adjacent or opposite the room of the crime scene,
the number of floors of a building or house, the yard and other natural structures.
c. Sketch in details or cross projector view or the exploded view.
It describes the immediate scene only, specifically inside a room as the scene of the
crime.
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ELEMENTS OF THE SKETCH

A. Measurements- measurement of space and distance of relevant objects to their point
of reference
B. Compass direction- a standard arrow to indicate the north direction.
C. Essential items- all items in the scene must be included.
D. Scale of proportion- it is an element of finished sketch.
E. Legend- this is usually place at the bottom of sketch outside the sketch of the scene.
F. Title- this is the portion of the sketch to identify the particular case by the name of
the victim, the exact address of the scene, the date and time of occurrence, the time
of preparation of the sketch and the name and signature of the sketcher
COLLECTION
As an evidence is collected, it is individually marked with the initials of the
investigation. This is accomplished after the search is completed, the rough sketch
finished and photographs taken. Fragile evidence should be collected as they are
found. All firearms (FAs) found to have tampered serial numbers (SNs) shall be
automatically subjected to macro etching at the Philippine National Police Crime
Laboratory (PNP-CL). A corresponding request to the Firearms and Explosive Office
(FEO) must be made for verification purposes.
The investigator places his initials, the date and time of discovery on each
item of evidence for proper identification. Items that could not be marked should
be placed in a suitable container and sealed.
MARKING
• Every collected evidence must be mark
• These are information to ensure that the items can be identified by the
collector at any time in the future.
• This precaution will help immeasurably to establish the credibility of the
collector’s report or testimony and will effectively avoid any suggestions that
the item has been misidentified.
• Always place your Markings away from the stain
Note: encircling the stain with a marker or ink must be done only when:
a. To indicate a particular stain to be examined.
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b. There is a suspicion for a possibility that the stain will further fade through
time.
c. The stain is not prominent or hardly visible to the naked eye.
In rape cases, bed sheets, blankets, pillows, couch covers, etc. are just some
sample of materials where seminal stains are commonly found. This type of stains
are unstable and fade through time. Encircling the stain is recommended. The
same pillow case that was tested positive for the presence of seminal stain.
Markings such as description, initials of collecting officer, date of collection
and as well as encircling of the stain were observed.
TAGGING
• Every piece of evidence that is collected and marked must be tagged.
• Tagging could be applied to movable objects such as this knife where placing
markings on any of its surfaces is not possible.
• The tag must contain the markings and other information about the
specimen.
It is advisable to place same markings such as exhibit and initials on a secured
portion of the specimen for the following reasons:
a. The possibility for the tag to be dislodged or removed due to loose tagging
or incautious transport of the specimen;
b. To further intensify identification of the specimen if ever the need arises

(e.g. court of law/proceedings)
Ideal manner of Packaging
• Integrity seal
• Initial/Signature of the Collecting Officer/who did the packaging
Ideal manner of submitting pointed items
Improvised manner of submitting pointed items
Manner of submitting specimen/evidence with the use of paper envelop as
evidence bag
PRESERVATION
• Perishable material should be preserved by the way or the method of
preservation in order that they will reach the court in the same physical
condition as when they were collected from the crime scene.
SCP- CDI1 | 25
METHODS OF MARKING SPECIFIC KINDS OF EVIDENCE

A. Guns- revolvers must be marked separately on the frame, butt, cylinder,
barrel and stock.
-for rifles, they should be marked on the barrel, frame bolt or slide.
-all magazines and accessories shall also be marked
B. Revolver cylinder- aside from the mark on the cylinder, the chamber facing
the firing pin must be marked as soon as it is opened for examination.
C. Fired empty shells, misfired cartridges- strictly regulations say they
must be marked inside the mouth in cases of fired empty cartridges.
D. Bullet or slugs- they can be marked on the ogive or nose, avoiding the
land and grooved marks. They should also mark on the base.
Chain of Custody
A list of all persons who came into possession of an item of evidence,
continuity of possession, or the chain of custody, must be establish whenever
evidence is presented in court as an exhibit. Adherence to standard procedures in
recording the location of evidence, marking it for identification, and properly
completing evidence submission forms for laboratory analysis is critical to chain of
custody. Every person who handled or examined the evidence and where it is at all
times must be accounted for.
As a rule, all seized evidence must be in the custody of the evidence custodian
and deposited in the evidence room or designated place for safekeeping.
Transmittal of Evidence to Crime Laboratory
Proper handling of physical evidence is necessary to obtain the maximum
possible information upon which scientific examination shall be based, and to
prevent exclusion as evidence in court. Specimens which truly represent the
material found at the scene, unaltered, unspoiled or otherwise unchanged in
handling will provide more and better information upon examination. Legal
requirements make it necessary to account for all physical pieces of evidence from
the time it is collected until it is presented in court. With these in mind, the
following principles should be observed in handling all types of evidence:
1. The evidence should reach the laboratory in same condition as when it
was found, as much as possible.
SCP- CDI1 | 26
2. The quantity of specimen should be adequate. Even with the best

equipment available, good results cannot be obtained from insufficient specimens.
3. Submit a known or standard specimen for comparison purposes.
4. Keep each specimen separate from others so there will be no intermingling
or mixing of known and unknown material. Wrap and seal in individual packages
when necessary.
5. Mark or label each of evidence for positive identification as the evidence
taken from a particular location in connection with the crime under investigation.
6. The chain of custody of evidence must be maintained. Account for evidence
from the time it is collected until it is produced in court. Any break in this chain of
custody may make the material inadmissible as evidence in court.
RECONSTUCTING THE CRIME
KINDS OF REONSTRUCTING THE CRIME
A. Physical reconstructions
o Reconstructing the crime is based on the physical appearance of the
crime scene mainly focused on the pieces of physical evidences.
B. Mental reconstruction
o Based on the physical reconstruction, some conclusions could be
formulated taking into account all available pieces of evidence.
Search Indicator

SJPIICD LIBRARY
SCP- CDI1 | 27
LET’S INITIATE!
1. Explain crime scene reconstruction.

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
2. Differentiate physical reconstruction and mental reconstruction.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
3. What is the importance of marking the evidence?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
4. Explain the importance of chain of custody.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
5. Why should evidence be tagged?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
SCP- CDI1 | 28
LET’S INQUIRE!
questions below.
1. Bullets and slugs are mark in the base, ogive or nose and not in the body. Justify the
reason why the body of the slugs or bullets must not be marked?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2. Discuss the reason why an investigator needs to conduct a crime reconstruction?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3. Justify the need why is the marking of evidence important?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
4. Explain the importance why evidence need to be preserved.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
5. Discuss the importance of measuring the evidence in the crime scene before the
removal of pieces of evidence evidences.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
SCP- CDI1 | 29
LET’S INFER!
Activity 1. The methods of crime scene measurement was already discussed. In this
activity, illustrate the measurement of all the object at the crime scene using
triangulation, rectangular coordinates and baseline method of measurement. In a piece
of paper draw the crime scene and illustrate the method of measurement.
SCP- CDI1 | 30
Week 4
Lesson Title Identifying criminals and collecting of evidence
Discuss the techniques in identifying and apprehending
Learning Outcome(s)
criminals
LEARNING INTENT!
Terms to Ponder
Field inquiry it is a general questioning of all persons, near or around the crime
scene.
Police line-up it is the process of identification by witnesses of the unknown

fugitive who is mixed with innocent person lined before the witness.
Modus operandi it is the method of the operation by a specific criminal or

criminal syndicates.
Essential Content
Field Inquiry
When to start the field inquiry?
The moment that the investigator sets foot at the crime scene, he must immediately
conduct the general questioning of all persons present there at.
How to treat witnesses and suspects retained at the scene?
The witnesses and or suspects retained at the crime scene shall be immediately
transported to headquarters with the basic guideline that they should be immediately
separated with each other upon arrival at the station.
The there is a need to separate each witness from the other and which applies also
to suspects is to preserve the independence of their respective accounts about the
commission of the crime.
Taking of Sworn Statement/s of the Witnesses

a. Sworn Statement or Affidavit of complainant/s and witness/es must be taken
immediately by the investigator-on-case.
b. Affidavit of Arrest of arresting officers must be taken immediately not later than 24
hours.
c. In Inquest cases, the investigator-on-case and the arresting officer/s shall observe
Art. 125 of the RPC.
SCP- CDI1 | 31
The four methods of identifying the criminals

• By confession or admission
• By accounts or testimonies of witnesses
• By circumstances evidence
• By associative evidence
Two kind of criminals for purposes of identification by witness

1. Known fugitive
2. Unknown fugitive
Methods of identification by witness

1. Verbal description
2. Rogues gallery
3. General photograph
4. Cartographic sketch
Police line-up
Procedure of police line up
A. For one suspect to be mixed with innocent persons, the lineup must at least
be composed of seven person to ten persons.
B. The appearance of those composing the lineup must be approximately the

same as to height, built, complexion, hairstyle, clothing.
C. The witness should be instructed before entering the lineup room about the
presence of the suspects.
D. The suspect must be given the opportunity to select their position in the
lineup.
E. The lineup members are not allowed to talk during the process or make any
movement which may suggest the identity of the suspect.
F. The investigator should not talk or moved which may indirectly identify the
suspect.
G. The proceedings must be covered by a detailed report and possibly by a movie

camera for court presentation.
SCP- CDI1 | 32
Physical evidence to identify the criminal

Kinds of physical evidence
Corpus delicti. These are the object or substances, which constitute the essential
parts or elements of the commission of the crime.
Associative evidence. Pieces of evidence which will link the suspect to the crime
scene
Tracing evidence. Article which assist the investigator in locating the criminal.
Investigation of Suspects
a. Procedures when arrest is made
1. Secure the person arrested (handcuff at the back);
2. Inform the arrested person on the cause of his arrest and his rights as
provided for in the Constitution;
3. Conduct thorough search for weapons and other illegal materials against
the suspect/s;
4. Use reasonable force in making arrest;
5. Confiscated evidence shall be properly documented and marked;
6. Bring the arrested person to the Police Station for investigation.
Booking procedures of the Arrested Person/Suspect
1. The arrested suspect shall be fingerprinted, photographed and subjected to
medical examination to include liquor and drug tests.
2. Conduct record check.
Taking of Sworn Statements of Suspects

The execution of a suspect’s “WAIVER” as stipulated in Art 125 of the RPC
shall always be done in the presence of his chosen counsel or any independent
counsel.
PRESERVATION AND CARE OF EVIDENCE
PURPOSE:
In order that the evidence gathered at the crime scene shall have the same
substantial condition when they will be presented before the court during trial.
MODUS OPERANDI
o Known as the mode of operation of the criminals.
A. It is one of the most useful means of identifying unknown fugitives.
B. For use of security education programs of the citizenry over the radio or
television programs or in seminars about safety education
SCP- CDI1 | 33
Search Indicator
Pinow (2020). Criminal investigation. Retrieved online on June 3, 2020
athttp://www.plnow.com/invesrigations/criminal-investigations)
fundamental and special crime. Manila: Central Book Store

procedures. QC: Great Books Publication

Manila: Central Professional Books.
SCP- CDI1 | 34
LET’S INITIATE!
1. Discuss the importance of Modus operandi in the criminal investigation.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
2. Explain the purpose in preserving evidence found at the crime scene.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
3. Discuss the nature of field inquiry.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
4. Differentiate known and unknown criminal.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
5. Justify the purpose of separating the witnesses from one another.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
SCP- CDI1 | 35
LET’S INQUIRE!
questions below.
1. Differentiate the following:
Verbal description Rogues Gallery Cartographic Sketch General Photograph
2. Using Venn diagram, compare and contrast admission and confession and provide
example.
3. Discuss how field inquiry is conducted.

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
4. Discuss the procedure in conducting police lineup.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
5. Describe how the police treat the suspects and witnesses taken from the crime scene.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
SCP- CDI1 | 36
LET’S INFER!
Activity 1. The physical evidence to identify criminals were already discussed. In this
activity you need to define the kinds of evidence and provide a situational example using
a graphic organizer.
Text
SCP- CDI1 | 37
Week 5
Lesson Title The art of obtaining an information
Understand the nature of interview as a tools in gathering
Learning Outcome(s)
information in the criminal investigation
LEARNING INTENT!
Terms to Ponder
Interview it is the questioning of a person believed to possess information which
are relevant to the investigation of a crime or non-criminal activities.
Informants is an informants is any person who furnishes the police an

information relevant to a criminal case about the activities of criminals or syndicate.
Confidential informant he is a person who provides the police with confidential

information concerning a past crime or a projected and planned crime.
Essential Content
The golden rule in interview
Never conduct or let anyone conduct and interview if the interviewer has gone to the
crime scene.
Qualities of a good interviewer
a. Rapport
It is the relationship between the interviewer and the interviewee which is
conducive to a fruitful result.
b. Forceful personality
The appearance of the interview and other qualities such as skills of communication
techniques or the force of his language are the mainstays of his character.
c. Knowledge of human behavior
This will help the interviewer to determine the personality and intelligence of his
subject, he must go down and up to the level of understanding of his particular subject.
d. Conversational tone of voice
His tone of voice must be conversational, not for confrontational as in interrogation.
e. Common interest
His preliminary and probing question should be aimed to establish common interest
between him and the subject.
SCP- CDI1 | 38
f. Acting qualities
He must possess the qualities of an actor, salesman and psychologist and know how
to use the power of persuasion.
g. Humility
He must be courteous, sympathetic and humble, ready to ask apologies for the
inconvenience of the interview.
Cognitive interview
It is a form or technique in the conduct of interview upon willing and cooperative
witnesses, where they are given the full opportunity to narrate their accounts without
intervention, interruption and interference from the interviewer.
Reason why witnesses refuse to talk and testify

Fear of reprisal
The fear of reprisal is always entertained by witnesses who lack The courage to face
the suspect, his associates or relatives.
Great convenience
On the part of those of hands to mouth existence there is this real inconvenience
which will deprive them the time to earn for their living especially during the ordeal of
testifying during the trial.
Hatred against the police
This hatred maybe due to previous bad experience with rogue members of the police
organization.
Biased of the witness
The witness maybe an acquaintance, friend, helper, or benefactor of the suspect.
Avoidance of publicity
There are witnesses who are shy and they shun publicity that will bring discomfort
of their ordinary or obscure way of living.
Family restriction
Some famous and respected families preserve their reputations by instilling to their
members the need of approval of their elders on matter affecting their families.
Bigotry
Religious or racial, tribal or ethnic indifference.
Cultish indoctrination
Some cults or religious denominations exercise religious or moral influence on
decision of witnesses to testify.
SCP- CDI1 | 39
STAGES OF HANDLING THE INTERVIEW

A. Preparation
The investigator should review the facts at the crime scene and information from
other sources in order that he would be ready for questioning.
B. Approach
The investigator must carefully select his kind of approach, which maybe a single
kind, a combination of two or the application of all techniques.
C. Warming up
This is done by preliminary or exploratory question to clear the atmosphere, promote
a conductive ground for cordiality, respect and trust for each other.
D. Cognitive interview
The subject now is asked to narrate his account without interruption, intervention
or interference.
RULES IN QUESTIONING
A. One question at a time
B. Avoid implied answer
C. Simplicity of questions
D. Saving faces
E. Yes and no answers
Types of witnesses according to their attitudes

a. Know-nothing type
These are the reluctant type of witnesses. They are found among the uneducated
and of low level of intelligence.
b. Disinterested type
This is the uncooperative and indifferent subject.
c. The drunken type
The style of questioning by the investigator should be adapted to the psychology of
the subject.
d. Suspicious type
These types of witnesses are suspicious about the motive and action of the
investigator.
e. Talkative type
These are witnesses who are prone to exaggerate, adding irrelevant or new matters
to their narrations.
f. Honest witness
These are the truthful and cooperative witnesses where the investigator could rely
upon, with little or no problem in handling them.
g. Deceitful witness
These are the liar type of witnesses.
SCP- CDI1 | 40
h. Timid witness
They are the shy witnesses.
i. Boasting, egoistic, or egocentric
They will be good witnesses because of their ability of expressing their accounts of
the commission of a crime.
j. Refusal to talk witnesses
These are the most difficult subject to deal with. Find out the reasons of their silence
by exploring deeper into the kind of their personality.
Types of informant
a. Anonymous informant
He maybe an anonymous phone caller, letter writer or a text sender.
b. Rival-elimination informant
This kind mostly maintains being anonymous.
c. False informant
Usually reveals information of in consequence, value or stuff connected with
thin air.
d. Frightened informant
He is prodded by fear or self-interest in giving information to the police.
e. Self-aggrandizing informant
This kind of informant moves around the centers of criminals, group or
syndicate and delights in surprising the police about bits of information.
f. Mercenary informant
The informant has information for sale.
g. Double-crosser informant
He uses his seeming desire to divulge information as an excuse to talk to the
police in order to get more information from them more than he gives.
h. Women informant
She maybe the female associate of the criminal, who was roughed up,
marginalized in the deal or being eased out from the group.
i. Legitimate informant
Those who desire to give information springs from legitimate reasons.
Motives of informants
Vanity
The motive is for self-aggrandizement by gaining favorable attention and
importance by the police.
Civic mindedness
Those imbued with the sence of duty and obligation to assist the police in their
task.
SCP- CDI1 | 41
Fear
It is the engendered illusion of oppression from enemies or from impending
dangers.
Repentance
Those lesser criminals such as accomplices or accessories who will have a
change in heart to unburden their conscience.
Informers
He is the person who provides information to the police on regular basis.
Women informers
They are most effective among informers because they could easily penetrate
the ranks of criminal with less suspicion.
Dual rule of the informers
A. Identifying and tracing the whereabouts of the suspect
B. Gathering of information that will lead to the location and recovery of the
evidence such as the loot or other pieces of evidence relevant to criminal
activities.
Search Indicator
Pinow (2020). Criminal investigation. Retrieved online on June 3, 2020
athttp://www.plnow.com/invesrigations/criminal-investigations)


SJPIICD LIBRARY
SCP- CDI1 | 42
LET’S INITIATE!
1. Discuss the importance of interview in gathering information.

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
2. Discuss the importance of rapport in the conduct of interview.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
3. Explain the process of cognitive interview.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
4. Explain the nature of informants and its importance.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
5. Differentiate informer and informant.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
SCP- CDI1 | 43
LET’S INQUIRE!
questions below.
1. Discuss the golden rule of interview “Never conduct or let anyone conduct and
interview if the interviewer has not gone to the crime scene”
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2. Explain the reason why some witness refuse to testify.

_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3. Discuss the motives of informant for giving information.

_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
4. Discuss how the forceful personality of the interviewer affects the interviewee.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
5. Justify the reason why the investigator when conducting interview need to determine
the personality of the interviewee?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
SCP- CDI1 | 44
LET’S INFER!
Activity 1. The nature of interview was already discussed. In this activity you need to
create your own question and answer interview. At least minimum of five to ten interview
question and answer. Apply the stages in handling interview and follow the rules in
questioning.
1. ________________________________?
________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________
2. _______________________________?
________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________
3. _______________________________?
________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________
4. _______________________________?
________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________
5. ________________________________?
________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________
SCP- CDI1 | 45
SCP-TOPICS: MIDTERM PERIOD TOPICS

Week 7
Lesson Title The art of investigation
Learning Outcome(s) Acquire techniques in interrogation.
LEARNING INTENT!
Terms to Ponder
Interrogation is the vigorous and the confrontational questioning of a
suspect about his participation in a crime.
Essential Content
Interrogation It is the process of obtaining an admission or confession from
those suspects to have committed a crime.
Kinds of Confession
Extra-judicial confession those made by the suspect during custodial
investigation.
Judicial confession those made by the accused in open court. The plea of guilty
maybe during arraignment or any stage of the proceedings where the accused
changes his plea of not guilty to guilty.
Custodial investigation is the term to denote the investigation conducted by

the investigator who is under police custody.
Miranda Doctrine- The origin is of American jurisprudence. Mr. Miranda, a
Latino was accused of a serious offense somewhere in the state of Arizona. He was
interrogated exhaustedly by the Arizona police leading to his confession. Based on his
confession, he was charge, tried and convicted. Appeal his on his conviction was made
before the Arizona Supreme court but his conviction was affirm. The appeal was then
elevated to the US Supreme Court where there was a reversal of the decision and he
was acquitted on constitutional grounds.
It was on his case, entitled Miranda vs. Arizona that the US Supreme Court laid
down the constitutional rights of the accused during custodial interrogation. It was
incorporated in our 1973 Constitution and later in 1987 Constitution of the
Philippines. This is known as Miranda Rule or Doctrine.
SCP- CDI1 | 46
The right of the accused during custodial investigation

1. Right to remain silent.
A person under custodial investigation has the right to refuse answering any
question. If he indeed refuses, this may not be used against him.
2. Right to counsel of his own choice and if he has none, the government
must provide one for him.
In People v. Rapeza (G.R. No. 169431), the Supreme Court held that the purpose
of providing counsel to a person under custodial investigation is to curb the police-
state practice of extracting a confession that leads suspects to make self-
incriminating statements. In order to comply with the constitutional mandate, there
should be meaningful communication to, and understanding of rights by the suspect,
as opposed to a routine, peremptory and meaningless recital thereof.
Not only does a person under custodial investigation have the right to counsel,
but the provision states that said counsel must be an independent and competent
one, preferably of his own choice. Jurisprudence explains that the lawyer called to be
present during the investigation should be as far as reasonably possible the choice of
the individual undergoing questioning. If the lawyer were one furnished in the
person’s behalf, he should be present and able to advise and assist his client from
the time the latter answers the first question asked by the investigating officer until
the signing of the extrajudicial confession, if any. The lawyer should ascertain that
the confession is made voluntarily and the person under investigation fully
understands the nature and consequences of his confession in relation to his
constitutional rights.
3. The right to be informed of such rights.
In affording this right to a person under custodial investigation, it is not
sufficient that the investigating officer reads out the rights, or merely repeats what is
stated in the constitutional provision. The officer is duty-bound to also explain the
effects of these rights and ensure the person’s understanding thereof, in a language
known to and understood by him.
These rights may not be waived unless made in writing and in the presence and
assistance of counsel.
The Techniques of Interrogation

Emotional Appeal- This is a technique where the investigator, combining his
skills of an actor and psychologist, addresses the suspect with emotional appeal to
confess.
Sympathetic approach- The investigator, in his preliminary or probing
questions must dig deep into the past troubles, plight and unfortunate events in the
life of the suspect.
Friendliness- A friendly approach coupled with a posture of sincerity may
induce the suspect to confess.
SCP- CDI1 | 47
Tricks and Bluffs

1. Pretense of solid evidence against the accused- the investigator
bluffs the suspect that even if he will not confess, there is enough evidence to send
him to jail. If he will confess, the investigator will see to it that his prison term will be
within the range of probation.
2. The weakest link- among suspect, there must be a careful selection of
who among them is the weakest link where the interrogation will begin. By tricks and
bluffs, this weakest link will be told that his companions had already confessed. That
this weakest link had dealt the fatal blow or that he received the lion share of the
loots in order to intrigue him.
3. Drama- The weakest link maybe used to fake pain and agony by
ordering him to shout, accompanied by banging of chair on the wall to make it appear
that a commotion is going on. The other suspects in separate room must hear the
drama before telling them that their partner had confess.
4. Feigning contact with family members- The suspect could be tricked
that the investigator had gone to the residence and the family member had supplied
fact against the suspect. The suspect’s family will be dragged into the investigation if
the suspects will not confess.
5. The lineup- The complainant, witness or victims is requested to point
positively the suspect who is among person in the police line-up. The witnesses,
victims or complainant are previously coached about the identity of the suspect.
6. Reverse lineup- The suspect is placed among other person in lineup
and he is identified by several complainants and witnesses who will associate the
suspect in other several crimes. This will cause the suspect to become desperate and
confess only to the case under investigation, to avoid from being charged on false
accusations.
Stern approach - The investigator displays a stern personality towards the
suspect by using the following:
1. Pretense of physical evidence- it is the pretense of laboratory or
scientific findings pointing to the suspect.
2. Jolting- In the questioning process, the investigator select the right
moment to shout a pertinent question in an apparent righteous outrage. The
suspect’s nerves will break to confession.
3. Indifference- In the presence of the suspect, the investigators will
discuss and debate about the strong evidence of the case that will result to the
conviction of maximum penalty. Their aim is to induce the suspect to confess by
conditioning his mind that he is finally cornered with no other recourse but to confess.
4. Feigning protection and consideration- the investigator ask series of
questions appearing to be formalities with the impression that he knows the answer.
That these questions are asked as matters of consideration of the rights, protection
and advantage of the suspect.
5. Opportunity to lie- the suspect is given all the opportunities to lie. The
suspect is questioned about his personal life, family, friends, and his knowledge about
SCP- CDI1 | 48
the complainant and witnesses. Then the suspect is questioned about the activities
prior, during and after the commission of the crime. This is repeated many times, to
include the investigator focusing his questions about the knowledge of the suspect of
the crime. The suspect will be enmeshed with contradiction, which now capitalized
by the investigator, to get the truth from the suspect, if possible, the interrogation
must be taped recorded for purpose of emphasis during the confrontation of the
contradiction.
Mutt and Jeff method- The first set of investigator must appear to be rough,
mean and dangerous. When they have finish the interrogation, the second
investigator intervenes by stopping the first set of investigators. By being sympathetic
and understanding, he begins his interrogation.
Removing the ethnic or cultural barrier- if the suspect is an Ilocano, he
should be interrogated by an Ilocano investigator and the same with other ethnic or
cultural. The language or dialect of the suspect is to be used so that we could get his
full confidence.
Searching for the soft spot- In every man, there is always that spot which could
be discovered by the investigator thru his knowledge of human behaviour. The heart
may have been hardened to steel by poverty, destitution, hopelessness, despair,
apathy, indifference, injustice, hatred and other factors. Once the discovered, there
must be a face to face meeting with that special person and that heart steel will melt
to pieces.
Additional modern techniques of interrogation

Rationalization- it is the used of reasons, which is acceptable to the subject
that led to the commission of the crime. Thus, it may be said that sometimes, killing
is a necessity rather than by purpose or design. Robbery maybe a necessity to feed a
starving family. The application of this technique depends upon the nature of the
crime.
Projection- it is the process of putting the blame to other person, not alone to
the suspect. The murdered may blame the mastermind for corrupting him with big
sum of money, or the mastermind blaming the greediness of the victim or husband
blaming the wife for her infidelity. Or that it is a necessary evil as the victim is
planning to kill the suspect.
Minimization- it is the act of minimizing the culpability of the suspect. The
investigator convinces the suspect that a confession will reduce the offense and the
penalty. Thus, it could be studied by the investigator if there is a way to downgrade
murder to homicide or the introduction of mitigating circumstances with the result of
the penalty being within the range of probation.
Physical signs of deceptions

1. Sweating- Profuse sweating indicates tension, anxiety, shock or fear. Extreme
nervousness is also the cause of sweating.
SCP- CDI1 | 49
2. Color change- Anger is indicated if the face is blushed. It is also the result of
extreme nervousness or embarrassment. It is necessarily, a sign of deception or guilt.
A pale face is a reliable indicator of guilt or deception.
3. Dry mouth- This is a sign of great tension and is a reliable symptom of
deception. Swallowing, constant movement of Adams apple and sweating of the lips
are indication of dryness of the mouth.
4. Breathing- An effort to control breathing during the critical questioning is an
indication of deception. Gasping of breath is the ultimate result of the control in
breathing.
5. Pulse- when observed at the sides of the neck, the investigator will discover
the increase in pulse beat which is indicative of deception.
6. Avoidance of direct eye contact- this may indicate guilt or deception. Misty
or teary eyes indicate remorse or repentance.
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LET’S INITIATE!
1. Discuss the nature of interrogation.
________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2. Explain the purpose of interrogation.

________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3. Discuss the importance of Miranda Doctrine.

________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
LET’S INQUIRE!
questions below.
1. Physical observation of a person during interrogation is important. During

interrogation physical sign of deception maybe observe. If you are an investigator how
do you think these signs may help you in the conduct of criminal investigation?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
2. If the constitutional rights of a person is not appraised during the conduct of custodial
investigation, what will happen to the admission and confession obtain? Explain your
answer.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
SCP- CDI1 | 51
LET’S INFER!
Activity 1. The techniques of interrogation was already discussed. In this activity,
create your own interrogation technique. Name it and provide its concept.
SCP- CDI1 | 52
Week 8
Lesson Title Methods of Instrumentation
Learning Outcome(s) Discuss instrumentation as a tool in criminal investigation
LEARNING INTENT!
Terms to Ponder
Instrumentation is the application of instruments and the laws of
physical sciences in the investigations and detection of crimes and criminals.
Essential Content
Methods of instrumentation
Polygraphy popularly referred to as a lie detector, measures and records several

physiological indices such as blood pressure, pulse, respiration, and skin
conductivity while the subject is being asked and answering a series of questions.
Up to now, there is no judicial ruling as to the admissibility of the result of
polygraph examination. But as a part of the police investigation, it is admissible on
that point. Hence, the used of this science as part of criminal investigation is
admissible as police procedure.
This is very effective way of discovering deception or signs of lying. In the past,
crimes were solved when the suspect is confronted with the result of the lie detector
examination and had led to confession.
Four major component of Polygraph machine

1. Pneumograph it records the changes in breathing of the subject.
2. Galvanograph records the skin resistance of the subject.
3. Cardiospymograph records the changes in blood pressure and pulse rate.
4. Kymograph a motor that pulls or drive the chart paper under the recording pen.
Photography
Literal Definition:
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The word photography was derived from the two Greek words; phos which means
“light” and graphia meaning “write”. Therefore photography best translates to “write with
light”. (Herschel 1839)
Modern definition.
Photography is an art or science which deals of the reproduction of images through
the action of light Upon sensitized materials, with the aid of camera and its accessories
and the chemical processes involved therein.
Technical definition
defined as any means for the chemical, thermal, electrical or electronic recording
of the images of scenes, or objects formed by some type of radiant energy, including
gamma rays, x-rays, ultra violet rays, visible light and infrared rays. This definition is
broad enough to include not only the conventional methods of photography but almost
and new process that may developed.
Photograph is an image created by light falling on a light-sensitive surface usually
photographic film or electronic imager.
PRINCIPLES OF PHOTOGRAPHY
A photograph is both mechanical and chemical result of photography. To produce
a photograph, light is needed aside from sensitized materials (film or paper) Light
radiated of reflected by the subject must reach the film while all other lights are
excluded. The exclusion of all other lights is achieved by placing the film inside a light
tight box (camera).
The Basic components Of Photography
1. Light
2. Equipment
3. Chemicals
APPLICATION TO POLICE WORK
1. Identification purposes.
2. Recording and preserving of evidences.
3. Discovering and proving of evidences not readily seen by the naked eye.
4. Recording action of offenders.
5. For court exhibits
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6. For crime prevention

7. Public information
Forensic photography
Sometimes referred to as police photography, forensic imaging or crime scene
photography.
It is the art of producing an accurate reproduction of a crime scene or an accident
using photography for the benefit of a court or to aid in an investigation.
FORENSIC CHEMISTRY
It involves the use of the science of chemistry in the examination of fibers, hairs,
powder burns, blood, stains, paints, poisonous substances and other matters in their
relevance to the investigation. The FORENSIC TOXICOLOGIST determines the
qualitative and quantitative poison that may have caused the death and he alone is the
authority concerning poisons.
FORENSIC MEDICINE
The forensic pathologist examines the cadaver of a person thru autopsy in order to
determine the cause of death as one of the elements of corpus delicti. This science could
also approximate the time of death and other pertinent and relevant matters in the
investigation.
FORENSIC BALLISTICS
This is the science of firearms, the bullets and shells found at the scene of the
crime are compared microscopically with that of the suspected firearm.
DACTYLOSCOPY
The science of fingerprint identification is one of the means to identify the suspect
or unknown cadavers.
QUESTIONED DOCUMENTS
Suspected forged or falsified documents are subjected to examination by the
questioned document expert to establish if there is alteration, superimposition, or
erasures, either manually or chemically.
FORENSIC ODONTOLOGY
The use of dentures is of paramount importance in the identification of unknown
dead bodies especially when other means of identification is lost due to burning or
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extremely advanced state of decomposition. The forensic dentist conducts the

examination on this matter.
FORENSIC COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY
This is the age of advance information technology. Every human transaction today
is with the use of these technology. Criminals take advantage or use them in the
commission of crimes. Thus, the need to use this technology in crime detection as
evidence of culpability or as a means to identify the criminals using them.
FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY
This is a very recent science in the field of criminal investigation and detection. In
the website of the federal bureau of investigation, the crime scene is examined by the
forensic psychologist and from there, he could describe the unknown criminal, his
deformities, height and even his way of living. In science, to the precise forecast of the
forensic psychologist as to the personality of the unknown criminal.
MODERN DISCOVERIES OF INSTRUMENTION
DNA (DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID)
The discovery in genetics is that no two persons have the same DNA profile,
except the identical twins. The father of DNA is Sir Alec Jeffrey who discovered this
branch of genetics .
The DNA of an individual if formed by the combination of the DNA of the
father and mother. Brothers and sisters of the same parents have different DNA and
there is never a chance that it would result to identical or similar profile.
It said that the possibility of duplication of the DNA profile is one of the
trillions of people. The world population has not reached this number, but only a few
billions.
HAIR EXAMINATION
The roots of the hair when examined under this new technology will
determine the presence of drugs taken by the person two years prior to the said
examination.
AUTOMATIC FINGER PRINTS IDENTIFICATION
A questioned fingerprint is feed into the afis machine which will atomically
search the files of fingerprints and renders report in matters of seconds.
GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS)
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This is for the effective identification on the location of criminals and objects
thru modern and special gadgets.
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LET’S INITIATE!
1. Describe the nature of instrumentation.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
2. Explain the purpose of instrumentation as a tool in criminal investigation.

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
3. Tell the importance of forensic science.

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
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LET’S INQUIRE!
questions below.
1. In a crime incident where firearm is the primary instrument used in the commission,
what instrumentation should the police utilize? Justify your answer.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
2. What if the crime is rape, what instrumentation should the police use?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
LET’S INFER!
Activity 1. The method of instrumentation was already discussed. Using a Venn
diagram, compare and contrast the traditional and modern discoveries of
instrumentation.
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Week 9
Lesson Title Tracing and Arresting the Criminal
Learning Outcome(s) Acquire techniques in tracing and arresting criminals
LEARNING INTENT!
Terms to Ponder
An arrest is the act of apprehending and taking a person into custody
(legal protection or control), usually because the person has been suspected of
or observed committing a crime.
Essential Content
Methods of tracing and locating the criminal
a. By informers- the informer must be given the picture of the criminal together
with his las known address and acquaintances or his possible hangouts.
b. By informants- informants must be contacted with the possible information as

to the whereabouts of the criminals.
c. By grapevine sources- These sources have easier access to the underworld where
vital information could be gathered as to whereabouts of the particular criminal.
d. Tailing the wife, relatives and friends of the criminal who will deliver provisions to
the hiding place.
e. Using children of same ages as that of the children of the criminal whose
whereabouts could be unwittingly disclosed by the children.
f. Courting the girlfriends of the criminal by showering them with gifts and
passionate love.
g. Harassing the known associates and friends of the criminal with investigations of
their shady deals. They will give the desired information in exchange of peace.
h. Arrested criminals known to the subjects must be interrogated with the false
information that the one responsible for their arrest are information coming from
criminals being sought. The underworld characters should be intrigue about this
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technique so that they would betray each other. There is always a power struggle
among the criminal syndicates for their continued existence.
i. In fresh cases, the use of bloodhound dogs or K-9 are used to track down the
suspects in squatter areas, open field or wooden terrain.
j. In every recent cases, find out the ethnic origin of the criminal. If he is from
provinces, there is the great possibility that they will go home to their provinces thru
the pier or airports.
k. A thorough search at the hiding place- this should be concluded because the
criminals could hide in small spaces such as refrigerator, double walls, ceilings,
kitchen cabinet, cartons or garbage bag.
l. Disguises- Beware of disguises employed by criminal. Many suspects had eluded

police cordon or dragnet by pretending to be normal person greased with dark oil
and acting the mannerism of the abnormal.
Compartment or trunks of cars and vehicles should be searched because they
have been used, together with the underneath to escape from the police.
m. Publication of rewards for the capture of the criminal in newspapers of general

circulation mostly read by the masses. A week long publication together with the
criminal picture will pay off.
n. Corrupting with money the known associates of the criminal. In the underworld,
money talks louder than other things.
o. Thru undercover operations.
p. Issuance of general alarm- The general alarm must contain the picture of the
criminal and furnished to all police units, stations, and other commands.
q. Tapping the communication facilities of the criminal family, friends and

associates.
r. The use of portal notice of package or registered letter. The postman’s cooperation
is sought to deliver the postal notice to the residence of the suspect or relatives,
friends or associates. A stick out is now executed around the post office to wait for
their arrival of the criminals to claim the package.
s. The used of tricks to flush out the criminals from a house where he is believed to
be hiding.
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Planning the arrest or raid

a. Always plan for the worst scenario. Criminals are always criminals thus, never
presume that the criminal to be arrested is not dangerous.
b. The raid or arrest must be accompanied by the element of surprise so as to deny

the criminal the time to think or be focused.
c. More than one arresting officer must be employed for the arrest of a single
criminal. The number depends upon the number of criminals to be arrested.
d. Always presume that the criminal is armed and dangerous. He should be

immediately handcuffed from behind.
e. Never allow the criminal to change his clothes at the place of arrest. Clothes
should follow at the police headquarters. Immediately bring the criminals to the
headquarters to prevent the officers of being attacked by relatives or associates.
f. Follow up operations should be planned carefully after a full interrogation on the

arrested criminals.
g. In conducting raids on residences or buildings, the officers should always bring a

ten pound sledgehammer for easy openings of doors.
h. In raids, do not stay longer than necessary along the lines of fire.
i. The raid should always be planned and always employing the elements of surprise.
j. In night time’s raids, the ideal time frame of execution must be between 2am to
3am.
k. In all arrest and raids, the commanding loud voice of the arresting officers and
their serious look straight to the eyes of criminals will always have the psychological
effects against even the hardest criminals.
l. always rush towards the criminals in grappling distance but never place your guns
within his reach.
m. The entering parties should wear bulletproof vest if available.
n. In night raids, the operatives should be equipped with powerful flashlights and
flood lights positioned in front and at the back of the house, building or place.
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o. Flexibility in the planning and execution should be encouraged as situation may

arise which are not included in the briefing.
p. The used of marked vehicles from the uniformed units such as mobile patrol
bureau shall be the second perimeter cordon ready for assistance to the raiding
party. These marked vehicles will serves as the identification of the police and
security of the raiding party in case of counter attacked coming from the associates
of criminals.
q. The used of automatic fire is discouraged, as it is dangerous to innocent people.
r. In case of vehicle interception, the car should be immobilized by firing at the tires,
not on the occupants.
Some patterns of criminal behavior

a. Estafa cases- For those with several warrants of swindling or estafa cases and
which is dominated by women criminals, they go home at past 11:00 pm when the
neighborhood is already asleep. They get out before 4:00 am when the neighbors are
about to wake up. This time frame should be used by the warrant officers in order
that they will find their quarry at the house.
A very good warrant officer, using this technique had a very bad experience. He
surprised the elusive wanted woman in her residence. He was treated generously
with a good breakfast and the woman who was in her sleeping robe had displayed
some of her sensitive flesh to the delight of the officer. While the officer was enjoying
his breakfast, the woman surreptitiously went out thru the back door where she
locked it from the outside, together with the front door and fled unnoticed. The officer
later discovered that he was trapped inside, thus he called loudly the neighbors who
called the mobile patrol bureau for the rescue.
b. The pickpockets, snatchers and petty street hold-uppers. They operate on

paydays, the fifteenth and the end of the month. Syndicated pickpockets operate by
three persons, one to distract the attention of the would-be victim, the other to pick
on the pocket and the third acts as the lookout for any responding civilian or law
enforcer. Police operatives should be deployed to the maximum during the paydays.
c. For residential or building robberies, their usual time of operation is between 1:00
am up to 5:00 am. They sleep in the afternoon in the preparation of their night
operations. Preventive patrol and raids should be synchronized with these frames of
time.
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d. The usual closing time of bars or nightclubs is at 2:00 in the morning. This is the
time that those criminals fetch their girlfriends, either by taxi or private vehicles.
The police officers should be aware of this for their operational strategy.
e. Petty street hold-uppers operate by normally putting their arms around the
shoulder of victims to include women. A knife or a gun is secretly pointed at the side
of the victim and walk casually as if friends or sweethearts. To the observant police
officer, he could read the body language of the victim and he will discover the crime.
f. Residential robbers operate during the Holy Week and All Saints Day, knowing the
house owners are away in these holidays.
g. Violent crimes such as stabbing and shooting usually have their peak during
summer. The summer heat enhances the effect of alcohol on the drinkers, which
results to violent and bloody incidents, especially in the slum area.
h. Bank Robberies have their peak months starting in the opening of schools in June
and up to October. By November, there is a considerable decease. Rarely, a bank
hold-up occurs in December. During November and December, the bank robbers are
already shopping for Christmas, here and abroad.
i. Residential robbers strike more during the rainy season because people sleep
soundly to the advantage of the criminals.
j. Prostitutes shop for customers in hotel lobbies restaurants and bars where they
have their pimps.
k. Homosexuals operate in theaters where they could easily find their partners.
l. Rebel operatives from subversive organizations usually rent a house near police
stations or military establishment for their easier monitoring activities and these
places are less suspicious to the police and military.
m. Criminals use motorcycles for fast execution and escape especially on

ambuscades, hired killings, rebel operations and other crimes.
n. Nightclubs, bars and dancing saloon are the usual hangouts of criminals where
they will throw away their loot. They may get as many girlfriends as many as the
number of clubs they will frequent. Easy money is easily lost, thus the repetitious
cycle of criminal activity.
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SCP- CDI1 | 65
LET’S INITIATE!
1. How does the informers, informants, and other sources help in tracing and locating
the criminals?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
2. Raid and arrest are one of the operations of the law enforcement organization. Hence,
planning must be done before the execution of operation. How does planning plays an
important role in conducting raid and arrest?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
3. Criminals are always criminals. As a criminology student how do you understand

this sentence?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
SCP- CDI1 | 66
LET’S INQUIRE!
questions below.
1. If the case under investigation is Estafa, how can the investigator arrest the offender?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2. In case of pickpocketing, snatching, robbery, or petty theft, when is the best time to
capture these offenders? Why?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
LET’S INFER!
Activity 1. The patterns of criminal behavior was already discussed. Using a Calendar,
label the crime that exist each month of the year, if applicable, indicate the time and
day. At the bottom explain why crime exist in that month, date, and time.
SCP- CDI1 | 67
Week 10
Lesson Title Applicable Rules of Evidence
Learning Outcome(s) Recognize the applicable rules in collecting evidences
LEARNING INTENT!
Terms to Ponder
Evidence refers to information furnished in a legal investigation to support
contention. Also any information so given, whether furnished by witnessed or
derived from documents of from any other source.
Essential Content
Applicable Rules of Evidence
The need to know the law
The police is mandated to enforce the law and all judicial writs specifically
addressed to it. The police must know the law that it should enforce because not all
laws could be enforced by the police. The police is strictly confined the criminal law
and special legislations which are penal character. Civil law is not one among the
laws that the police could enforce thus there is the need to know the distinction
between criminal laws and civil law. Many of our enforcers had been remised in this
knowledge resulting to criminal and administrative charges filed against them.
In the enforcement of criminal laws our law enforcers are duty bound to be
guided by our revised criminal procedure. So with the preparation of cases to be
brought before the prosecutor or the court, are law enforcer are required to be
strictly guided by the law of evidence. Without this adherence to these laws, the
effort of the police to protect the society will be brought naught. Thus, the knowledge
of our law enforces must be up to date, specifically the recent decisions of the
Supreme Court.
It has been observed that due to the lack of enlightenment of our law
enforcers, they are reduced to the idolatrous worship of perceived human rights.
They fear doing their legal duty, lest they will commit human rights violations.
Victims of crimes are thus rendered helpless in their quest for justice.
The rights of the accused against self-incrimination

1. The right of the accused against self-incrimination- which is guaranteed by
the constitution is only on testimonial matters, either written or oral. This is further
SCP- CDI1 | 68
emphasized by the explicit right of the accused to remain silent during the custodial
investigation, preliminary investigation, court trial, and during administrative or
quasi-judicial inquiries.
2. Rights could be waived
a. A written waiver subscribed by the accused and his lawyer is a legal
requirement before a written confession can be admissible. This is during the
custodial interrogation or investigation conducted by the police investigator.
b. During the preliminary investigation conducted by the prosecutor or the
judge, the admission or the confession of the accused is admissible in evidence
without the requirements under custodial investigation.
c. During the court trial, once the accused takes the witness stand to testify in
his behalf, he has waived his right to remain silent or against self-incrimination. He
must answer all questions in the direct and cross examination. But his silence in
any manner does not prejudice him. He may invoke his right to remain silent of the
questions tends to incriminate him in other crimes other than the one he is
prosecuted.
3. Instances where the Miranda doctrine will not apply.

a. During field inquiry- If a suspect of crime is confesses as a result of a field
inquiry, his confession as testified to by the investigator is admissible in evidence.
If later on, the suspect who confessed during the field inquiry refuses to sign a
waiver or give a written confession during custodial investigation at the
headquarters, the investigator should execute an affidavit regarding the field inquiry
confession and admission, to be supported by affidavits of witnesses to said
confession.
Field inquiry is not part of custodial investigation thus Miranda rule will not
apply. Custodial investigation is where a suspect is place under police custody for
the purpose of interrogation or investigation. The requirement that confessions must
be in writing and with a written and signed waiver by the accused and his lawyer
applies only during custodial investigation.
b. Voluntary surrender coupled with confession.

When a person voluntarily surrenders to any peace officer either at the field or
inside a police headquarters and is accompanied by a voluntary confession, this
surrender and confession must be entered in the police blotter. When later on,
during the custodial interrogation, a lawyer for the accused arrives and advices his
client to invoke his right to remain silent, the one who received the surrender and
confession must execute an affidavit and that of his confession must be introduced
as evidence. Otherwise, we could not file a case against the surrenderee if the only
evidence is his confession and as such, there is no legal basis to hold him further.
If the investigator is not aware of his law of evidence, a very awkward situation will
arise.
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The voluntary confession made by the surrenderee is not within the term
custodial investigation. Hence, the Miranda doctrine will not apply.
c. Confession given to or taken by a private person

If the confession of the accused is given or is taken by a private person, either
orally or in writing maybe admissible in evidence of the private person who took the
confession is not in collusion with public officers, specifically law enforcers.
4. Time to gather evidence

a. From the start of the police investigation up to referral for inquest or
filing the case with the prosecutor or judge.
b. During the preliminary investigation. Contrary to the notions of some
police investigator and Chief investigation Units, the police could still gather
evidence. These officers are of the opinion that once they have filed the case with the
prosecutor’s office, they have already lost jurisdiction to gather evidence.
c. During trial- The police is not barred to gather evidence relevant to the case
at this stage. The rule is that the application for search warrant must be filed only
with the court trying the specific case. But if the evidence subject of the search
warrant is outside of the jurisdiction of the trial court, then the application for search
warrant must be filed within the proper court having competent jurisdiction of the
place to be searched.
d. After conviction- there is no rule which bars the police to receive or gather
evidence if only to serve the ends of justice. The evidence gathered should be
forwarded to the proper authority.
Mechanical act and Mental act of obtaining Evidences

a. Mechanical act are human actions which do not involve the use of mental
processes. Example of mechanical act:
1. Physical examination of the suspect
2. The accused could be required to stand up in court for identification
purposes.
3. To appear at the scene of the crime.
4. To put on a blouse to see if it fits him.
5. To place a handkerchief over his face.
6. To stand up and remove his eyeglasses.
7. To removed his shirt and coat to permit the court to see scars on his body.
8. To exhibit his hands and arms to show tattoo marks thereof which a previous
witness has sworn they were there.
9. To discharge prohibited drugs from his mouth.
10. To submit to a face shaving and haircut for purposes of identification.
11. To submit to a scientific test for alcoholic examination.
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12. To remove any article of dress which denies that opportunity for observation
which has commonly existed for those coming in contact with him such as his hat
or an article of dress hiding face.
13. To exhibit himself to any manner in which an ordinary person is commonly
seen public.
14. To allow the taking of any portion of substance emitting from his body.
15. To be finger printed and photographed and measured under the Bertillon
system.
16. To be paraffin tested.
17. To submit himself to police line-up
18. To submit to drug test.
b. Mental Act it is any human action which requires the use or application of mental
faculties or processes to make the specific act. Examples:
1. Ordering a person to write in order to get his hand writing specimen;
2. Ordering a person to speak and answer question;
3. Submitting a person to lie detector examination test and to answer questions;
4. In the re-enactment of the crime at the scene by ordering the accused to
demonstrate how he committed the crime.
5. Taking the dictation for the purpose of detecting his participation in a crime.
Evidence Obtained from Mental Acts

Not admissible in evidence if obtained thru coercion or compulsion as it violates
his right against self-incrimination. However, if there is valid waiver of his right, It
is admissible in evidence.
Evidence obtained from mechanical

They are admissible in evidence as they do not violate the rights of the accused
against self-incrimination. The police could force accused to do the mechanical acts
without incurring liability.
Search Indicator

SCP- CDI1 | 71


SJPIICD LIBRARY
LET’S INITIATE!
1. Distinguish Mental act from Mechanical act.
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2. When is the time a police investigator can collect evidence of a criminal case?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3. In what instance is the Miranda rights if not necessary?

_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
SCP- CDI1 | 72
LET’S INQUIRE!
questions below.
1. When can the rights of the accused be waived?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2. What happened to a confession acquire or taken by a private person?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
ET’S INFER!
Activity 1. The mental act and mechanical act process of collecting evidence was
already discussed. In this activity, select at least five cases that you want to be subjected
for investigation. From the selected cases, indicate what mental and mechanical acts of
evidence you can collect.
SCP- CDI1 | 73
Week 11
Lesson Title Criminal procedure
Learning Outcome(s) Recognize the criminal procedure
LEARNING INTENT!
Terms to Ponder
Criminal procedure deals with the set of rules governing the series of
proceedings through which the government enforces substantive criminal law.
Criminal procedure differs dramatically by jurisdiction, the process generally
begins with a formal criminal charge with the person on trial either being free on
bail or incarcerated, and results in the conviction or acquittal of the defendant.
Essential Content
Criminal procedure
1. Warrantless arrest when lawful
A peace officer or a private person, may without warrant arrest a person on the
following instances.
a. When in his presence, the person to be arrested is actually committing, has
committed or is attempting to commit an offense:
b. When an offense is in fact just been committed and he has probable cause to
believe, based on personal knowledge of facts and circumstances that the person to
be arrested has committed it.
c. The person to be arrested is a prisoner who has escaped from a penal
establishment or a place where he is serving final judgement or is temporarily
confined while his case is pending or has escaped while being transferred from one
confinement to another.
2. Search incidental to a lawful arrest without warrant-

The person making the arrest can lawfully search the body of the suspect and
his personal effects or belongings and his immediate vicinity for weapons or any
evidence of the commission of the crime without need of a search warrant.
The search of the immedaite vicinity of the person arrested must be governed
by plain view doctrine. The person making the search is in at liberty to search nd
seize evidence not exposed to public.
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3. En Flagrante Delicto
It is commonly called that the person is caught in the act of committing,
attempting to commit or has committed an offense in the presence of the person
making the arrest.
4. The Doctrine of hot pursuit

The arresting person can pursue to the person to be arrested when the offense
has in fact just been committed and he has probable cause to believe, based on
personal knowledge of facts and circumstances that the person to be arrested has
committed the crime.
5. Cases of arrested person without warrant

Person arrested without warrant shall be brought by the police before inquest
officer within the reglamentary period prescribed by law. Failure to bring the
arrested person within the prescribed period will ripen to Arbitrary Detention.
6. Legality of Checkpoints
The establishment of check points by the police is only allowed when there is
an ongoing operation or in times of emergency. Hot pursuit operation is an ongoing
operation, hence it is lawful.
7. Arrested based merely on suspicion

It is illegal and the incidental search is also unlawful. Thus person arrested
merely on suspicion and the search yielded drugs or contrabands on his person, the
seized evidence is not admissible in evidence under the Doctrine of the Fruit of the
Poisonous Tree.
But if the arrest was mde due to the fct thath the person to be rrested is cting
suspiciously, then the arrest is valid and the incidental seizure of contraband on his
person is admissible in evidence.
8. The meaning of the phrase “In his presence” in warrantless arrest

It is within the view of the arresting officer or hears the disturbance created
thereby and thus, he responded.
9. Probable cause
A reasonable ground of suspicion supported by circumstances sufficiently
strong in themselves to warrant a cautious person to believe that the person to be
arrested is guilty of the offense.
SCP- CDI1 | 75
10. Some instances of probable cause

A. Where the distinctive odor of marijuana emanated from the bag or personal
belongings of the suspect;
B. Where an informer positively identified the suspect who was acting suspiciously;
C. Where the suspect fled and run when accosted by the policeman;
D. Where the accused who was riding in a jeep was stopped at the checkpoint and
searched, who earlier, the police has received a confidential information about the
shipment of marijuana or drugs;
E. Where the vehicle was stopped and searched on the basis of intelligence report
by deep penetration agents or spy who participated in the shipment.
Hold Departure order

Who can issue? Only judges of the Regional Trial Courts in criminal cases within
their exclusive jurisdiction.
Validity of warrantless searches

A. Search incidental to a lawful arrest without warrant not only on the person of the
suspect but his personal belongings and the immediate vicinity;
B. Seizure of evidence in plain view (Plain View Doctrine)
C. Search of moving vehicles, aircrafts or sea crafts;
D. Consented warrantless search
E. Custom search of moving vehicle;
F. Stop and Frisk (TERRY DOCTRINE)
G. Exigent and emergency circumstances.
Where to file application for search warrant

A. Any Court within whose jurisdiction a crime was committed;
B. For compelling reasons, any Court within the judicial Region where the warrant
shall be enforced. The compelling reasons must be stated in the application to
prevent the quashed of the Search Warrant.
C. If the criminal action has already been filed, it shall be in the said Court where
the said case is pending.
Warrantless search based on intelligence report

Warrantless searches by peace officers based on intelligence report stating the full
identity of the person to be searched and there is ample time for the peace officer to
secure a search warrant is illegal.
Plain View Doctrine
A. The peace officer in search of evidence has prior justification for an intrusion or
in a position where he can view a particular area. example: in check points which
SCP- CDI1 | 76
are legal (ongoing operation pursuit or in times of exigency or emergency) and a

vehicle is stopped where a firearm is exposed to public view on the seat of a car.
B. the discovery of evidence in plain view is inadvertent or accidental;
C. it is apparent to the peace officer that the items he observes maybe evidence of a
crime, contraband or otherwise subject of seizure.
Search of moving vehicles, air or sea crafts

Peace officers may lawfully conduct searches of these moving vehicles without the
need of a search warrant as it is impractical to secure a judicial warrant before
search since a vehicle can be quickly moved out of locality or jurisdiction in which
the warrant maybe sought.
Stop and frisk rule

It is based on the observation of the peace officer on the conduct person acting
suspiciously and when search would yield unlawful items such as unlicensed
firearms or prohibited drugs a place where drug addicts are usually found whose
eyes are red and walking wobbly like a drug addict, would be legally searched and
any unlawful item taken from him is admissible in evidence.
Hot pursuit arrest

Two things must concur in order to be valid and legal:
A. an offense has in fact been committed and the arresting officer has probable cause
based on personal knowledge of facts indicating that the person to be arrested has
committed the offense;
B. the arrest must be based on personal knowledge of facts showing probable cause
which means an actual belief or reasonable ground of suspicion.
Effects of illegal search

Articles which are the product of unreasonable search and seizure are not
admissible in evidence under the so called exclusionary rule.
Extent of Unreasonable search and seizure

It refers to public officials or those private person who conspired with public
officers in the illegal search.
If a private person conducted illegal search and finding illegal item which he
turned over to the government, the thinfs siezed does not preclude the proscutor
from using these evidence in court.
SCP- CDI1 | 77
Search Indicator



SJPIICD LIBRARY
SCP- CDI1 | 78
LET’S INITIATE!
1. Describe the doctrine of fruit of poisonous tree.

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
2. What happened to evidence collected illegally?

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
3. Discuss the nature of plain view doctrine.

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
LET’S INQUIRE!
questions below.
1. A police officer can arrest a person during hot pursuit operation. For the operation to
be valid what things must concur in order to be valid and legal?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
2. Warrantless arrest is arresting a person without warrant of arrest. When and how
can these arrest becomes valid?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
LET’S INFER!
Activity 1. The warrantless arrest was already discussed. In this activity, create your
own scenario on when to arrest a person without warrant of arrest.
SCP- CDI1 | 79
SCP-TOPICS: FINAL PERIOD TOPICS

Week 13
Lesson Title Principles and concept of intelligence
Learning Outcome(s) Discuss the principles of intelligence
LEARNING INTENT!
Terms to Ponder
Intelligence (psychology) - is the capacity of a person to adjust to new
situations through the use of what has been previously learned.
Intelligence (military) - is the end product resulting from the collection,

evaluation, analysis, integration and interpretation of all available information
which may have immediate or potential significance to the development and
executions of plans, policies and programs of the users.
Essential Content
Function of Intelligence in General:
1. Collection or procurement of information.
2. The evaluation of the information which then become intelligence.
3. The dissemination of intelligence to those who need it.
4. Counter intelligence - it is known as negative intelligence. Dedicated to the
concealment and protection of one's own intelligence.
Principles of Intelligence
Criteria
Universality of application -it should apply to as many phases and aspects of
intelligence as possible.
It must be broad - it should form the basis for formulation of corollary and
subsidiary guides.
Doctrine - unity between knowledge and action; that knowledge enhances the
effectiveness of action- and minimizes the chances of error.
Objectivity - unity between action and knowledge.
SCP- CDI1 | 80
Interdependence - each individual involved has its task but must maintain
cooperation and coordination.
Continuity - connection of what happens today with past.
Communication - must be relayed to decission makers.
Usefulness - significance must be shown.
Selection - pick up the most promising of a multitude leads.
Timeliness - too soon or too late are equally uselesss.
Security - protection and preservation in all activities.
The Intelligence Officer

Attributes:
1. Exceptional organizing activity.
2. Ability for intelligence work.
3. Progressive memory and a sense of history.
4. Broad knowledge of many subjects, to include complex matters.
5. "Intellectual ruthlessness and cold cynicism."
General Qualifications of an Intelligence Officer:

1. College graduate
2. Pass prescribed test for intelligence officer
3. Passed BI
4. Good moral character.
5. Loyal to Republic of Philippines
6. No undesirable traits.
7. Passed by screening committee.
Desirable qualities of an Intelligence Officer

1. Knowledge ability
2. Perceptive about people
3. Flexibility/adaptability
4. Can distinguish between fact and fiction
5. Possess inquisitiveness
6. Have ingenuity
7. Observant and alert
8. Able to express ideas clearly, briefly, and interestingly
9. Discipline
10. Patient and hardworking
11. Integrity
12. Objectivity
13. Discreet
SCP- CDI1 | 81
Police Intelligence
- End product resulting from the collection, evaluation, analysis, and interpretation
of all available information regarding activities of criminal and other law violators
for the purpose of affecting their arrest, obtaining evidence, and forestalling plan to
commit crime.
Purposes of Police Intelligence:
Covert and Overt Intelligence maybe used to:
1. Check the condition of the community relating to crime, vice, juvenile delinquency
and indications of subversion and insurgency.
2. Determine through counter intelligence applicant matters pertaining to personnel
security, physical security and document security of the police organization.
3. Determines the follow-up leads and helps in the solution of individual criminal
cases.
4. Identify criminal elements and other
law breakers as well as their associates.
5. Assists in the arrest of wanted criminals and those wanted under R.A 1700
otherwise known as the Anti-Subversion Law.
6. Check on the quality and effectiveness of the operation of the police (PNP) forces.
7. Check on the security conditions of PNP Personnel equipment and materials.
8. Help in crime control prevention.
9. Serve as a tool of management for planning and organizational employment
purposes.
Cardinal Principle in Police Intelligence

- at all levels is the proper, economical and most productive use of personnel
resources and equipment employed and/or utilized in planning the collection of
information and dissemination of intelligence.
The principal Areas of Interest in Intelligence
- no nation today can any longer exist in an isolated position, sealed off from the
rest of the world or projected automatically by natural barriers. Every nation must,
of necessity, fit itself into the global pattern that technological progress has forced
upon the world.
Major consideration of intelligence may appear in this form:

Military - offensive and defensive tactics, war plans, strategic concepts and tactical
principles, organizations, installations, industrial lease, armed forces, command
structure, command personnel, material, tactics, morale.
General - topographical and hydrographic characteristics, historical backgrounds.
Diplomatic - foreign policies, alliances, diplomatic alliances, foreign service

personnel, techniques in conducting foreign relations.
Political - ideology, traditions, institutions, personalities, area of conflict.
SCP- CDI1 | 82
Economic-Financial - monetary policies, currency structure, transactions,

institutions, personalities.
Commercial - trade policies, markets, trading methods, price policies, personalities.
Industrial - structure of capacity, manufacturing plants, and processes, raw
material, energy rotations, labor relations.
Mining - mineral resources, production method, output
Agriculture - crop structure, cultivation method, mechanization, financing, specific
characteristics of rural population.
Communications and Transportation - telephones, telegraphs, wireless, railways,
shipping, automobiles and trucks, highways, aviation
Social - historical factors, census, personal aspects, characteristics and mentality
of people, social legislation, radio, television, press.
Intelligence - org., methods and personnel of competing intelligence system.
Immediate Area and Interest in Police Intelligence

1. Crime prone community relating to vices, juvenile delinquency, crime and
indication of subversion and insurgency.
2. All matters pertaining to personnel security, physical security, and classified
documents.
3. Cases under follow-up.
4. Personalities directly or indirectly involved in criminal activities.
5. Personalities, places events involved in insurgency and subversion.
6. Police operation regarding its effectiveness and quality.
7. Police personnel, its equipment, funds and materials.
8. Aspect of crime prevention.
9. Aspect of management for planning and organization improvement purposes.
10. And other as directed by higher authorities.
General Activities in Police Intelligence

Strategic Intelligence - the intelligence information which primarily long range in
nature with little practical immediate operational value.
Line Intelligence - which is of an immediate nature and necessary for more effective
police planning and operation.
National Intelligence - integrated product of intelligence developed by all the
governmental branches, departments concerning the broad aspect of national
security and policy.
Counter Intelligence - phase of intel covering the activity devoted is destroying the
effectiveness of hostile foreign activities and to the protection of info against
espionage, subversion and sabotage.
Undercover Work- is an investigative process in which disguises and pretext cover
and deception are used to gain the confidence of criminal suspects for the purpose
of determining the nature and extent of any criminal activities that maybe
contemplating or perpetuating.
SCP- CDI1 | 83
Functional Classification of Police Intelligence

Criminal Intelligence (CRIMINT) - production of intelligence essential to the
prevention of crimes and the investigation, arrest, and prosecution of criminal
offenders.
Internal Security Intelligence (INSINT) - refers to the knowledge essential to the
maintenance of peace and order.
Public Safety Intelligence (PUSINT) - refers to the knowledge essential to ensure
the protection of lives and properties. ex. proliferation of fake med., new scam.
Search Indicator



SJPIICD LIBRARY
SCP- CDI1 | 84
LET’S INITIATE!
1. Discuss the function of intelligence.

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
2. Discuss the area of interest of police intelligence.

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
3. Explain the purpose of police intelligence.

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
SCP- CDI1 | 85
LET’S INQUIRE!
questions below.
1. When should the police need to disguise to collect information? what police
intelligence activity should they conduct?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
2. If the police need to collect information as to criminal identity, activities, and
associates, what classification of intelligence function will they conduct? Why?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
SCP- CDI1 | 86
LET’S INFER!
Activity 1. Principles and concept of intelligence were discussed. In this activity, create
a graph organizer of the major consideration of intelligence.
SCP- CDI1 | 87
Week 14
Lesson Title Surveillance
Learning Outcome(s) Discuss the surveillance
LEARNING INTENT!
Terms to Ponder
Surveillance - It is the observation of person, places, and vehicles for the
purpose of obtaining information concerning the identities of criminals and their
activities.
Surveillant- Is the person who conducts the surveillance or performs the

observation.
Subject- The person, place or vehicle being observed by the surveillant.
Essential Content
Purpose of surveillance
a. To get information on criminal activities as a basis for future raid.
b. To discover the identities of persons frequenting the place to establish their
criminal activities.
c. To obtain evidence of a crime or to prevent the commission thereof by arrest or
raid.
d. To established legal grounds for the application of a search warrant.
e. To arrest the criminal inflagrante delicto.
Types of Surveillance
1. Covert surveillance when subject is not aware that he is being observed.
2. Over surveillance when the subject is aware that he is being tailed.
Kinds of surveillance
a. Surveillance of places.
b. Tailing or shadowing
c. Undercover investigation or roping
SCP- CDI1 | 88
Other type of surveillance

1. Fixed surveillance
2. Moving surveillance
Procedures in fixed surveillance

a. Using a room in a nearby house or building using cameras with telephoto lens
and powerful binoculars in order to get pictures of subjects visitors and activities,
b. The use of listening devices and record them.
c. Other surveillant may remain outdoor posing as, carpenters, plumbers, or other
means of communication will coordinate their activities with those surveillants
inside their observation room.
Surveillance on foot
Shadowing or Tailing - It is the act of shadowing, tailing or following a person/s.
Purpose of foot surveillance

a. To detect pieces of evidence of criminal activities.
b. To established the associates of the subject.
c. To established places frequented by the subject and his place of operation or
temporary residence.
d. To locate a wanted person, or a missing person.
e. To protect witnesses or complainants.
f. As part of background investigation of a certain person for a lawful cause in
promotion, appointment or award.
g. As a form of loyalty check for suspected employees in cahoots with criminals or
shady characters.
The Don’ts in foot Surveillance

a. Never meet the eyes of the subject to avoid suspicion.
b. Avoid lurking, sleuthing and creeping manner.
c. Don’t wear fiction story disguises, such as whisker, artificial noses or scars and
faced deformities such as limping, or artificial mannerism.
d. Never carry noticeable notebooks, brief case or other objects.
e. Don’t greet fellow officers or allow them to greet you by way of signals like blocking
the lips with finger.
f. Don’t make entries or notes in your notebook ostensibly or displayed publicly.
Method of foot surveillance

One man shadow
It is conducted by one man alone in shadowing a subject.
SCP- CDI1 | 89
Two man shadow

This method allows the exchange of the position of the shadowers in order to avoid
discovery. One shadower will follow behind the subject and the other may either be
abreast or on the opposite side of the street, or following the first shadower.
Three man shadower or ABC technique of shadowing

This represented as ABC shadowing. A is closed to the subject and follows him at a
distance depending on the pedestrian traffic. B follows A at the same distance of A
to subject. If vehicular traffic is moderate, it maybe opposite him on the other side
of the street. B and C turn in occupying the position of A to prevent A becoming
familiar and noticeable figure to the subject.
Tactics and techniques of shadowing
a. Turning corners- The surveillant should not rush if the subject turns to a corner. It
is preferable to loss the subject rather than alert him/her in the tail.
b. Entering a building- if the building is without back exit, the surveillant should wait
until the subject comes out. It is necessary to follow the subject inside the building
if there is exits.
c. Riding a bus- the surveillance should board the same bus. Sit behind or at the side
of the subject. If the shadow misses the bus, he should ride a taxi and board the
bus at a place ahead.
d. Riding a taxi- if subject takes a taxi, the shadow should take another taxi and note
the plate number and company name of the subject’s taxi. If he fails to tail the
subjects, he should get information from the taxi company thru the driver of the taxi
for the disclosure of the subject’s destination.
e. Riding train- The shadower must fall in line towards the ticket booth, behind the
subjects so he could merely request for a timeable, or a ticket for the last destination.
f. Inside a restaurant- Shadower should allow some time before entering the restaurant,
to give the subject time to select his table. The shadower must select the obscure
table and estimates to finish his meal at the same time as that of the subjects.
g. In a hotel- The room number of the subjects could be inquired from the hotel registry.
Once pinpointed, the shadower should take an adjacent or opposite room. If there
is no available room on these arrangement, the nearest vacant room should be his
choice.
h. telephone booth – the shadower may take the next booth or stand near the subject
to hear the conversation. The telephone book used and the page number at which it
was left open and should be noted.
i. in a theater – the shadower should be seated behind the subject. If the subject gets
out, he should be followed on the different exit points.
j. inside a private house – the shadower should wait outside at a distance to be
inconspicuous, taking the address and the occupants to be verified later.
SCP- CDI1 | 90
k. inside a small private or public office – the shadower must wait outside by
pretending to be a customer of nearby establishments.
The constant risk of the shadower – the risk of being recognized or discovered. If he is
recognized, he is “burned out”. The other risk is losing the subject.
Common tricks of subject
a. test for tailing – when the subject is conscious that he is being tailed while about to
board a public conveyance, is to jump off the vehicle. If somebody also jumps off, he
then recognizes the shadower, which will be his basis for future recognition.
b. use of convoy – the subject employs other partners to detect if he being tailed. The
convoy which may employ the ABC method would be very easy to detect shadowers.
If this is used by the subject, the shadowers must be behind the convoy and follow
them instead.
C. vehicle surveillance
Techniques in automobile surveillance
a. At least two or more cars should be used. At least two persons should be assigned in
one car. The second car should follow the first car at a distance effective for tailing.
The second and successive cars should follow each other in the same distance of the
first car to the subject.
b. If only one car is used, it should follow the subject automobile at a distance which is
affective to the purpose.
c. The manner of driving should be changed as often as needed by alternating between
the right and left lanes. Pre-arranged signals should guide the alternating car
positions behind the subject. This is done to avoid detection. If the subject employs
convoy of vehicles, this must be immediately discovered so that the shadowing
vehicles should be positioned behind the convoys.
d. In parking the surveillance vehicles, it should be in the next block. The building exits
and the subject’s car should be kept under close observation.
e. The occupants of the surveillance car should be at the back seat and should remain
inconspicuous. If considerable time is for waiting, they should leave the car and walk
back and forth in the street.
2. Disguising the shadower’s cars
a. A popular type of ordinary or general use type of car must be used so that license
plates are not identified as belonging to the police department. Never use
government plates.
b. Security plates maybe used or colorum or rented cars borrowed cars from friends.
c. The appearance of the cars by various devices maybe used to change the appearance.
Placing and removing stickers on the windshields, attachments, rearrangements,
change of the occupant’s clothes, changing or removing hats or changing the
number of occupants.
d. Do not violate parking rules.
e. Never arouse suspicion by approaching the parking positions surreptitiously.
f. Be in normal movement when leaving or returning to the car.
SCP- CDI1 | 91
g. Do not use credit cards for transactions within the vicinity or during the entire
operation.
h. Do not allow both surveillants to sit at the front for a considerable time.
i. Radio antennae should be concealed and radio volumes reduced.
j. In the turn-over of shift, avoid the fall-in briefings or instructions. Written notes should
be turned over to the incoming surveillants.
Search Indicator



SJPIICD LIBRARY
SCP- CDI1 | 92
ET’S INITIATE!
Activity 1. Let us try to check your understanding of the topics. Write your answers
ono the space provided below every after the questions.
1. Discuss the nature of surveillance.

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
2. Differentiate covert intelligence and overt intelligence.

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
3. Explain the purpose of surveillance.

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
SCP- CDI1 | 93
LET’S INQUIRE!
questions below.
1. What must the intelligence officer not do during operations?

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
2. What are the tricks of the subject to recognize the intelligence officers?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
SCP- CDI1 | 94
LET’S INFER!
Activity 1. The topic about surveillance was discussed. In this activity, make an
illustration on how a one man shadow, two man shadow, and ABC technique of
shadowing is perform.
SCP- CDI1 | 95
Week 15
Lesson Title Intelligence operation
Learning Outcome(s) Discuss the nature of intelligence operation
LEARNING INTENT!
Terms to Ponder
Intelligence Operations is the result of planning. Planning is always
ahead of operation although an operation can be made without a plan, it is
usually due to sudden and inevitable situations but definitely this is poor
intelligence management.
Essential Content
Cover and Undercover
Cover - the means by which an individual group of organization conceals the true
nature of its acts and or existence from the observer.
Cover story - a biographical data through fictional that will portray the personality
of the agent he assumed, a scenario to cover up the operation.
Cover support - an agent assigned in target areas with the primary mission of
supporting the cover story.
Importance of cover
1. secrecy of operation against enemy intelligence.
2. secrecy of operation against friendly agencies who does not need to know.
3. successful accomplishment of the mission.
Types of Cover
a. Natural Cover - using actual or true background.
b. Artificial - using biographical data accepted fo the purpose.
c. Cover within a Cover - justification of existence.
d. Multiple Cover - any cover you wish.
Organizational Cover - is an account consisting of biographical which when

adopted by an individual will assume the personality he wants to adopt.
SCP- CDI1 | 96
Precautions in case of compromise

1. Move out immediatly.
2. Start new facility for operation and develop it.
3. Build entirely new cover.
4. Use circuitous routes and provide careful counter surveillance measures.
5. Be specifically careful of former contacts with non-intelligence personnel.
6. Be patient, slowly and careful.
Undercover assignment - is an investigative technique in which agent conceal his

official identity, an obtained information from that organization.
Planning Undercover Assignment

1. Determine level on which investigation is intended.
2. Develop appropriate cover and cover story.
3. Selection of qualified personnel.
4. Consideration of all operational details to include documentation, contract
reporting, housing and convergence.
5. Briefing, coaching and rehearsals.
Types of undercover assignment

1. dwelling
2. work
3. social
4. jurisdictional assignment
5. combinational assignment
6. rope job- striking up friendship with the subject
Undercover Agent
special qualifications: knowledge of the language, area background regarding events,
knowledge about the custom and habits, physical appearance, an artist.
Control - authority to direct the agent by carryout task or requirement on behalf of
the clandestine organization in an acceptable manner and security.
Two Categories of Control

1. Positive Control - characterized by professionalism and rapport.
a. agent motivation
b. psychological control
2. Negative Control - characterized by blackmail and threat.
a. disciplinary action
b. escrow account
c. blackmail
SCP- CDI1 | 97
Key elements in Agent Management

1. Direction and Control
a. Leadership
b. Action
c. Personal example
Agent Termination
Problems involve:
1. Amount of knowledge the agent has in the operation and personnel.
2. His inclination to use knowledge to the disadvantages of the intelligence service.
3. Moral obligation to the agent-the causes of loss incurred by him as a result of his
connection with the intel service.
Procuring Agents
a. Agent in place - recruited within a highly sensitive target.
b. Double agent - an enemy agent who has been captured.
c. Expendable agent - whom false information is leaked to the enemy.
d. Penetration agent - able to get information and would manage to get back alive.
e. Agent of influence - who in position or influence.
f. Agent provocation
Methods of Covert Intelligence

Surveillance
- a form of clandestine investigation which consist of keeping persons, place or other
targets under physical observation in order to obtain evidence or information pertinent
to an investigation.
Considerations in Surveillance Planning

Pre-Surveillance Conference - held among the team members, the police intelligence
unit before surveillance in conducted.
Surveillance Plan - ensure that the overall objective of the surveillance is

understood.
Area Target Study - all available information about the areas should be collected
and analyzed.
Stakeout or Plant - observation of places or objects from fixed point.
Undercover Man - refers to a person trained to observe and penetrate certain
organization suspected of illegal activities and later reports observation and information
so that proper operational action can be made.
Liaison Program - assignment of trained intelligence personnel to other agencies
in order to obtain information of police intelligence value. ex. press, tel. company, labor
union, etc.
SCP- CDI1 | 98
Safehouse - is a place, building, enclosed mobile, or an apartment, where police

undercover men meet for debriefing or reporting.
Drop - any person is a convenient, secure and unsuspecting place where police
undercover men meet his action agent for debriefing or reporting purpose.
Convoy - an accomplice or associate of the subject used to detect the surveillance.
Decoy - a person or object used by the subject in an attempt to elude surveillant.
Subject - the person, place or object being watch or under surveillance.
Contact - any individual whom the subject speaks or deals with in any way while
he is under surveillance.
Fade - when the subject under surveillance becomes aware that he is under
observation and identifies the observer.
Lost - when the surveillant does not know the whereabouts of his subject.
Fingerman - an individual who can positively point out the subject.
Action Agent (AA) - are recruited, documented and dispatched intelligence agents
with access and/or placement in a target personality's group or organization They receive
and implement orders from Agent Handler (AH).
Principal Agent (PA) - an intelligence man who had developed his information
network within target organization or particular area of operation.
Support Agent (SA) - is a person who extends administrative or operational
assistance to the Agent Handler or Action Agent.
Stool Pigeon - slang term that refers to the informant in the underworld.
Types of Surveillance
a. Discreet - subject to be watched is unaware that he is under observation.
b. Open - subject is aware that he is under observation varied on each occasion.
c. Loose - applied frequently or infrequently, period of observation varied on each
occasion.
According to Methods
a. Stationary - observation done on fixed position.
b. Moving
c. Technical
Essential requirementsm and Appearance in Surveillance

In actual process of operation, the agent is advised to be of general appearance, has
no actual pecularities in appearance. Agent should not wear conspicuous jewelry or
clothing, nothing about to attract attention. He must have perseverance and able to wait
for hours. Alertness, resourcefulness, and being versatile and quick-witted are his
weapons.
SCP- CDI1 | 99
Basic preparations in surveillance

a. Study the subject
- Name-address-description-family and relatives-associates-character and
temperament-vice-hobbies-education-others
b. Knowledge of the area and terrain
-maps-national and religious backgrounds-transportation-public utilities.
c. Subversive organization
- history and background-biography of the official-identity and background of
members and former members-method of identification employed by the members-files
and records, nature, location and accessibility-meeting.
Counter surveillance
1. Window shopping.
2. Use of convoys.
3. Stopping immediately on blind corners.
4. Getting immediately on public conveyances.
5. Retracing.
6. Entering mobile housing.
Casing
- it is reconnaissance or surveillance of a building place or area to determine its
suitability for Intel use or its vulnerability in operations.
- it is also considered as security measure because it offers some degree of protection
for those operating in an area unfamiliar to them.
General principles in casing

a. know the best route to get there.
b. Know how to conduct yourself without attracting attention.
c. Know what security hazards are in the area and how can they be avoided and
minimized.
d. Know the best route to extricate from the area.
Method of Casing
a. Personal Reconnaissance
b. Map Recon
c. Research
d. Prior Info
e. Hearsy
Basic procedure in the conduct of casing

a. Preparation of general location map
b. Sketch of the adjoining establishment and prominent features
SCP- CDI1 | 100

c. Floor plan of the main target

d. detailed featured of inner portion of target
e. Photograph (general to specific)
Observation and Description (ODEX)

Observation
- a complete and accurate observation by an individual of his surrounding that
encompasses the use of all the major senses to register and recognized its operational
and intel significance.
Description
- the actual and factual reporting of one's observation of the reported sensory
experience recounted by another.
Psychologist estimate that approximately Knowledge gathered through Vision is 85%,
Hearing is 13%, and Touch, taste, smell is 2%
Search Indicator



SJPIICD LIBRARY
SCP- CDI1 | 101

LET’S INITIATE!
1. Expound the nature of surveillance.

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
2. Differentiate covert intelligence and overt intelligence.

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
3. Explain the purpose of surveillance.

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
SCP- CDI1 | 102

LET’S INQUIRE!
questions below.
1. What must the intelligence officer not do during operations?

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
2. What are the tricks of the subject to recognize the intelligence officers?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
SCP- CDI1 | 103

LET’S INFER!
Activity 1. The topic about surveillance was already discussed. In this activity, make
an illustration on how a one man shadow, two man shadow, and ABC technique of
shadowing is perform.
SCP- CDI1 | 104

Week 16
Lesson Title Intelligence cycle
Learning Outcome(s) Discuss the cycle of intelligence
LEARNING INTENT!
Terms to Ponder
Intelligence cycle is the process through which intelligence is obtained,
produced, and made available to users. Direction collection production &
analysis dissemination.
Essential Content
Intelligence cycle
Intelligence Cycle Summary
● Cycle feeds back upon itself
● Ensures that assessments continue to be refined
● Intelligence stays up-to-date
● Responds to the need of the commander
● Intelligence is a subset of Information
● Information CAN be intelligence, but, intelligence CANNOT be information.
● Intelligence has a specific purpose and use.
● Provide confidential advice to decision making
Broad categories of intelligence

Strategic Intelligence is an intelligence product that provides insight or
understanding, contributing to decisions on broad strategies, policies and resources,
directed to achieving long term organizational objectives.
Operational Intelligence is an intelligence product which supports national and
regional managers of line areas in planning activity and deploying resources to achieve
operational objectives.
Tactical Intelligence is an intelligence product which supports line areas and other
operational areas in taking case- specific action to achieve compliance or enforcement
objectives.
SCP- CDI1 | 105

Direction phase
● Identifies the problem that the intelligence process is going to examine.
● Several questions to be asked:
WHY AM I WORKING TOWARDS THIS INTELLIGENCE PRODUCT? WHO IS
THE CONSUMER OF MY INTELLIGENCE PRODUCT?
WHAT IS THE TASK THAT THE CLIENT WANTS ME TO ADDRESS? WHAT
INTELLIGENCE METHODS SHOULD I USE TO ADDRESS THE TASK?
WHAT RESOURCES WILL I REQUIRE TO ADDRESS THE TASK?
WHERE WILL THOSE RESOURCES COME FROM?
HOW LONG WILL IT TAKE TO ACHIEVE THE TASK?
Sources of Information
Four (4) main categories: 1.Human 2.Field 3.Electronic 4.Scientific
Types of Information
1. General Information or background information provides information about the
environment surrounding the information requirement. It is general in nature and
discusses the context in which the information requirement exists. (open/closed
sources)
2. Specific Information directly addresses the information requirements. This type of
information usually relates to the entity, event or phenomenon that is the subject of the
Information Requirement. (open/closed sources)
When we gather information we need to be careful of whether it is open or closed
source information, it may limit the ways we can disseminate the information (pnpr
200-012)
Closed Source information is information that is confidential and NOT publicly
available, such as: Informant reports Investigation reports Kinds of informants:
Confidential Voluntary Involuntary Special Anonymous
usually contain a Security Classification
In Confidence Restricted Confidential Highly Protected Secret Top
Secret
No Security Classification but there is a warning or proviso (caveat) that limits its
dissemination to the public.
Open Source information is information that is PUBLICLY available.
SCP- CDI1 | 106

Forms of Open Source Information: Raw information Information and opinions

Expert reports Technical data Unstructured text Multimedia
Sources of OSI can include the following: Libraries, book stores and publishers
Internet, Intranets Specialized data collection and reporting services Market
research or business intelligence services Market research or business intelligence
services Professional associations Universities or Research Institutes Public
Interest Groups
The collection phase focuses on gathering and collating information
Steps in the collection phase:
analyze the intelligence task/mission and identify the information requirements.
identify where the information can be obtained. In identifying and specifying the
information requirements and methods of collection, prepare an information collection
plan (icp)
gather the information and collate it into one central repository
evaluate the information.
determine the validity, reliability and sensitivity
begin to make judgement
Ask the right questions in order to determine the seriousness of the threat.
Determine source(s) of information
Planning methods of information collections
Overt Method – is an activity undertaken to gather information, which do not attempt
to conceal the existence of those activities or the Mission. Includes: interviews, surveys,
requesting information, use of police powers or collecting open source information
Covert Methods – are activities, which attempt to collect the information without
revealing the existence of those activities. Includes: confidential requests for
information, surveillance, telephone intercepts, listening devices, informants or
undercover operatives
Information collection planning
Why it is vital? Because, it will develop a systematic and planned approach to our
collection of information.
TWO (2) REASONS FOR ADOPTING THE ICP
SCP- CDI1 | 107

1. To ensure that we collect information in an efficient manner.

2. To ensure that we collect information in an effective manner
Steps:
1. the information requirements of the Intelligence Task/Mission.
2. what information is needed to be collected.
3. who we will collect this information from?
4. how we will collect this information?
5. who we will use to collect this information?
6. when they should collect this information?
Format:
Short statement of the mission/intelligence task.
brief description of the background to the mission.
the list of information requirements .
list of the sources and agencies that need to be consulted.
methods of collection that will be used to gather this information.
list of who will collect the information and the time frames in which they should
collect the information.
details of any factors that may affect the collection of information.
Search Indicator


SCP- CDI1 | 108


SJPIICD LIBRARY
LET’S INITIATE!
1. Discuss the nature of intelligence cycle.

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
2. Distinguish covert method and overt method of planning.

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
3. Differentiate open sources and closed sources of information.

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
LET’S INQUIRE!
questions below.
1. What is the importance of information collection planning in the intelligence

operation?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
2. What are the three broad categories of intelligence? Briefly explain each.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
SCP- CDI1 | 109

LET’S INFER!
Activity 1. The topic about intelligence cycle was already discussed. Using a graphic
organizer discuss the cycle of intelligence.
SCP- CDI1 | 110

Week 17
Lesson Title Intelligence collection plan
Learning Outcome(s) Discuss the intelligence collection plan
LEARNING INTENT!
Terms to Ponder
The Collection plan is a dynamic tool used to coordinate and integrate
the efforts of all collection units and agencies. It is merely a management tool to
assist the Collection Manager in organizing his thought processes. The Collection
Plan is continually revised as required. It is a mental process and there is no
prescribed format. It is merely an AID and NOT a substitute for thinking.
Essential Content
Intelligence collection plan
Info Requirement Type of Info Source or Agency Collection Method Collection Task
Who are the General: 1. PNP IG Confidential MBG Researcher to

current leaders - Background 2. TF Sanglahi Requests (PIRs, complete 12/25/06
of the MBG Assessments 3. PRO ARMM EEIs)
- Material on ranks 4. PRO 11
& structure within MBG 5. IRAD,
Specific: - List of 1. PNP IG Requests Task:

members - Details of 2. CTIC, Informant Handler MBG Researcher to
members - Rank of NICA Task: Surveillance complete 03/16/06 AA to
members 3. Informants Team complete by 12/24/06
4.Surveillance Technical Team to
complete 12/24/06
Problem
The number of inquiries undertaken during the intelligence process can be
significant. Often we will forget what information we have requested or overlooked and
sources or agencies that we had not yet considered.
SCP- CDI1 | 111

Focuses on interpreting the intelligence and information and developing inferences

about what we believe is happening
It starts by:
breaking down the information into its basic and studying the connections
between those elements
pull the information together, connecting pieces of information, and develop an
inference on what the information tell us
inference is tested for consistency and credibility, constantly being compared
with new information as it comes into the process
formulate recommendations or options
Two (2) Steps in the Processing of Information:
Recording
Evaluation
Recording of Information
Reduction of information to writing or some other form of graphical representation
and the arranging of information into groups of related items.
Means of recording information:
Intelligence Journal
Intelligence Workbook
Situation Map
Watch Lists/OB/Target Lists
Identification Files
Evaluation of Information
Determination of the pertinence, reliability and accuracy of the information;
determination of the pertinence or significance of the information relative to the
operation, reliability of the sources or agency, and accuracy of the information.
Reliability of source (Admiralty Scale)
Value Summary Index Definition
A Completely Reliable Refers to a Source or Agency about whom
there is not doubt of its reliability,
SCP- CDI1 | 112

trustworthiness or competence.
Information supplied by a Source or
Agency that has in the past proved to
reliable at all times
B Usually Reliable Refers to a Source or Agency about whom

there may be some doubt as to its
reliability, trustworthiness or
competency. However, information
obtained from this source or agency in the
past has in the majority of instances
proved to be reliable
C Fairly Reliable Refers to a Source or Agency about
whom there is usually doubt as to its
reliability and trustworthiness.
Information obtained from this source or
agency in the past, has proved reliable in
a moderate number of cases.
D Not usually reliable Refers to a Source or Agency about whom

there is doubt as to its reliability and
trustworthiness. Information supplied in
the past, is not reliable, although
occasionally valid reports have been
submitted.
E Not reliable Refers to a Source or Agency about whom

there is great doubt as to its reliability
and trustworthiness. Past experience has
proved it to be unreliable, it doesn’t
however prevent such a Source or Agency
providing credible information in the
future.
F Cannot be Judged Refers to a Source or Agency whose
reliability has not been determined by
either experience or investigation. There
is no way of knowing its authenticity,
trustworthiness or competency
SCP- CDI1 | 113

Validity/Accuracy of Information
Value Summary Index Definition
1 Confirmed Refers to information which is
substantiated or confirmed by
independent sources or agencies; the
information is logical within itself and
agrees with other information on the
same subject.
2 Probably True Refers to information which gives every
indication of being accurate but which
has not been confirmed; the information
is logical within itself and agrees with
other information on the same subject.
3 Possibly True Refers to information which has been
neither confirmed nor contradicted; the
indications are that the information
concurs somewhat with the general body
of information and is reasonably logical
but not yet capable of confirmation.
4 Doubtfully True Refers to information, which is believed
to be unlikely, although the elements of
possibility are not excluded. Information
has not been contradicted nor is it logical
within itself. The information is not in
total disagreement with other
information on the same subject.
5 Improbable report Refers to information, which
contradicted by other data; is logical
within itself and in disagreement with
the general body of information on the
same subject.
6 Truth cannot be judged Refers to the information, the truth
which cannot be judged at the same time
because of the lack of knowledge on the
same subject
SCP- CDI1 | 114

Sources of Information
Value Summary Index
T Direct observation by the Commander of a Unit
U Report by a penetration agent or resident agent
V Report by an AFP trooper or PNP personnel in encounter or operation
W Interrogation of a captured enemy agent or foreigner

X Observation by a Government or civilian employee or official
Y Observation by a member of a populace
Z Documentary
Evaluating the Information

To evaluate the source properly we need to ask ourselves two important questions:
Where did the source or Agency get this information?
Why did they provide me with this information?
To communicate our findings and recommendation either by oral or written report
three (3) basic ways to communicate:
written intelligence report
oral briefings
electronic means
Types of intelligence product
Descriptive Explanatory Predictive Estimative
What is intelligence product? is an information acquired by an organization
which, because of its confidentiality, the confidentiality of the means by which the
information was derived, may allow an organization to exploit to its advantage.
Different Kinds of Intelligence Products
● Descriptive – no predictive or judgmental analysis.
● Explanatory – seek to explain why an incident occurred
● Predictive – forward looking and attempt to forecast an event or situation
Intelligence Product must be:
● Should be comprehensive
SCP- CDI1 | 115

● Analysis must be valid

● Must be timely
Risk assessment
Importance of Risk Assessment:
In the intelligence environment, RISK ASSESSMENT is a Technique used to
introduce system into analytical thinking about possible undesirable events.
1. Identify the Risk 2. Assess the Risk 3. Treat the Risk 4. Review
Threat Assessment
● Threats are caused by something or someone
● The causes of adverse events are the agents of threat
● Adverse events have to threaten something. The target or thing being threatened
is the object at risk.
The AIM of a threat assessment:
“What is the threat to an object, posed by an agent?”
Once the question has been properly posed, it is then possible to assess the
potential harm to the object against the likelihood of the threat.
Format in reporting
Explanatory Product
Executive Summary- The executive summary should provide the reader with the
critical findings and judgments of the assessment.
SITUATION UPDATE
This portion must contain the general presentation of the intelligence report. Avoid
using long and complex sentences.
ANALYSIS/ASSESSMENT
The analysis must be briefed but give the central meaning of the situation update.
This portion must contain information vital to the arguments being drawn.
SCP- CDI1 | 116

Search Indicator



SJPIICD LIBRARY
SCP- CDI1 | 117

LET’S INITIATE!
1. Discuss the nature of intelligence collection plan.

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
2. Discuss the intelligence product.

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
3. Explain the purpose of evaluating intelligence information.

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
SCP- CDI1 | 118

LET’S INQUIRE!
questions below.
1. How should the intelligence officer measure the reliability of information?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
2. What is the importance of risk assessment in intelligence?
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
SCP- CDI1 | 119

LET’S INFER!
Activity 1. The topic about intelligence Collection plan was already discussed. Create
a graphic organizer of the reliability, accuracy, and source of information.
SCP- CDI1 | 120

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ST.

JOHN PAUL II COLLEGE OF DAVAO

COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached