Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Longxiang Yang
FANUC America
IMTS 2018 Conference
September 11, 2018
Full Utilization of 5-axis Machines
• 5-axis machines were developed and
used in production more than 50
years
• Because of limitation of computing
hardware, the compensation
functions were not available in early
use. FANUC developed tool length
compensation for Ingersoll 5-axis
machines in late 80s.
• Many advanced 5-axis functions have
been developed in the last 20 years.
These functions greatly enhanced the
application of 5-axis machines.
Full Utilization of 5-axis Machines
• However, in many machine shops, these functions are not used due to
unawareness or lack of understanding.
• A story about a job shop in Seattle area
– 5-axis machines with table-table configuration from OKK, Matsuura and GROB
– Customer used some 5-axis functions like TCP and WSEC but has stopped using them
since the NC programmer left
5-axis Machining Process
Positional (3+2) 5-axis Machining Applications
Rotary axes do not move in a cutting block. Only X, Y and Z-axis
are commanded in a cutting block.
1. Cutting multi-sided parts
• Rotate tool/table to be perpendicular to part surface
• Establish new program coordinate using Tilted Working
Plane Command
• Machining is done in 2.5D or 3D milling
2. Roughing 3D surface parts
• Mainly used in 3D surface roughing
• Rotate tool to a vector position that provides optimum
cutting results
5-axis Machining Process
Simultaneous 5-axis Machining Applications
Rotary axes move in a cutting block. All five axes X, Y, Z, A and C
are commanded in a cutting block
1. Part Cutting
• Thin wall structure, such as turbine blades, rib and spar of
airplanes
• Both tool side and tool tip are used in cutting
2. Mold Cutting
• 3-D sculptured surface, such as die and mold
• Only tool tip is used in cutting
Use of 3+2 Machining vs Simultaneous Machining
• A small sampling of machine shops in Seattle area shows that
about 40%-50% of 5-axis machines are used in 3+2 machining
• Mainly on table-table machines for smaller parts
Advantages of 5-axis Machining
Easy Setup for Machining 3-axis machine 5-axis machine
• Reduce setup time and setup error
• Reduce fixture cost
• Reduce machining time by about 20-30%
Z Y
X
Servo Guide
3D Viewer
Offset plane
Offset vector
TCP and 3DCC are the most important compensation functions for 5-axis machines
CNC Functions for 5-axis Machining
Choice of Programming Coordinate
Two program coordinate systems:
• Workpiece-based coordinate (WBC) – fixed on machine coordinate, not rotate
• Table-based coordinate (TBC) – fixed on table, rotate with table rotary axes
Background
• Part is designed in modal space in CAD/CAM without machine type information
• Postprocessor outputs programs for tool type, or table type, or mixed type, and program
coordinate needs to be selected
• Without TCP, program is always posted in workpiece coordinate (rotation centerline) for
table type
Advantages of Table Coordinate
• Easier to understand program
• Both physical angles and tool vector in TCP can be applied
Recommendation:
• Use table-based coordinate for table and mixed type
CNC Functions for 5-axis Machining
Choice of Programming Coordinate
How does it work
Z Y Z’
Y’
X X’
G54 at table
rotation center G54.4 P1
Y’ 4 3
Y Y
Y
10
X X G54 X
1 2 X’ G54 Y’
G54
10 1 4 1 4
Work coordinate X’
table coordinate Y’ G54.4 P1
G54.4 P1
2 3 2 3
X’
• Roll-Pitch-Yaw Angles y’
y
• Three Points α
• Two Vectors x x’
z y’’
• Projection Angles z’’
β
• Tool Axis Direction β y’
Spindle Probe
Tooling ball
CNC Functions for 5-axis Machining
5-axis Probing – Easy Setup and Calibration
Easy input screens are developed
• Programming Screen: measurement
Command path
color scale
Parameters
Proper G code
Configuration
CNC PC software
Some Best Practices
1. TCP and 3DCC – Tool compensation 2. HSTCP/ST+C – Surface finish
• G code: • G code:
– TCP: G43.4 H1 – HSTCP: G43.4 H1 P3
– 3DCC: G41.2 D1 – ST+C: G5.1 Q3
• Obviously, these two functions are the • Combination with AICC (high speed
most important for 5-axis machining machining) provides better results
• Most other 5-axis functions are working • These two functions are enabled by G
together with TCP and 3DCC codes, but a lot of customers are not
• Without TCP and 3DCC, either “qualified aware of this.
tooling” has to be used for certified • Many customers have used these two
programs, or programs have to be functions and got very good results
generated for different tools (Boeing, PWM etc.)
• Lower tooling cost
• Save programming time
• Widely applied on 5-axis machines
Some Best Practices
3. WSEC – Dynamic workpiece offset 4. TWP – 3+2 machining
• G code: • G code:
G54.4 P1 G68.2
• Dynamically compensate workpiece offset • 6 formats of command to establish feature
setting error in translations and rotations coordinate, very flexible
• Work for both table-based program • A lot of 5-axis machines are mainly used
coordinate and machine-based program for 3+2 machining in industry
coordinate • Reduce programming time
• Reduce setup time • All 5-axis compensation functions such as
• Reduce fixture cost TCP can be used in TWP
• Many customers have used this function • Many customers have used this function
(Flow, Boeing, PWM, GKN/Six Digma, Line (Boeing, Exotic Metal, Primus etc.)
etc.)
Some Best Practices
5. 5-axis test part NAS 979 part
• NAS 979 Uniform Cutting Tests in 1969.
• The cone is used for testing 5-axis
machining. However, the uniform shape
does not reflect the complexity of in
production parts.
• Some customers like Boeing Portland
developed their own acceptance test
parts. These parts are designed to Boeing RR part
– reveal more defects on a machine
– setup issues for servo and CNC
• For large users, custom part can used for
acceptance test for all machines.
Some Best Practices
6. 5-axis probing part 7. Program verification in NCG
• Check probing cycle setup on CNC as part • NCGuide is CNC simulator on PC
of machine acceptance test • Configure same as CNC on a machine
• Used for measuring WSEC offset • More realistic program verification, such
• Good training tool for TWP as cutter comp interference check etc.
• More realistic estimate for cycle time
Boeing R2D2 part
Summary
• 5-axis machining has been widely used in manufacture because it provides many
advantages
• Many advanced CNC functions have been developed to support better utilization of 5-axis
machines
• A lot of end users are either unaware of the latest development or afraid of taking
advantage of the development due to lack of understanding
• The past development was mainly focused on tool/work compensation and high speed
machining
• The future development need to be focused on
– fine surface technology
– Easy of use/application
– AI application (machine/tool/machining condition/programming/CNC/Servo)
• As a leading CNC manufacturer FANUC, we will closely work with OEM, CAM companies,
NC programming community and end users to promote 5-axis machining technology
Global Machine Tool Consumption
Machine Tool Gardner 2016World Machine Tool Survey
• Global: $80 Billion (2015)
• US: $8 Billion (2015)
CNC Machine
• Global: about $50 Billion
(2015)
• US: about $7.25 Billion
(2015)
• Global growth to $55
Billion by 2021
(Technavio)
Global 5-axis Machine Consumption
Wise Guy Reports Technavio Forecast
• In 2014-2017, 5-Axis CNC
machining centers market
size to maintain the average
annual growth rate of 6.22%
• $1.26 billion in 2014
• $1.51 billion in 2017
• $2.13 billion by 2022