CHAPTER 10: HALOALKANES AND HALOARENES 3) Explain Wurtz reaction with an example.

Wurtz reaction with an example. 10) Haloarenes are less reactive for
Ans: Wurtz reaction is reaction of methyl chloride with nucleophilic substitution reactions. Give
1) Explain SN1 mechanism with suitable example.
sodium metal in dry ether to form ethane reasons.
Ans: The reaction between tert-butyl bromide and CH3-Cl + 2Na + CH3-Cl ⎯⎯⎯ dry ether
→ CH3-CH3 + 2NaCl Ans; (i) Carbon halogen bond gets
sodium hydroxide to form tert-butyl alcohol involves General reaction: partial double bond property due to
SN1 mechanism. resonance and cleavage is difficult.
R-X + 2Na + R-X ⎯⎯⎯
dry ether
→ R-R + 2Nax (ii) Due to sp2 carbon of benzene
This reaction is first order reaction and RATE of carbon-halogen bond is stronger and
reaction depends only on concentration of tert-butyl 4) Explain Wurtz-Fittig reaction with an example. shorter and difficult to break.
Ans: Reaction of methyl chloride with chlorobenzene in (iii) Instability of phenyl cation.
bromide. i.e. rate = k[(CH3)3C-Br]
the presence of sodium and dry ether to form methyl (iv) Repulsion between nucleophile and
(CH3)3C-Br + NaOH ⎯⎯ → (CH3)3C-OH + NaBr benzene (toluene) is called Wurtz-fittig reaction electron rich benzene.
Mechanism: C6H5Cl + 2Na + Cl-CH3 ⎯⎯⎯→
dry ether
C6H5-CH3 + 2NaCl
Step;-1; Formation of carbocation 11) What is chirality?
5) Explain Fittig reaction with an example Ans: The property of a molecule due to
(CH3)3C-Br (CH3)3C+ + Br − which it is non-super imposable on its
Ans: Reaction of chlorobenzene with sodium in dry
Step;-2; Attack of nucleophile to form tert-butyl alcohol ether to form diphenyl is called Fittig reaction mirror image is called chirality.
−
(CH3)3C+ + O H ⎯⎯
→ (CH3)3C-OH Cl + 2Na + Cl ⎯⎯⎯→
dry ether
12) Write any three differences
between SN1 and SN2 reactions.
2) Explain SN2 mechanism with suitable example
6) What are freons? Ans:
Ans: The reaction between methyl chloride and sodium
Ans: The chlorofluorocarbon compounds of methane SN1 SN2
hydroxide to form methyl alcohol involves SN2
and ethane are collectively known as freons. Ex; CCl2F2 1. It is 1. It is bimolecular
mechanism.
unimolecular
CH3Cl + NaOH ⎯⎯ → CH3OH + NaCl 7) Explain Finkelstein reaction with an example
Ans: When methyl chloride or methyl bromide reacts
2. It is two step 2. It is one step
This reaction is second order and RATE depends on
with sodium iodide in dry acetone it form methyl iodide reaction reaction
concentration of both methyl chloride and hydroxide ion.
− CH3-Cl + NaI ⎯⎯ → CH3-I + NaCl 3. It is first order 3. It is second order
i.e. rate = K [CH3Cl][ O H ] reaction reaction
Mechanism; 8) Explain Swarts reaction with an example. 4. Favoured by 4. Favoured by
Attacking of nucleophile to form the bond with carbon Ans: When methyl chloride or methyl bromide reacts polar solvents non-polar solvents
with AgF or Hg2F2 it form methyl fluoride
and breaking of carbon halogen bond take place 13) What is asymmetric carbon or chiral carbon?
simultaneously. This reaction involves inversion in the CH3-Cl + AgF ⎯⎯ → CH3-F + AgCl
Ans: The carbon attached to four different
configuration atoms or group of atoms is called chiral carbon
9) What are Enantiomers?
H Ans: The stereoisomers related to each other as
H H 14) What is racemic mixture?
nonsuperimposable mirror images are called
+ Cl- Ans: The mixture containing two enantiomers in
-
OH + C Cl OH-----C-----Cl
C enantiomers
H HO
equal amounts is called racemic mixture.
H
H H H
H

.
 8) calculate the number of particles
1) Calculate the packing efficiency in simple cube SOLID STATE present in SC, BCC and FCC
In a simple cube edge length, a = 2r 4) Calculate the packing efficiency in body centred cube Ans: 1. Number of particles present in a
4 3 simple cube =
Volume of one particle = r Let edge length be ‘a’ and radius of atom be ‘r’
3 From  ABD , AB2 = AD2 + BD2 = 1  8 (at corners) = 1 particles
8
AB2 = a2 + a2 = 2a2
volume of one atom in unit cell of simpe cube 2. Number of particles present in a bcc
Packing efficiency = 100% From  ABC, AC2 = AB2 + BC2
Total volume of unitcell = 1  8 (at corners) + 1 (at centre) = 2
AC2 = 2a2 + a2 = 3a2 8
4  r3 (4r)2 = 3a2
3 particles per unit cell.
= 100% = 52.4% 4r 3. Number of particles present in a fcc
(2 r)3 a=
3 = 1  8 (at corners) + 1  6 (at face
2) Calculate the packing efficiency in face centred 8 2
cube (fcc or ccp or hcp) volume occupied by 2 particles present in unit cell centre) = 1 + 3 = 4 particles per unit
Packing efficiency = 100% cell.
In CCP, Let ‘a’ be edge length of cube and Total volume of unit cell (or cube)
9) Define the following with an example:
‘r’ be radius of atom From  ABC , 2 × 4 π r3
3 a) Ferromagnetic substances: These are the
AB2 + BC2 = AC2 Packing efficiency = × 100 % = 68 %
4r 3 substances which are strongly attracted by
a2 + a2 = (4 r)2 ( ) a magnetic field.
3 For eg: Fe, Ni, Co , CrO2 etc
or a = 2 2r
5) Write any two differences between Schottky and Frenkel defect
4 3
Volume of one particle =  r Schottky defect Frenkel defect b) Antiferromagnetic: substances which
3 1. It is due to missing of equal 1. It is due dislocation of smaller have equal number of parallel and anti
number of cations and anions from ion (cation) from normal site to parallel magnetic dipoles resulting in a zero
volume of four atoms in unit cell of CCP net dipole moment. For eg: MnO, Mn2O3
Packing efficiency = 100% the lattice sites an interstitial site
Total volume of unit cell 2. This results in the decrease in the 2. It has no effect on the density
4 × 4 π r3 density of the crystal. of the crystal. c) Ferrimagnetic: Substances which have
Packing efficiency = 3 × 100 % = 74 % unequal number of parallel and anti
3
Eg: NaCl, CsCl, AgBr etc Eg: ZnS, AgCl, AgBr etc
( 2 2 r) parallel magnetic dipoles resulting in a net
6) What is meant by the term coordination number in solids? What dipole moment. For eg: Fe3O4
3. Write the differences between crystalline solids and
is the coordination number in a i) FCC ii) BCC iii) simple cube 10) What is the number of lattice points in
amorphous solids. Ans: The number of nearest neighbours of a particle in solids is i) FCC ii) BCC iii) simple cube
Crystalline solid Amorphous solid called coordination number.
(i) They have definite geometrical (i) Irregular shape Ans: Lattice points in i) FCC = 14
shape Coordination number of i) FCC = 12 ii) BCC = 8 ii) BCC = 9 iii) simple cube = 8
iii) simple cube = 6
(ii)Anisotropic in nature (ii)Isotropic in nature
7) An element having atomic mass 107.9 g mol-1 has FCC unit cell. The edge length of 11) What is the number of
(iii) True solids (iii) Pseudo solids unit cell is 408.6 pm. Calculate the density of unit cell. atoms (Z) per unit cell of
(Solve similar problems on density) i) FCC ii) BCC iii) SC
(iv) They have sharp melting point (iv) they melt over range of
temperature ZM 4 107.9 Ans: i) FCC = Z = 4
Ans: Formula: d= = = 10.50 g cm-3 ii) BCC = Z = 2
(v) Long range order of atoms (v) short range order of 3
a NA −10
(408.6 10 cm)  6.023 10
3 23
atoms iii) simple cube =Z = 1
CHAPTER 3: ELECTROCHEMISTRY
1) State Michael Faraday’s first law of electrolysis.
Write its mathematical form.
Ans; The amount of chemical reaction which occurs at
any electrode during electrolysis by a current is
proportional to the quantity of electricity passed
through the electrolyte
W = ZQ or W = Zit
2) State Michael Faraday’s second law of electrolysis.
Write its mathematical form.
Ans: The amounts of different substances liberated by
the same quantity of electricity passing through the
electrolytic solution are proportional to their chemical
equivalent weights
W1/E1 = W2/E2
3) State Kohlrausch law of independent migration of
ions. Write any two applications.
Ans: The law states that” limiting molar conductivity of
an electrolyte can be represented as the sum of the
individual contributions of the anion and cation of the
electrolyte.”
Uses: (i) Degree of dissociation of weak electrolyte can
be calculated
(ii) Dissociation constant of weak electrolyte can be
determined.
(iii) Limiting molar conductivity of weak electrolyte can
be calculated.
4) Define conductivity (specific conductance) and write
its SI unit.
Ans: It is a conductance of a material of 1m long and
area of cross section 1m2. SI Unit is Sm-1.
5) Define molar conductance, what is its SI unit?
Ans. It is the conductance due to all the ions in a
solution containing 1 mole of electrolyte. Sm2mol-1
6) What is corrosion? Write anodic and cathodic
reactions involved in corrosion of Fe. Name any two
methods for prevention of corrosion.
Ans: Corrosion is Loss of metal in the form of its oxide or
any other salt form.
At anode: 2Fe(s) ⎯⎯
→ 2Fe2+ + 4e-
At cathode: O2 (g) + 4H+(aq) + 4e- ⎯⎯ → 2H2O
Methods: (i) Coating surface with paint or chemicals like
Bisphenol
(ii) Covering metal surface with more reactive metals like
Zn or Mg
7) Explain construction and working of standard hydrogen
electrode.
Ans: Hydrogen gas at 1 bar pressure is in equilibrium with 1 molar
HCl solution at 298K in the presence of platinum electrode is
called as SHE
Construction: Platinum wire is sealed
in a glass tube, one end is connected
to the external connection and another
end is connected to platinum
electrode coated with platinum black.
The glass tube with platinum electrode
is enclosed in an outer jacket with one
inlet at the top to pass hydrogen has
at 1 bar pressure.
Working: When hydrogen gas is passed, equilibrium is exist
between adsorbed H2 gas and H+ ions.
Half cell reaction,
H+(aq) + e- ⎯⎯ → ½ H2(g)
Cell representation,
Pt(s) | H2(g) (1 bar) | H+(aq) (1M)
According to the convention the reduction potential of hydrogen
half cell is assigned is zero at all temperatures.
8) What is primary battery? Give an example.
Ans: The battery in which reaction occurs only once and after the
use it becomes dead and cannot reused.
Ex; Leclanche cell (dry cell) or mercury cell
9) Explain Leclanche cell or dry cell. Write one use.
Ans; Anode is zinc container; cathode is carbon (graphite) rod with
MnO2. Electrolyte is moist NH4Cl and ZnCl2.
Reaction at anode: Zn(s) ⎯⎯ → Zn2+ + 2e –
At cathode: MnO2 + NH4 + + e- ⎯⎯→ MnO(OH) + NH3
Voltage is 1.5V and used in tv remotes, clock etc.
10) Calculate the EMF of the cell in which the following reaction takes
place Ni(s) + 2Ag+(0.002M) ⎯⎯ → Ni2+(0.160M) + 2Ag(s) (Given,
E 
= 1.05V) (solve similar problems on Nernst equation)
Cell
0.0591 [Ni 2+ ] 0.0591
Ans: Ecell = E 0
− log = 1.05 − log
[Ag + ]2
cell
2 2 (0.002)2
= 1.05 - (0.02955 × log 4 10 ) = 0.914 V
4
11) What is secondary battery? Explain lead
storage battery with reactions.
Ans: The battery which can be recharged and
reused again is called as secondary battery.
Ex: lead storage battery. It consists of a lead anode
and a grid of lead packed with lead dioxide (PbO2 )
as cathode. A 38% solution of sulphuric acid is
used as an electrolyte.
At anode; Pb(s) + SO42-(aq) ⎯⎯ → PbSO4(s) + 2e-
At cathode:PbO2+ SO42-+ 4H+ +2e- ⎯⎯
→ PbSO4+ 2H2O
Overall reaction:
Pb + PbO2 + 2H2SO4 ⎯⎯
→ 2PbSO4 + 2H2O
On charging the battery the reaction is
reversed and PbSO4(s) on anode and cathode is
converted into Pb and PbO2, respectively.
12) What is fuel cell? Explain hydrogen-oxygen fuel
cell. (draw the diagram)
Ans: Galvanic cells that are designed to convert the
energy of combustion of fuels like hydrogen,
methane, methanol, etc. directly into electrical
energy are called fuel cells
At anode: 2H2 + 4OH- ⎯⎯ → 4H2O + 4e-
At cathode: O2 + 2H2O + 4e- ⎯⎯
→ 4OH-
13) Mention any two factors which affect the
conductivity of electrolytic solution.
Ans: Factors which affect the conductivity
(i) the nature of the electrolyte added
(ii) temperature
0.160 (iii) size of the ions produced and their
solvation
(iv) the nature of the solvent and its viscosity
(v) concentration of the electrolyte
CHAPTER 8: d and f- Block elements
5. Give reason (i) Actinoid show variable oxidation state. 11) With reference to first transition series name
1. Explain the manufacture of potassium dichromate (ii) Zr and Hf have almost identical radii. (a) The metal with maximum number of unpaired electrons
from chromite ore. (iii) Cerium shows +4 oxidation states. in the ground state
Ans: Step; 1; Conversion of chromite ore into sodium (iv) Lanthanides are less reactive than actinides. Ans: Chromium
chromate Ans: (i) due to lesser energy difference between 5f, 6d and (b) Zero Spin only magnetic momentum in (i) +2 oxidation
4 FeCr2O4 + 8Na2CO3+7O2 ⎯⎯ → 8Na2CrO4 +2Fe2O3 + 8CO2 7s orbitals state (ii) +3 oxidation state
Step; 2; Conversion of sodium chromate to sodium (ii) Lanthanide contraction Ans: (i) Zinc (ii) Scandium
dichromate (iii) Because in +4 cerium has noble gas configuration or it (c) Exhibits maximum number of oxidation states
2Na2CrO4 + 2H+ ⎯⎯ → Na2Cr2O7 + 2Na+ + H2O attains Xe configuration which is more stable Ans: Manganese
Step; 3: Conversion of sodium dichromate to (iv) Because lanthanides are non radioactive with less (d) Does not exhibit variable oxidation state
potassium dichromate. variation in the oxidation state Ans: Zinc or Scandium
(e) Shows maximum oxidation state
Na2Cr2O7 + 2KCl ⎯⎯
→ K2Cr2O7 + 2NaCl 6. Give reason: Transition metals are good catalysts
Ans: +7 by Mn in KMnO4
Ans: 1) variable oxidation states
2. Explain the preparation of potassium permanganate 2) Availability of vacant d-orbitals f) Among Zn2+ and Cu2+ which is colourless?
from MnO2. 3) In finely provided form they provide large surface area Ans: Zn2+
Ans: Finely powdered MnO2 is fused (melted) with KOH in 4) They form intermediate compounds and provide a new g) Between Ti2+ and V2+ which ion contains more number of
the presence of an oxidising agent like KNO3 produces dark path for reaction of lower activation energy unpaired electrons?
green coloured K2MnO4 (potassium manganate) which Ans: V2+
disproportionate in a neutral or acidic solution to give 7. Cu2+ ions are coloured and Zn2+ ions are colourless. Give
12. Write differences between lanthanides and actinides.
permanganate. reasons.
Lanthanides Actinides
⎯⎯→ 2 K2MnO4 + 2 H2O
2+ 2+
2 MnO2 + 4 KOH + O2 Ans: i) Cu ion has one unpaired eletron but Zn ion has
no unpaired electrons 1) Shows oxidation states 1) Shows variable oxidation
+ 4H ⎯⎯
→ 2 MnO -4 + MnO2 + 2H2O
2- +
3 MnO 4 2+, 3+ and 4+ only states of 2+, 3+, 4+ , 5+, 6+, 7+
ii) d-d transition is present in Cu2+ but not in Zn2+
3. What is lanthanide contraction? What is the reason for 8. Calculate the spin only magnetic moment of Fe2+ . 2) Except promethium all 2) All elements are radio
it? Mention its consequences. elements are non- active
(Practice similar problems)
Ans: The overall decrease in atomic and ionic radii from La radioactive in nature
to Lu with increase in atomic number is called as Ans: Formula:  = n(n + 2) 3) Form less number of 3) Form more number of
Lanthanoid contraction.
In Fe2+, no. Of unpaired electrons = 4 complexes complexes
Reason: Poor shielding of 4f orbital electrons
4) Form less basic 4) Form more basic
Consequence: (a) 4d and 5d series (or second and third  = 4(4 + 2) = 24 = 4.90BM hydroxides hydroxides
transition series) elements have same radii or Hf
9) What are Interstitial compounds? Write its 5) Contraction is less 5) Contraction is more
and Zr have identical radii.
(b) 4d and 5d elements exist together in the nature and characteristics 13. Study of actinides is difficult. Give two reasons.
difficult to separate or chemistry of lanthanides are same Ans: Interstitial compounds are formed by the trapping Ans: i) Actinoids are radioactive elements with less half lives
(c) Basic nature of hydroxides decreases from La to Lu small atoms like C, N or H in crystal lattices of transition ii) They are prepared in very less quantities
metals.
4. Transition elements form complex compounds. Give Characteristic properties: i) They have high melting point 14) What is Mischmetal?
reasons than metal (ii) They are hard in nature (iii) They are Ans: Mischmetal is alloy of lanthanide. It contains
Ans: Reasons: a) Availability of vacant d-orbitals good conductor of electricity (iv) They are chemically inert. lanthanide(94-95%) iron(5%) and traces of S,C,Si,Ca and Al
b) Variable oxidation sates.
c) High charge and small size of metal ions 10) Between Cu2+ and Cu+ which is more stable in 15) What is the common oxidation state shown by
d) High charge density as result of it they aqueous solution? Why? (a) 3d series elements (b) Lanthanides or actinides
can easily accept lone pair of electrons donated Ans: Cu 2+ is more stable in aqueous solution due to high Ans: 3d series elements show common oxidation state of +2 and
by ligands. Lanthanides or actinides show common oxidation state of +3
negative hydration enthalpy
 SOLUTIONS
1) Define molarity. How does it vary with temperature? 7. Write any three differences between non-Ideal
Ans: Molarity (M) is defined as number of moles of solute solution showing positive deviation and non-ideal
dissolved in one liter of solution. Molarity decreases with rise solution showing negative deviation.
in temperature or molarity inversely related to temperature. Ans:
Non-Ideal solution with Non-ideal solution with
2. Define molality. How does it vary with temperature? positive deviation negative deviation
Ans: Molality (m) is defined as number of moles of solute 1. They show positive 1. They show negative
dissolved in one kilogram (1kg) of the solvent. Molality is deviation from Raoult’s deviation from Raoult’s
independent of change in temperature. Law law
2. The change in enthalpy 2. The change in enthalpy
3. State Henry’s law. Write any three applications of it. of mixing is more than zero of mixing is less than zero
Write one significance of Henry’s constant. (positive) (negative)
Ans: Henry’s law states that “The solubility of a gas in a 3. The change in volume of 3. The change in volume of
liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of mixing is more than zero mixing is less than zero
the gas present above the surface of liquid or (positive) (negative)
solution.” Ex: Ethanol and water Ex: HCl and water
Applications: 1. In preparation of Carbonated beverages
2. In deep see diving by scuba divers 8. Define Osmotic pressure.
3. In higher altitudes by mountain climbers. Ans: The osmotic pressure of a solution is the excess
Significance: Higher the KH value, lower is the solubility. pressure that must be applied to a solution to
prevent osmosis
4. State Raoult’s law for vapour pressure.
Ans: Raoult’s law states that “The partial vapour pressure of 9. Define a) Isotonic solution b) Hypertonic solution
each component of the solution is directly proportional to c) Hypotonic solution
its mole fraction present in solution” Ans: a) Two solutions having same osmotic pressure at a
given temperature are called isotonic solutions
5. Write any three differences between Ideal and non-ideal b) The solution which has more osmotic pressure than
solutions.
other solution is called hypertonic solution
Ideal solution Non-ideal solution c) The solution which has less osmotic pressure than
1. It obeys Raoult’s Law 1. It does not obeys Raoult’s other solution is called hypotonic solution
law
2. The change in enthalpy 2. The change in enthalpy of 10. What does the van’t Hoff factor ‘i’ for a solute in
of mixing is zero mixing is not equal to zero solvent account for?
3. The change in volume 3. The change in volume of Ans: It account for extent of association or dissosciation
of mixing is zero mixing is not equal to zero
Ex: Benzene and toluene Ex: Ethanol and water
11. What is the value of van’t Hoff factor for i) NaCl ii)
K2SO4 iii) AlCl3
6. What is Reverse osmosis? Write one application of it. Ans: i) 2 ii) 3 iii) 4
Ans: It is the phenomena in which the direction of
osmosis can be reversed if a pressure larger than the 12. Van’t Hoff factor for the solution is more than one.
osmotic pressure is applied to the solution side. What is the conclusion drawn from it?
Application: Reverse osmosis is used in desalination of sea
Ans: Solute undergo dissociation
water or purification of water
13. Van’t Hoff factor for the solution is less than one. What
is the conclusion drawn from it?
Ans: Solute undergo association
14. What happens to the solubility of a gas in a liquid with
increase in temperature and increase in pressure?
Ans: Solubility of gas decreases with increase in
temperature. Solubility of gas increases with increase in
pressure.
15. On dissolving 2.34 g of solute in 40 g of benzene, the
boiling point of solution was higher than that of
benzene by 0.81 K, Kb value for benzene is 2.53 K kg
mol-1. Calculate the molar mass of the solute.
Ans: formula: M = Kb  W2 1000
Tb  W1
2
Substitution: M = 2.53  2.34 1000
0.81 40
Answer: M = 182.72 g mol-1
16. 200 cm3 of an aqueous solution of a protein contains
1.26 g of protein. The osmotic pressure of such a
solution at 300 K is found to be 2.57 x 10-3 bar. Calculate
the molar mass of the protein. (R=0.083 L bar mol-1 K-1)
Ans: Formula: M = w2  R  T
2
 V
1.26  0.083  300
M2 =
2.57 10−3  0.200
M2 = 61,022 g mol-1
17. 31 g of an unknown molecular material is dissolved in
500 g of water. The resulting solution freezes at 271.14
K. Calculate the molar mass of the material. [Given : Kf
for water = 1.86 K kg mol−1, of T of water = 273 K].
Kf  W2 1000
Ans: formula: M2 =
T f  W1
T f = 273-271.14 = 1.86 K
Substitution: M 2 = 1.86  311000
1.86  500
Answer: M = 62 g mol-1
(Note: Practice similar problems )
CHAPTER 9: COORDINATION COMPOUNDS (3) Tetracyanidonickelate(II) ion [Ni(CN)4]2-: 9) Write cis and trans form of [Pt(NH3)2Cl2]
1) With the help of VBT explain the hybridisation, magnetic property Nickel is in +2 oxidation state and has electronic configuration 3d8. complex
4s
and geometrical shape of (a) Hexa ammine cobalt (III) ion [Co(NH3)6 ]3+ 3d 4p
2+ 8 1. HClO:
The outer shell electron configuration of Co3+ ion is represented as Ni 3d
Hypoclorous
follows: [Ar] 3d6 4s0
When strong ligand CN- approaches Ni2+, electronacidpairing takes
2
Cl-OH
place: The vacant orbitals involve in dsp hybridisation. 10) Write cis and trans form of [Co(NH3)4Cl2]+
In these hybridized orbitals 4 pair of electrons from 4 CN- ions occupy
When strong field ligand NH3 approaches Co3+ ion, electron pairing takes 3d dsp2 4p
place: [Ni(CN)4] 2- xx xx xx xx

i) Hybridisation: dsp2 ii) Magnetic property: Diamagnetic

2 3
d sp hybrid iii) Geometrical shape: Square planar
11) Write Geometrical isomers (cis and trans)
Now Co3+ ion under goes d2sp3 hybridisation forming 6 hybrid orbitals
(4) Tetrachlorido(II)ion [NiCl4]2-: of [CoCl2(en)2]
and geometry of the complex is octahedral.
Nickel is in +2 oxidation state and has electronic configuration 3d8.
xx xx xx xx xx xx 3d 4s 4p
2+ 8
Ni 3d
Six pairs of electrons from six NH 3 molecules
In these hybridized orbitals 6 pair of electrons from 6 NH3 molecules When weak ligand Cl- approaches Ni2+, electron pairing does not take
occupies forming diamagnetic compound. place: The vacand orbitals involve in sp3 hybridisation.
i) Hybridisation: d2sp3 ii) Magnetic property: Diamagnetic Cis trans
iii) Geometrical shape: Octahedral sp3 12) Write Optical isomers (d and l) of [Co(en) 3]3+
2-
[NiCl4]
2) Hexafluoridocobaltate (III) ion [CoF6]3-: xx xx xx xx

The outer shell electron configuration of Co3+ ion is represented as sp3

follows: [Ar] 3d6 4s0
i) Hybridisation: sp3 ii) Magnetic property: Paramagnetic
iii) Geometrical shape: Tetrahedral

When weak field ligand F- approaches Co3+ ion, electrons pairing does 6) What is linkage isomerism? Give an example.
not takes place Ans: Coordination compounds with same molecular formula but
differ with ligating atom attached to central metal. (This type of 13) State any three postulates of Werner’s
isomerism arises when ambidentate ligands are present) theory of Coordination compounds.
Now Co3+ ion under goes sp3d2 hybridisation forming 6 hybrid orbitals Ex: [Co(NH3)5(NO2)]Cl2 and [Co(NH3)5(ONO)]Cl2 Ans: 1. In coordination compounds metals show
and geometry of the complex is octahedral two types of linkages (or valences)-primary and
xx xx xx xx xx xx 7) What is ionisation isomerism? Give an example. secondary.
- Ans: Coordination compounds with same molecular formula but 2. The primary valences are normally ionisable
3d Six pairs of electrons from six F molecules 4d
produce different ions in water. and are satisfied by negative ions.
In these hybridized orbitals 6 pair of electrons from 6 F- ions occupy Ex; [Co(NH3)5SO4]Br and [Co(NH3)5Br]SO4 3. The secondary valences are non ionisable.
forming paramagnetic compound. These are satisfied by neutral molecules or
i) Hybridisation: sp3d2 ii) Magnetic property: Paramagnetic 8) What is hydrate or solvate isomerism? Give an example. negative ions present as ligands
iii) Geometrical shape: Octahedral Ans: Coordination compounds with same molecular formula but 4. The secondary valence is equal to the
differ with number of water molecules present as ligand. coordination number
5) Which set of d-orbitals of metal ion/atom experience more Ex; [Cr(H2O)6]Cl3 and [Cr(H2O)5Cl]Cl2.H2O 5. The secondary valences are responsible for
repulsion in octahedral field created by the ligand?
definite geometry of the complex.
Ans: eg set or set of dx2- y2 and dz2 orbitals
1) Write the mechanism of acid catalysed
dehydration of ethanol to ethene. ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS AND ETHERS
Ans: Mechanism: 4) Explain the preparation of phenol form Cumene 8) Explain the Williamson’s ether synthesis with general
Step: 1; Formation protonated alcohol Ans: Cumene oxidised in the presence of air to form equation.
Cumene hydroperoxide which on treatment with dilute Ans: When alkyl halide reacts with sodium alkoxide it forms
H
ether.
.. + acid forms phenol and acetone.
⎯⎯
→
+
CH3-CH2-OH
.. + H CH3-CH2-O-H CH3 CH3 R-X + R’-ONa R-O-R’ + NaX
Ethanol protonated alcohol
H3C CH H3C C O O H OH
9) Explain the Williamson’s ether synthesis with an example.
Step:2; Formation of carbocation Ex: Preparation of methoxy methane or dimethyl ether
+
H ⎯⎯
O2
→ ⎯⎯⎯
H
→ When Methyl chloride is treated with sodium methoxide,
+ CH3COCH3
+ Slow +
H 2O
dimethyl ether (methoxy methane) is obtained as the product.
CH3-CH2-O-H CH3-CH2 + H2O
CH3-Cl + CH3-ONa ⎯⎯
→ CH3 –O-CH3 + NaCl
protonated alcohol 5) Explain the Kolbe’s reaction
Ans:Phenol reacts with sodium hydroxide to form Ex: Preparation of ethyl methyl ether or methoxy ethane
Step: 3: Formation of ethene by elimination of a
Proton Sodium phenoxide which on treatment with carbon When methyl chloride is treated with sodium ethoxide,
dioxide and dilute acid forms SALICYLIC ACID ethyl methyl ether (Methoxy ethane ) is obtained.
+
CH3-CH2 CH2=CH2 + H+
OH ONa OH CH3 –Cl + C2H5 –ONa ⎯⎯
→ CH3 –O –C2H5 + NaCl
COOH
10) How anisole reacts with acetyl chloride in the presence of
2) Write the mechanism of acid catalysed hydration ⎯⎯⎯
NaOH
→ ⎯⎯⎯
i) CO 2
ii) H +
→ anhydrous AlCl3? Write the equation
of ethene to ethanol. Ans: When anisole reacts with acetyl chloride in the presence
Ans: Step 1: Formation of carbocation from ethene 6) Explain bromination of anisole. Or What is the action of anhydrous AlCl3 to form 2-methoxy acetophenone (minor)
of bromine in ethanoic acid on anisole? Give and 4-methoxy acetophenone (major)
H H H H
+
equation. OCH3 OCH3 OCH3
+
C C + O H H C CH2 + H2O Ans: When anisole reacts with Br2 in acetic acid it form COCH3
H H H ortho and para bromo anisole.
+ CH3COCl ⎯⎯⎯⎯→
H Anhyd . AlCl3
Step 2: Nucleophilic attack of water on carbocation: OCH3 OCH3 OCH3 +
H H H Br
H
H C
+
CH2 + H2O H C C O
+
H ⎯⎯⎯⎯→ Br2
in acetic acid + COCH3

H H H 11) What is the effect of the following groups on the

Step 3: Removal of proton to form alcohol Br acidity of phenol? (i) –CH3 (ii) –NO2
H H H H H 7) Explain the Reimer-Tiemann reaction for the formation of Ans: (i) –CH3 (electron donating groups): decreases
+ + Salicylaldehyde. the acidic nature of phenol
H C C O H H C C OH + H
Ans: Phenol on treatment with chloroform and sodium hydroxide (ii) –NO2 (electron withdrawing groups): increases the
H H H H acidic nature of phenol
forms sodium salt of salicylaldehyde. Which is on treatment with
acid forms salicylaldehyde. 12) Name the product formed when
3) Between phenol and ortho-nitrophenol which OH -
O Na
+ -
O Na
+
OH phenol is treated with acidified solution of
one is more acidic and why? CHCl 2 CHO CHO Na2Cr2O7.
Ans: o-nitrophenol is more acidic ⎯⎯⎯
CHCl3
NaOH
→ ⎯⎯⎯
→ NaOH
⎯⎯→ H+
Ans: Product is Benzoquinone
Reason: Electron withdrawing nitro group stabilises
the phenoxide ion.
1. Explain Gabriel phthalimide synthesis for the
AMINES
preparation of methanamine. 3. Explain Carbylamine reaction with an example.
Ans: Phthalimide reacts with KOH to form potassium Ans: Ex 1: When methanamine is treated with chloroform and
phthalimide which is on treatment with methyl alcoholic solution of KOH, methyl isocyanide is obtained
chloride gives N-Methyl phthalimide which on CH3NH2 + CHCl3 + 3KOH (alc) ⎯⎯ → CH3NC + 3KCl + 3H2O
hydrolysis with sodium hydroxide gives methanamine.
O O O
Ex 2: When ethanamine is treated with chloroform and
KOH CH Cl alcoholic solution of KOH, ethyl isocyanide is obtained.
NH ⎯⎯⎯⎯
→
- +
3 →
N K ⎯⎯⎯⎯ N CH3
C2H5NH2 + CHCl3 + 3KOH (alc) ⎯⎯ → C2H5NC + 3KCl + 3H2O
O O O
O
4. Between CH3NH2 and C6H5NH2 which is more basic? Why?
ONa NaOH Ans: CH3NH2 is more basic due to +I effect of CH3 group.
+ H3C NH2
ONa
5. Arrange the following amines in the order of their increasing
O
2. Explain Hoffmann’s Bromamide reaction with an basic strength in aqueous solution. (CH3)3N, (CH3)2NH,
example. (CH3)NH2.
Ans: Ex 1: Acetamide on treatment with Br2 in the Ans: Increasing order is (CH3)3N < (CH3)NH2 < (CH3)2NH
presence of KOH or NaOH at about 343K gives
methanamine 6. Explain Tests to distinguish 1o, 2o and 3o amines by using
CH3CONH2 +Br2 + 4KOH ⎯⎯ → CH3NH2 + 2KBr + Hinsberg’s reagent.
K2CO3 + 2H2O Ans: Benzene sulphonyl chloride is known as Hinsberg’s
reagent
Ex 2: Propanamide on treatment with Br2 in the (a) Primary amines react with benzenelsulphonyl chloride to
presence of KOH or NaOH at about 343K gives form product which is soluble in alkali i.e NaOH or KOH
ethanamine (b) Secondary amines react with benzenesulphonyl chloride to
CH3 CH2CONH2 + Br2 + 4KOH ⎯⎯ → CH3CH2NH2 + 2KBr + form product which is insoluble in alkali.
K2CO3 + 2H2O (c) Tertiary amines do not react with benzenesulphonyl chloride
7. Explain Diazotisation reaction with an example. Or 10. How is aniline converted into phenyl isocyanide? Write
Name the product obtained and write the reaction the equation.
when nitrous acid treated with aniline at 273-278K Ans: Aniline reacts with chloroform and alcoholic solution of
Ans: Aniline react with Nitrous acid 273 K -278K or KOH, phenyl isocyanide is obtained
0o-5oC to form diazonium salt. This reaction is also called C6H5NH2 + CHCl3 + 3KOH (alc) ⎯⎯ → C6H5NC +3KCl + 3H2O
as diazotisation reaction.
NaNO2 + 2 HCl
C6H5NH2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
273− 278 K
→ C6 H 5 − N 2+Cl − + NaCl + 2H2O 11. Write the major product formed in the following
conversion:
i) When nitrous acid is treated with methylamine
8. Explain the reduction of nitrobenzene to aniline.
Ans: When nitrobenzene is reduced in presence of H2 in ii) Benzene diazonium chloride is treated with KI
Pd or Sn in HCl or Fe in HCl to form aniline. Ans: i) Methyl alcohol ii) Iodobenzene
NO 2 NH2
12. Give the IUPAC name of i) CH3-NH-CH2CH3
ii) (CH3)2-N-CH2-CH3 iii) CH3CH2NH2 (iv) (CH3)2-N-C6H5
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
H 2 /Pd and ethanol or Sn + HCl or Fe + HCl
→ Ans: i) N-methylethanamine
ii) N,N-dimethylethanamine
9. What is the action of bromine water on iii) ethanamine
benzenamine (Aniline) at room temperature?
iv) N,N-dimethylbenzenamine
Ans: Aniline reacts with bromine water to form
2, 4, 6-tribromoaniline
NH2 NH2 13. Between ammonia and aniline, which is more basic?
Ans: Ammonia
Br Br
Br + Water
2
+ 3Br2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ 14. Why aromatic primary amines cannot be prepared by
Gabriel synthesis?
Ans: because aryl halides do not undergo nucleophilic
Br
substitution with the anion formed by phthalimide.