Math140 2002-03

McGILL UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF SCIENCE
DEPARTMENT OF
MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS
MATH 140 2002 09

CALCULUS I
Information for Students

(Fall Term, 2002/2003)
Pages 1 - 10 of these notes may be considered the
Course Outline for this course.
W. G. Brown and A. Hundemer
December 1, 2002
Information for Students in MATH 140 2002 09
Contents C Assignments from Previous Years 3001

C.1 Fall 1998 Problem Assignments 3001
1 General Information 1 C.2 Fall 1999 Problem Assignments 3001
1.1 Instructors and Times . . . . . 1 C.2.1 First Fall 1999 Problem
1.2 Calendar Description . . . . . . 1 Assignment, with Solu-
1.3 Tutorials; Tutors’ Coordinates tions . . . . . . . . . . . 3001
(subject to change) . . . . . . . 2 C.2.2 Second Fall 1999 Prob-
1.4 Evaluation of Your Progress . . 2 lem Assignment . . . . . 3011
1.4.1 Your final grade . . . . 2 C.2.3 Third Fall 1999 Problem
1.4.2 WeBWorK Assignments. 4 Assignment, with Solu-
1.4.3 Quizzes at the Tutorials 4 tions . . . . . . . . . . . 3012
1.4.4 Final Examination . . . 5 C.2.4 Fourth Fall 1999 Prob-
1.4.5 Supplemental Assessments 5 lem Assignment . . . . . 3020
1.4.6 Machine Scoring . . . . 6 C.2.5 Fifth Fall 1999 Problem
1.4.7 Plagiarism . . . . . . . . 6 Assignment . . . . . . . 3021
1.5 Published Materials . . . . . . 6 C.3 2000/2001 Problem Assignments,
1.5.1 Required Text-Book . . 6 with Solutions . . . . . . . . . . 3023
1.5.2 Optional Reference Books 6 C.3.1 First 2000/2001 Problem
1.5.3 Website . . . . . . . . . 7 Assignment, with Solu-
1.6 Syllabus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 tions . . . . . . . . . . . 3023
1.7 Preparation and Workload . . . 9 C.3.2 Second 2000/2001 Prob-
1.7.1 Prerequisites. . . . . . . 9 lem Assignment, with So-
1.7.2 Calculators . . . . . . . 9 lutions . . . . . . . . . . 3034
1.7.3 Self-Supervision . . . . . 9 C.3.3 Third 2000/2001 Prob-
1.7.4 Escape Routes . . . . . 10 lem Assignment, with So-
lutions . . . . . . . . . . 3041
A Information Specifically for Students C.3.4 Fourth 2000/2001 Prob-
in Section 001 1001 lem Assignment, with So-
A.1 Timetable for Section 001 of MATH lutions . . . . . . . . . . 3050
140 2002 09 . . . . . . . . . . . 1001 C.3.5 Fifth 2000/2001 Problem
A.2 Correction of an error in the sketch Assignment, with Solu-
of a graph . . . . . . . . . . . . 1003 tions . . . . . . . . . . . 3056
A.3 A limit problem . . . . . . . . . 1006 C.3.6 Sixth 2000/2001 Problem
A.4 Working with ∞ and −∞ . . . 1008 Assignment, with Solu-
A.5 Using the Mean Value Theorem tions . . . . . . . . . . . 3061
to prove a trigonometric identity 1010
A.6 Applying the calculus to com- D Some Tests and Quizzes from Pre-
mercial problems . . . . . . . . 1013 vious Years 3065
D.1 Fall 1998 Class Quiz, with So-
B Information Specifically for Students lutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3065
in Section 002 2001 D.2 Last Three Tutorial Quizzes in
B.1 Timetable for Section 002 of MATH 2000/2001 (many versions) . . 3068
140 2002 09 . . . . . . . . . . . 2001
D.2.1 Fourth 2000/2001 Tuto- F.1.6 May I assume that the

rial Quizzes . . . . . . . 3068 distribution of topics on
D.2.2 Fifth 2000/2001 Tutorial quizzes and final exami-
Quizzes . . . . . . . . . 3071 nations will parallel the
D.2.3 Sixth 2000/2001 Tutorial distribution of topics in
Quizzes . . . . . . . . . 3074 the WeBWorK assign-
ments? . . . . . . . . . . 4002
E Examinations from Previous Years 3079 F.1.7 WeBWorK provides for
E.1 December 1996 Final Examina- different kinds of “Dis-
tion in 189-122A . . . . . . . . 3079 play Mode”. Which should
E.2 December 1997 Final Examina- I use? . . . . . . . . . . 4003
tion in 189-140A . . . . . . . . 3080 F.1.8 WeBWorK provides for
E.3 December 1998 Final Examina- printing assignments in
tion in 189-140A . . . . . . . . 3083 “Portable Document Format”
E.4 May 1999 Supplemental Exam- (.pdf) or “PostScript” (.ps)
ination in 189-140A . . . . . . . 3085 form. Which should I use?4003
E.5 December 1999 Final Examina- F.1.9 What is the relation be-
tion in 189-140A . . . . . . . . 3086 tween WeBWorK and
E.6 December 1999 Special Final Ex- WebCT? . . . . . . . . . 4003
amination in 189-140A . . . . . 3088 F.1.10 Which browser should I
E.7 December 2000 Final examina- use for WeBWorK? . . 4004
tion in 189-140A . . . . . . . . 3089 F.1.11 What do I have to do on
E.8 May 2001 Supplemental/Deferred WeBWorK? . . . . . . 4004
Examination 189-140A . . . . . 3090 F.1.12 Where should I go if I
E.9 December 2001 Final Examina- have difficulties with WeB-
tion 189-140A . . . . . . . . . . 3091 WorK? . . . . . . . . . 4004
E.10 May 2002 Supplemental/Deferred F.1.13 Can the WeBWorK sys-
Examination 189-140A . . . . . 3093 tem ever break down or
degrade? . . . . . . . . . 4005
F WeBWorK 4001 F.1.14 How many attempts may
F.1 Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)4001 I make to solve a partic-
F.1.1 Where is WeBWorK? 4001 ular problem on WeB-
F.1.2 Do I need a password to WorK? . . . . . . . . . 4005
use WeBWorK? . . . . 4001 F.1.15 Will all WeBWorK as-
F.1.3 Do I have to pay to use signments have the same
WeBWorK? . . . . . . 4002 length? ...same value? . 4005
F.1.4 When will assignments be
available on WeBWorK?4002 G References 5001
F.1.5 Do WeBWorK assign-
ments cover the full range H Instructions and Suggestions for Teach-
of problems that I should ing Assistants in MATH 140 2002
be able to solve in this 09 6001
course? . . . . . . . . . 4002
H.1 “Information for students in MATH

140 2002 09” . . . . . . . . . . 6001
H.2 Workload . . . . . . . . . . . . 6001
H.3 Other Duties . . . . . . . . . . 6002
H.4 Tutorial Sessions . . . . . . . . 6003
H.4.1 Cancelled Mondays . . . 6003
H.5 WeBWorK Assignments . . . 6004
H.6 Quizzes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6004
H.7 Your students . . . . . . . . . . 6005
H.8 Keeping Careful Records . . . . 6006
H.8.1 Corrections to submitted
records . . . . . . . . . 6006
H.8.2 “Equalizing” Grades Be-
tween Tutorial Sections 6007
H.8.3 Special Cases . . . . . . 6007
H.8.4 Confidentiality. . . . . . 6007
H.9 Office Hours . . . . . . . . . . . 6007
H.10 Textbooks, Printed, and Web Ma-
terials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6008
H.10.1 Textbooks . . . . . . . . 6008
H.10.2 Printed Materials . . . . 6008
H.10.3 Other duplication . . . 6008
H.10.4 Web Materials . . . . . 6008
H.11 WebCT . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6008
H.12 Communications . . . . . . . . 6008
H.13 Professionalism . . . . . . . . . 6009
H.14 Grading the Final Examination 6009
Information for Students in MATH 140 2002 09 1
1 General Information
Distribution Date: Wednesday, September 4th, 2002
(all information is subject to change)
Pages 1 - 10 of these notes may be considered the Course Outline for this course.
1.1 Instructors and Times
INSTRUCTOR: Prof. W. G. Brown Prof. A. Hundemer

(Coordinator)
LECTURE SECTION 1 2
OFFICE: BURN 1224 BURN 1128
OFFICE HOURS W 14:35→15:25 h.; MW 14:35→15:25 h.
(subject to F 10→11 h. or by appointment
change) or by appointment
TELEPHONE: 398–3836 398–5318
E-MAIL: BROWN@ HUNDEMER@
MATH.MCGILL.CA MATH.MCGILL.CA
CLASSROOM: ADAMS AUD ADAMS AUD
CLASS HOURS: MWF 8:35–9:25 h. MW 16:35–17:55 h.
Table 1: Instructors and Times
1.2 Calendar Description

MATH 1401 CALCULUS I. (3 credits) (3 hours lecture; 1 hour tutorial) (Prerequi-
site: High School Calculus.) (Not open to students who have taken MATH 120, MATH
122, MATH 139 or CEGEP objective 00UN or equivalent.) Review of functions and
graphs. Limits, continuity, derivative. Differentiation of elementary functions. Antidif-
ferentiation. Applications.
In addition to MATH 140, the Department of Mathematics and Statistics offers two other
beginning calculus courses:
• MATH 139 Calculus (4 credits). This course (whose prerequisite is a course in functions)
is intended for students who have never had a course in calculus. Students may apply
at the Department of Mathematics and Statistics for authorization to register in this
1
Note that the course numbering system at McGill is changing this semester; the previous number
for this course was 189-140, and the version given in the fall was labelled 189-140A; an even earlier
number for a similar course was 189-122.
UPDATED TO December 1, 2002

course; they must bring their complete transcripts before the end of the Course Change
Period. This course covers approximately the same material as MATH 140.2
• MATH 150 Calculus A (4 credits). This course, together with its sequel, MATH 151 Cal-
culus B (also 4 credits), covers approximately the material of courses MATH 140/MATH
139, MATH 141 Calculus II, and MATH 222 Calculus III, in only two semesters. A
course in Vector Geometry (e.g. MATH 133) is pre- or corequisite.
1.3 Tutorials; Tutors’ Coordinates (subject to change)

Every student must be registered in one tutorial for this course. You should be attending
one of the two lecture sections regularly. Tutorials begin in the week of September 9th,
2002. The last tutorial in Tutorial sections ##009–020 will be in the week beginning
November 25th, 2002; but tutorials ##003-008 — which do not meet on Monday, Oc-
tober 14th — will meet on Monday, December 2nd, 2002. Table 2 below gives times,
locations, and the tutor’s name for each of the tutorials; Table 3 gives the tutors’ co-
ordinates. The information in these tables is subject to change. We try to
publicize changes but sometimes we are not informed in advance.
1.4 Evaluation of Your Progress

1.4.1 Your final grade
Your grade in this course will be a letter grade, based on a percentage grade computed
from three components:
• Five WeBWorK homework assignments (cf. §1.4.2) — counting for 15%.
• Quizzes given at the tutorials — counting for either 15% or 0%.
• The final examination — counting for either 70% or 85%.
Where a student’s performance on the final examination is superior to her performance

on the tutorial quizzes, the final examination grade will replace the quiz grade in the
calculations. It is not planned to permit the examination grade to replace the grade on
WeBWorK assignments.
2
Authorization for registration in MATH 139 2002 09 will be available beginning on August 26th,
2002, and ending on Friday, September 13th, 2002. For details, see the following URL:
http://www.math.mcgill.ca/brown/incoming.htm

# Day Begins Ends Room Tutor

T003 Mon 13:35 14:25 BURN 1214 J. Atherton
T004 Mon 14:35 15:25 BURN 1214 J. Atherton
T005 Mon 14:35 15:25 BURN 1B23 Y. Y. Hua
T006 Mon 15:35 16:25 BURN 1B24 Y. Y. Hua
T007 Mon 14:35 15:25 MAASS 328 T. Lepage
T008 Mon 15:35 16:25 MAASS 328 T. Lepage
T009 Wed 13:35 14:25 BURN 1214 B. Nica
T010 Wed 14:35 15:25 BURN 1214 X. C. Liu
T011 Wed 14:35 15:25 BURN 1B36 A. Markos
T012 Wed 15:35 16:25 BURN 1B24 A. Markos
T013 Wed 14:35 15:25 BURN 1B23 B. Nica
T014 Wed 15:35 16:25 BURN 1B39 K. C. Liu
T015 Thurs 16:05 16:55 BURN 1B24 M. Alodat
T016 Thurs 17:05 17:55 BURN 1B24 M. Alodat
T017 Wed 15:35 16:25 BURN 1214 R. Bitar
T018 Wed 16:35 17:25 BURN 1214 R. Bitar
T019 Fri 14:35 15:25 BURN 1B23 M. Al-Khaleel
T020 Fri 15:35 16:25 BURN 1B24 M. Al-Khaleel
Table 2: Schedule and Locations of Tutorials, as of December 1, 2002 (subject to change)
Tutor E-mail address Office Office Hours

Day Begins Ends Day Begins Ends
Al-Khaleel, M. khaleel@math.mcgill.ca 1019 W 13:00 16:00
Alodat, M. Alodat@math.mcgill.ca 1019 F 15:00 18:00 Th 09:00 12:00
BEGINS Nov. 15 November 14 ONLY
Atherton, J. atherton@math.mcgill.ca 1134 F 10:00 13:00
Bitar, R. bitar@math.mcgill.ca 1133 W 10:30 13:30
Hua, Y. Y. hua@math.mcgill.ca 1117 M 10:00 13:00
Lepage, T. lepage@math.mcgill.ca 1018 Th 14:00 17:00
Liu, X. C. liu@math.mcgill.ca 1020 T 14:30 17:30
Markos, A. markos@math.mcgill.ca 1032 T 10:00 11:30 T 13:00 14:30
Nica, B. bnica@math.mcgill.ca 1030 F 13:00 16:00
Table 3: Tutors’ Coordinates, as of December 1, 2002

1.4.2 WeBWorK Assignments.

If, by assignment you think of a set of problems that you would solve in writing and
hand in for grading, then there are no assignments! In their place, we will be using the
WeBWorK system, developed at the University of Rochester — which is designed to
expose you to a large number of drill problems, and where plagiarism is discouraged.
WeBWorK is accessible only over the Web. Details on how to sign on to WeBWorK
are contained in Appendix F to these notes, page 4001.
In addition to five WeBWorK assignments which will “count” in the computation
of your WeBWorK grade, there may be other practice assignments. It is expected that
the due date for assignments in this course will be on specified Mondays, at midnight.
As mentioned in the WeBWorK FAQ cf. §F) if you leave your WeBWorK assignment
until the hours close to the due time on the due date, you should not be surprised if the
system is slow to respond. This is not a malfunction, but is simply a reflection of the
fact that other students have also been procrastinating! To benefit from the speed that
the system can deliver under normal conditions, do not delay your WeBWorK until
the last possible day! If a systems failure interferes with the due date of an assignment,
arrangements will be made to change that date, and an e-mail message will be broadcast
to all users (to the e-mail addresses on record); but slowness in the system just before
the due time will not normally be considered a systems failure.
1.4.3 Quizzes at the Tutorials

1. There will be about 5 short quizzes, administered at the tutorials. These quizzes
will be graded, and returned. Because the tutorials in this course are only about
50 minutes long, the time available for quizzes is very limited; consequently the
types of quiz questions could be different from questions typically found on final
examinations; the purpose of a quiz is to diagnose possible gaps in your preparation,
not to drill on examination skills.
No provision is being made for students who miss a quiz. The grading formula per-
mits the quiz component of the final grade to be replaced by the final examination
grade, if this is to the student’s advantage.
2. The quizzes will be based on topics in the syllabus of the course, most3 of which
topics will have been discussed in the lectures. For convenience, and in order to
standardize the quizzes, some or all problems may be chosen from current WeB-
WorK assignments, possibly supplemented by problems from the text-book. But,
unlike the WeBWorK assignments, where the emphasis is on the answers alone,
students may be expected to provide full solutions to some or all problems on
3
but possibly not all

quizzes. It could happen that the WeBWorK assignment in question has not
yet been due before the quiz4 , so you could prepare yourself by using the Student
Solution Manual [3] to the textbook; the solutions in the Student Solutions Manual
can be used as a guide to what should be included in a “full” solution.
3. You should write the quiz in the tutorial section in which you are registered. Should
the classroom become filled while some registered students still cannot be seated,
the tutor may insist that any students who are not registered in that tutorial to
leave the room.5
4. Your tutor will normally bring graded quizzes to the tutorial to be returned to
you. University regulations do not permit us to leave unclaimed materials bearing
names and student numbers in unsupervised locations; you may be able to recover
an unclaimed quiz from the tutor who graded it, during her/his regular office hours.
5. The grade you obtain on the first quiz, given during the week of Septem-
ber 23rd, 2002, DOES NOT COUNT IN YOUR TERM MARK.
1.4.4 Final Examination

A 3-hour-long final examination will be scheduled during the regular examination period
for the fall term (December 6th, 2002 through December 20th, 2002). You are advised
not to make any travel arrangements that would prevent you from being present on
campus at any time during this period.
1.4.5 Supplemental Assessments

Supplemental Examination. There will be a supplemental examination in this course.
(For information about Supplemental Examinations, see the McGill Calendar, [12, §8.1,
p. 364; or §8.1, p. 49].)
There is No Additional Work Option. “Will students with marks of D, F, or J

have the option of doing additional work to upgrade their mark?” No. (“Additional
Work” refers to an option available in certain Arts and Science courses, but not available
in this course.)
4
Students should appreciate that the value of the quiz as a teaching tool is reduced as the time lag
following the discussion of the topic in class is increased.
5
Anyone who is not registered, and who does not leave the room when so requested may forfeit
the right to write quizzes at any tutorial. We ask you to respect the prior right of students who have
registered for each tutorial.

1.4.6 Machine Scoring

“Will the final examination be machine scored?” While there could be Multiple Choice
questions on quizzes, and/or the Final Examination, such questions will not be machine
scored.
1.4.7 Plagiarism
While students are not discouraged from discussing WeBWorK assignment problems
with their colleagues, the work that you submit — whether through WeBWorK or on
tutorial quizzes or the final examination should be your own. The Handbook on Student
Rights and Responsibilities states in ¶15(a)6 that
“No student shall, with intent to deceive, represent the work of another person
as his or her own in any academic writing, essay, thesis, research report,
project or assignment submitted in a course or program of study or represent
as his or her own an entire essay or work of another, whether the material so
represented constitutes a part or the entirety of the work submitted.”
You are also referred to the following URL:
http://www.mcgill.ca/integrity/studentguide/
1.5 Published Materials

1.5.1 Required Text-Book
The textbook for the course is J. Stewart, SINGLE VARIABLE CALCULUS: Early
Transcendentals, Fourth Edition, Brooks/Cole (1999), ISBN 0-534-35563-3, [1].
This book is the first half of J. Stewart, CALCULUS: Early Transcendentals,
Fourth Edition, Brooks/Cole (1999), ISBN 0-534-36298-2, [2]; this edition covers the
material for Calculus III as well, but need not be the text-book for that course in the
future.
1.5.2 Optional Reference Books

It is recommended that students make use of the student solution manual: D. Ander-
son, J. A. Cole, D. Drucker, STUDENT SOLUTIONS MANUAL FOR STEW-
ART’S SINGLE VARIABLE CALCULUS: Early Transcendentals, Fourth
Edition, Brooks/Cole (1999), ISBN 0-534-36301-6, [3]. This book is also sold “bundled”
6
http://ww2.mcgill.ca/students-handbook/chapter3secA.html

with either version of the text book, as ISBN 0-534-75888-6 [4] or ISBN 0-534-75744-8
[5].
The publishers of the textbook and Solutions Manual also produce a “Study Guide”,
designed to provide additional help for students who believe they require it: R. St. Andre,
STUDY GUIDE FOR STEWART’S SINGLE VARIABLE CALCULUS: Early
Transcendentals, Fourth Edition, Brooks/Cole (1999), ISBN 0-534-36820-4, [6].
(The “Study Guide” resembles the Student Solution Manual in appearance: be sure you
know what you are buying.)
1.5.3 Website
These notes, and other materials distributed to students in this course, will be accessible
at the following URL:
http://www.math.mcgill.ca/brown/math140a.html
The notes will be in “pdf” (.pdf) form, and can be read using the Adobe Acrobat reader,
which many users have on their computers. This free software may be downloaded from
the following URL:
7
http://www.adobe.com/prodindex/acrobat/readstep.html
The questions on some old examinations will also be available as an appendix to these
notes on the Web. It is expected that most computers in campus labs should have the
necessary software to read the posted materials.
Where revisions are made to distributed printed materials — for example these in-
formation sheets — we expect that the last version will be posted on the Web.
The notes and WeBWorK will also be available via a link from the WebCT URL:
http://webct3.mcgill.ca
but other features of WebCT8 have not yet been implemented.
1.6 Syllabus
In the following list section numbers refer to the text-book [1]. The syllabus will include
all of Chapters 1, 2, 3, 4, with the omissions listed below:
Chapter 0: A Preview of Calculus. This is motivational material, and may not all
be discussed in the lectures. Read it.
7
At the time of this writing the current version is 5.0.
8
cf. Appendix F to these notes , p. 4001

Chapter 1: Functions and Models. §1.2 may not be discussed in the lectures, but
you should read it — in particular the definitions of various kinds of functions —
as this terminology may be used from time to time. Omit §1.4. Appendix pages
A31–A34 (inverse trigonometric functions) will be studied in connection with both
§1.6 and §3.6.
Chapter 2: Limits and Derivatives. §2.4 will be discussed in the lectures, but will
not be examination material; read it! The subsection of §2.6 called “Precise Defi-
nitions” should also be read, but will not be examination material.
Chapter 3: Differentiation Rules. Omit §3.3; read the parts of §3.3 that pertain to
your own fields of interest. (See note about Appendix pages A31–A34 in connection
with Chapter 1.)
Chapter 4: Applications of Differentiation. In §4.5 you may skip the discussion of

“slant asymptotes” [1, bottom p. 320 – p. 321]. Omit §4.6, §4.8, §4.9.
The following appendices in the textbook contain some prerequisite material for this
course:
Appendix A: Intervals, Inequalities, and Absolute Values. (see information for

Chapters 1 and 3 above)
Appendix B: Coordinate Geometry and Lines.
Appendix C: Graphs of Second-Degree Equations. Some of the material in [1,

pp. A18-A23], [2, pp. A18-A23] will not be used until it is encountered in [1,
§10.6],[2, §10.6] in the next course, Mathematics 189-141. But it is suggested that
you read pages A18-A23.
Appendix D: Trigonometry. You are assumed to be familiar with the material on

pages A24–A31. Definitions and properties of inverse trigonometric functions [1,
pp. A31–A34][2, pp. A31–A34] will be discussed in the lectures, in connection with
§1.6 and §3.6.
With the omissions noted for Appendices C and D, you should be comfortable with all
of the material in these appendixes to the textbook.
Please do not ask the tutors to provide information as to which sections should be
emphasized. Unless you are informed otherwise by the instructors in the lecture sections
or published notes — printed, or mounted on the Web — you should assume that all
materials listed are included in the syllabus. You are not expected to be able to reproduce
proofs of the theorems in the textbook.

1.7 Preparation and Workload

1.7.1 Prerequisites.
While a course in high school calculus is the normal “prerequisite” for this course,
stronger students having only the prerequisite for MATH 139 (viz., “a course in func-
tions”) have normally been permitted to register in MATH 140. All students must have
completed such a course in functions — in particular, familiarity with trigonometric
functions is assumed; it is your responsibility as a student to verify that you have this
necessary background to benefit from this course. Some of the prerequisites are reviewed
in Appendices A, B, C, D of your textbook [1]; there are exercises there, and solutions
to odd-numbered problems can be found in the Student Solution Manual [3].
1.7.2 Calculators
The use of calculators is not permitted in either quizzes or the examination in this course.
Students whose previous mathematics courses have been calculator-oriented would be
advised to make particular efforts to avoid the use of a calculator in solving problems
in this course, in order to develop a minimal facility in manual calculation. This means
that you are urged to do all arithmetic by hand.
1.7.3 Self-Supervision
This is not a high-school course, and McGill is not a high school. The monitoring of
your progress before the final examination is largely your own responsibility. While the
tutors and instructors are available to help you, they cannot do so unless and until you
identify the need for help. WeBWorK and quizzes are designed to assist you in doing
this.
Time Demands of your Other Courses. Be sure to budget enough time to attend
lectures and tutorials, for private study, and for the solution of many problems. Don’t be
tempted to divert calculus study time to courses which offer instant gratification. While
the significance of the tutorial quizzes in the computation of your grade is minimal, these
are important learning experiences, and can assist you in gauging your progress in the
course. This is not a course that can be crammed for: you must work steadily through
the term if you wish to develop the facilities needed for a strong performance on the final
examination.
Working Problems on Your Own. You are urged to work large numbers of prob-
lems from your textbook. Mathematicians know from experience that this is the only
effective way to master the calculus. Your textbook was selected partly because of the

availability of an excellent Student Solution Manual [3]; this manual has brief but com-
plete solutions to most of the odd-numbered exercises in the textbook. The skills you
acquire in solving textbook problems will have much more influence on your final grade
than either WeBWorK or the quizzes.
1.7.4 Escape Routes

At any time, even after the last date for dropping the course, students who are experi-
encing medical or personal difficulties should not hesitate to consult their advisors or the
Student Affairs office of their faculty. Don’t allow yourself to be overwhelmed by such
problems; the University has resource persons who may be able to help you.

(This page has intentionally been left blank.)

Information for Students in Section 1 of MATH 140 2002 09 1001
A Information Specifically for Students in Section

001
A.1 Timetable for Section 001 of MATH 140 2002 09
Distribution Date: (0th version) Wednesday, September 4th, 2002
(This revision) December 1, 2002(All information is subject to change.)
MONDAY WEDNESDAY FRIDAY
SEPTEMBER
2 LABOUR DAY 4 §1.1; §1.2° R 6 §1.3; OMIT §1.4
Tutorials begin the week of September 9th
Use Textbook Appendices A, B, C, D to review prerequisites!
9 §§1.5, 1.6; Inverse 11 §1.6; Inverse trig. 13 §2.1, §2.2
trig. functions, pp. functions, pp. A31-
A31-A34 A34
Course changes must be completed by midnight, September 15
16 NO LECTURE IN 18 §2.3 20 §2.4
SECTION 001 OF
MATH 140
Deadline for withdrawal with fee refund = September 22
Q Q Q
23 §2.5 1 25 §2.5, §2.6 1 27 §2.6, §2.7 1
P
30 §2.7, §2.8 1
OCTOBER
P P
2 §2.9 1 4 X 1
P Q P Q P Q
7 §3.1 2 2 9 §3.2 2 2 11 §3.2, §3.3 2 2
Deadline for withdrawal (with W) from course = Oct. 13
14 THANKSGIVING 16 §3.4 18 §3.5
DAY (Canada):
Tutorial Sections
003-008 moved to
December 2
Quiz # 3 will be given in the week of October 21.
QP Q Q
21 §3.6 3 3 23 §3.7 3 25 §3.7, §3.8 3
28 §3.8, §3.9 30 §3.9, §3.10
P
Notation: n = assignment #n due at midnight on Monday this week
°
Q = Read Only
R
n = #nth quiz planned for the tutorials this week

X = reserved for eXpansion or review
Section numbers refer to the text-book.
The next page will not be distributed until the syllabus has been revised.

MONDAY WEDNESDAY FRIDAY

NOVEMBER
1 §3.10, §3.11
Q Q Q
4 §3.11, X 4 6 §4.1 4 8 §4.1 4
P
11 §4.2 4 13 §4.3 15 §§4.3,4.4
QP
18 §4.4) 5 5 20 §4.5 (omit “slantQ 22 §4.5 (omit “slant
Q
asymptotes”) 5 asymptotes”) 5
25 §4.7 27 §4.7 29 §4.10
DECEMBER
Only Tutorial Sections 003–008, 015, 016 meet week of December 2
2 X Tutorial Sections 4 X
003-008 meet at their
regular times.
P
°
Q = Read Only
R

Timetable for Section 1, November - December, 2002

A.2 Correction of an error in the sketch of a graph

Distribution Date: Mounted on the Web for Monday, September 30th, 2002; not
distributed in hard copy
In the lecture of Friday, September 27th, 2002, we considered the following problem from
the textbook:
[1, part of #40, p. 145] Find the horizontal and vertical asymptotes of F (x) =
√ x−9 .
4x2 +3x+2
The solution given in class was correct, but — as some students observed when punching
the function into their graphing calculators — the sketch given was not. In this note I
will show how to sketch the portions of the graph far from the y-axis, without using a
calculator.
First observe, as we did in class, that 4x2 + 3x + 2 is always positive, never zero. In
fact, completing the square, we obtain
µ ¶2
2 3 23
4x + 3x + 2 = 2x + + > 0,
4 16
since both summands are non-negative, and the second is strictly positive. Thus the
denominator of F (x) is always defined, always continuous, and always non-zero. The
numerator is also continuous on all of R, so the ratio is also continuous throughout R,
and there are no points where a one-sided limit is infinite: thus there are no vertical
asymptotes.
We saw in class that
x−9
F (x) = √
4x2 + 3x + 2
¡ ¢
x 1 − x9
= q ¡ ¢
x2 4 + x3 + x22
¡ ¢
x 1 − x9
= √ q
x2 4 + x3 + x22
¡ ¢
x 1 − x9
= q
|x| 4 + x3 + x22
¡ ¢
x 1 − x9
= ·q
|x| 4+ 3 + 2
x x2
In the last product, the second factor approaches √14 = 12 as x → ∞ or x → −∞. The
first factor is equal to +1 for x > 0 and to −1 for x < 0. The fact that it is not defined
at x = 0 is of no interest, since we are concerned only with its behavior for x “sufficiently
large”. Since the function is constant for large positive x, its limit is that constant, i.e.
1; and similarly for negative x, the limit is the constant value there, i.e. −1. Hence
1 1
lim F (x) = and lim F (x) = − .
x→∞ 2 x→−∞ 2
From the first equation we see that the graph of F is asymptotic to y = 1 as x → ∞;
and, for the second, it is asymptotic to y = −1 as x → −∞.
While the identification of these two asymptotes answers the problem adequately, we
don’t yet have sufficient information for sketching the curves for large |x|, since we don’t
know how the curve relates to the asymptotes, other than being close to them: does it
cross the asymptotes ? Is it above an asymptote, or below it? To answer such questions
we need to look at the signs of 12 − F (x) and − 12 − F (x) for large x in the appropriate
range. Since it is unpleasant to work with square roots, let’s study
µ ¶µ ¶
1 1
G(x) = − F (x) − − F (x)
2 2
1 1 x2 − 18x + 81
= − + F (x)2 = − +
4 4 4x2 + 3x + 2
−75x + 324
=
4(4x2 + 3x + 2)
Case I — large positive x: When x > 324 75

, G(x) < 0 (since the denominator is posi-
tive). But G(x) was defined as a product; in order to be negative, one of its factors
must be positive and the other negative. The factor − 12 − F (x) is negative for
x > 9, so, for x > 9, the factor 12 − F (x) > 0, hence F (x) < 12 . This tells us that
the graph of F approaches the line y = 12 from below as x → ∞.
Case II — large negative x: Let’s assume at first that x < 324 75

, so G(x) is positive.
It must, therefore, be the product of two factors of the same sign — either both
positive, or both negative. But, for x < 9, F (x) < 0, so the factor 12 − F (x) is
positive. Therefore, the second factor of the product G(x) must also be positive:
− 12 − F (x) > 0. This implies that F (x) < − 21 . Thus, as x → −∞, the graph of F
approaches y = − 21 from below .
What about the non-asymptotic behavior of the graph? We have yet to study meth-
ods that can be used to investigate this behavior. When we do so, it will be possible to
sketch the graph fully. For example, we will be able to show that the lowest point on
the graph is where x = − 31

75
. In that case some of the arithmetic is unpleasant, but the
sketching of the graph can still be carried out without a calculator.
Following is a sketch generated by MAPLE:
x
–100 –80 –60 –40 –20 20 40 60 80 100
0
–2
–4
–6
A.3 A limit problem

The following problem was discussed briefly at the end of the lecture of Wednesday,
October 2nd, 2002:
[1, Problems Plus #2.2, p. 179] Find numbers a and b such that
√
ax + b − 2
lim = 1.
x→0 x
√
Implicit in the hypothesis is the assumption that ax + b is defined in an interval sur-
rounding x = 0 (except possibly at x = 0); we will need this fact, as our solution will
involve another limit stated in terms of the same surd.
√
ax + b − 2
1 = lim by hypothesis
x→0
√ x
ax + b − 2
= lim ·1
x→0
√ x √
ax + b − 2 ax + b + 2
= lim · lim √
x→0 x x→0 ax + b + 2
µ√ limit
√ of a constant
¶ function
ax + b − 2 ax + b + 2
= lim ·√ Product Law
x→0 x ax + b + 2
√
( ax + b)2 − 22
= lim √
x→0 x( ax + b + 2)
ax + b − 4
= lim √ (1)
x→0 x( ax + b + 2)
It follows that
µ ¶
ax + (b − 4) √
lim (ax + (b − 4)) = lim √ · (x( ax + b + 2))
x→0 x→0 x( ax + b + 2)
ax + (b − 4) √
= lim √ · lim x · lim ( ax + b + 2)
x→0 x( ax + b + 2) x→0 x→0
by the Product Law; all limits on the right exist — the first by our proof above, and the
second and third by continuity of polynomials and square roots. But lim x = 0, so the
x→0
product on the right is 1 × 0× a real number, and must be zero. But the function on the
left is a polynomial, and its limit also is known by continuity to be the function value,
i.e. a · 0 + (b − 4) = b − 4: we have proved that b − 4 = 0, so b = 4.
By (1),
ax
1 = lim √
x→0 x( ax + 4 + 2)
a
= lim √ (2)
x→0 ax + 4 + 2
so
a = lim a limit of constant

x→0
µ ¶
a √
= lim √ · ( ax + 4 + 2)
x→0 ax + 4 + 2
a √
= lim √ · lim( ax + 4 + 2)
x→0 ax + 4 + 2
by Product Law
√
= 1 · ( 4 + 2) = 4
√
by (2) and the continuity of the function ax + 4+2. We have thus shown that a = b = 4
are the only admissible values. (Note that a question of this type could be made more
difficult by asking “Find all values of a, and b, if there are any . . . ”.)
The preceding proof is much longer and more detailed than would normally be ex-
pected of students at this level; I have written it this way in order to show that every
minuscule step can be justified, and do not recommend that students imitate this style.
A.4 Working with ∞ and −∞

Distribution Date: Mounted on the Web on Friday, October 4th, 2002
Not distributed in hard copy.
This discussion is motivated by [1, True-False Problems 8, 5, p. 174]
Our uses of the notations x → ∞ (or x → +∞) and x → −∞ have been defined in
terms of extensions of our definitions for limits as x → a where a is a real number; likewise
our definitions of the meanings of lim f (x) = +∞ and lim f (x) = −∞; and we could also
x→a x→a
extend our definitions to cover lim f (x) = +∞, lim f (x) = −∞, lim f (x) = +∞,
x→∞ x→−∞ x→∞
and lim f (x) = −∞ [1, pp. 97-99]. We can also show that the various “limit laws” hold
x→−∞
under the usual restrictions, provided we avoid certain types of “forbidden” operations.
Another approach would have been to try to “extend” the real number system to include
two objects called −∞ and +∞, and to define how these combine with other numbers
under the operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Whichever
way we resolve this question, we find that we have to avoid certain operations with ±∞.
While we can give a meaning to a + ∞, where a is a real number; or — equivalently —
to an equation like
a + lim x = lim x ,
x→∞ x→∞
we cannot attach a meaning to
• differences of infinities, like ∞ − ∞
∞
• quotients of infinities, like ∞
and other equivalent combinations. No matter what value we would like to assign to these
differences and quotients, one can show that such a definition leads to a contradiction
that would undermine the other definitions of operations on real numbers. So, if we
know, for example, that lim f (x) = ∞ = lim g(x), we can draw no conclusions about
x→a x→a
lim (f (x)−g(x)): the “difference law” does not hold here, and the difference could behave
x→a
in unpredictable ways.
Example A.1 Let a be any real number, and let f (x) = x12 + a, g(x) = x12 . Then
lim f (x) = ∞, lim g(x) = ∞, but lim (f (x) − g(x)) = a, so every real number can be
x→0 x→0 x→0
realized as the limit of such a difference.
½ 1
x4
x 6= 0
Example A.2 Let a and b be any real numbers, and let f (x) = , g(x) =
½ 1 a x = 0
x2
x 6= 0
. Then lim f (x) = ∞, lim g(x) = ∞, but
b x=0 x→0 x→0
µ ¶
1 1
lim (f (x) − g(x)) = lim − + (a − b)
x→0 x→0 x4 x2
µ ¶
1 − x2
= lim + (a − b)
x→0 x4
µ ¶
2 1
= lim (1 − x ) · 4 + (a − b)
x→0 x
Since a − b is a constant, its limit is a − b. As x → 0, 1 − x2 → 1 − 0 = 1 by the continuity

of polynomials. Finally, as x → 0, x14 → +∞. From the last two limits we can argue
that µ ¶
1 1
lim (1 − x ) · 4 = lim (1 − x2 ) · lim 4 = +∞
2
x→0 x x→0 x→0 x
and hence that µ ¶

2 1
lim (1 − x ) · 4 + (a − b) = +∞,
x→0 x
also. Interchanging the functions f and g would yield an example where the limit of the
difference is −∞.
Example A.3 We can even arrange that the difference of the two ½ functions have no
1
x2
+a x≥0
limit at all. Let a be any real number different from 0, and let f (x) = 1 ,
½ 1 x2
x<0
x2
x 6= 0
g(x) = . Then lim f (x) = ∞, lim g(x) = ∞, but
0 x=0 x→0 x→0
lim (f (x) − g(x)) = 0 6= a = lim+ (f (x) − g(x))

x→0− x→0
so the (two-sided) limit does not exist.

A.5 Using the Mean Value Theorem to prove a trigonometric

identity
Distribution Date: Mounted on the Web on Monday, November 11th, 2002;
discussed in the lecture of November 11th, 2002;
(not distributed in hard copy).
(cf. [4, Exercise 4.2.32, p. 294]
1. Prove the following identity:
2 arcsin x = arccos(1 − 2x2 ) (3)
for
x ≥ 0. (4)
2. Investigate whether constraint (4) is really needed.
3. Try to prove the identity using only trigonometry.
4. [added November 15th, 2002] Is there is an error in [4, Exercise 4.2.32, p. 294]?
π π
Does it make sense that tan−1 (−1) + cot−1 (−1) = ? Shouldn’t this be − ?
2 2
Solution:
1. We define
f (x) = 2 arcsin x − arccos(1 − 2x2 )
and shall try to prove f (x) = 0 for all x in the designated interval. Differentiating
with respect to x yields
1 −1
f 0 (x) = 2 · √ −p · (−2x)
1 − x2 1 − (1 − 2x2 )2
2 2x
= √ −p
1 − x2 (2x)2 (1 − x2 )
2 2x
= √ − √
1−x 2 |2x| 1 − x2
2 2x
= √ − √ (5)
1−x 2 2x 1 − x2
2 2
= √ −√ =0
1−x 2 1 − x2
provided that x 6= 0 and, moreover, that inequality (4) is satisfied, which permits
us to evaluate |2x| as 2x. In this case, since the derivative is 0, the function f
must be constant on the interval (0, 1).9 We now select any convenient point in
the interval 0 < x < 1:
1
• If we take x = √ , we have
2
µ ¶ µ ¶
1 1 1
f √ = 2 arcsin √ − arccos 1 − 2 ·
2 2 2
1
= 2 arcsin √ − arccos 0
2
π π
= 2· − =0
4 2
1
• or, alternatively, taking x = , we have
2
µ ¶ µ ¶
1 1 1
f = 2 arcsin − arccos 1 − 2 ·
2 2 4
1 1
= 2 arcsin − arccos
2 2
π π
= 2· − =0
6 3
We thus find that f (x) = 0 for all x in the interval 0 < x < 1. Our proof does not
immediately give information for x = 0 or for x = 1. We can verify the truth of
the claim independently at those two points:
f (0) = 2 arcsin 0 − arccos (1 − 2 · 0)

= 2 arcsin 0 − arccos 1
= 2·0−0=0
f (1) = 2 arcsin 1 − arccos (1 − 2 · 1)
= 2 arcsin 1 − arccos(−1)
π
= 2· −π =0
2
Alternatively, we could have argued that f (0) = 0 from the continuity of the
function f at x = 0; and that f (1) = 0 from the continuity of f from the left at
x = 1, both consequences of [4, Theorems 7,9 on pp. 127–128] in the textbook.
9
Line (5) of the derivation given is not valid when x = 0. In fact, it can be shown that arccos(1−2x2 )
is not differentiable at x = 0.
2. Do we need condition (4)? Suppose that x < 0. Then (5) would become
2 2x
f 0 (x) = √ − √
1−x 2 −2x 1 − x2
2 2 4
= √ +√ =√
1−x 2 1−x 2 1 − x2
Since the derivative is not 0, we can draw no conclusions about the value of f . In
1
fact, the claim would be false for x < 0: for example, taking x = − √ , we have
2
µ ¶ µ ¶
−1 −1 1
f √ = 2 arcsin √ − arccos 1 − 2 ·
2 2 2
−1
= 2 arcsin √ − arccos 0
2
³ π´ π
= 2· − − = −π
4 2
so the claim is not generally true for x < 0.
3. Here is a purely trigonometric proof when x ≥ 0. Define θ = arcsin x. The arcsine
function maps positive numbers between 0 and 1 to numbers between 0 and π2 , so
0 ≤ θ ≤ π2 . That implies that 0 ≤ 2θ ≤ π. sin θ = sin (arcsin x) = x (a result
that holds for all x, not only for x > 0). cos 2θ = 1 − 2 sin2 θ = 1 − 2x2 . But our
definition of the arccosine function was that it maps any real number between −1
and +1 on to the unique number between 0 and π having the given number as the
cosine. Thus arccos(1 − 2x2 ) = 2θ = 2 arcsin x, as claimed.
4. [added November 15th, 2002] The author proves that the derivative of tan−1 x +
cot−1 x is zero, and his proof is valid over the entire interval −∞ < x < +∞. The
function satisfies the conditions of the Mean Value Theorem, so it must be constant
over the entire interval. And, the proof that the constant is π2 is quite correct. But,
don’t we know that the arctangent and arccotangent functions are negative for
− π2 < x < 0? Unfortunately, not. The definition of the arccotangent function
given in the textbook [4, Statement 19, p. A34] selects the interval (0, x, π) as the
codomain. While this may appear natural for the subdomain 0 ≤ x < ∞, it means
that the cotangent of negative numbers is in the interval π2 < x < π. In view of
this definition, the equation is completely correct!
Had the author chosen to base the inverse of the cotangent function on the behavior
of the cotangent from − π2 to π2 , he would have had to delete 0 from this interval, and
included one or other of the end-points, for example, using the union of the intervals
¡ π ¢ ¡
− 2 , 0 and 0, π2 ].
A.6 Applying the calculus to commercial problems

Distribution Date: Mounted on the Web on November 30th, 2002
While it is natural to apply the calculus to phenomena in the physical sciences, where
variables appear to be continuous, one can sometimes obtain useful information by mod-
elling discrete situations through an assumption of continuity. An example is the follow-
ing problem, which appeared as problem 11 on the final WeBWorK assignment (which
does not count for a student’s grade).
“The manager of a large apartment complex knows from experience that x
units will be occupied if the rent is y dollars per month. A market survey
suggests that, on the average, one additional unit will remain vacant for each
u dollar increase in rent. Similarly, one additional unit will be occupied for
each u dollar decrease in rent. What rent should the manager charge to
maximize revenue?”
This problem involves assumptions different from those typically seen in this course, and
students should not infer that they are expected to be able to supply such assumptions
and solve this type of problem on examinations in this course.
Solution: In order to apply the calculus here we have to assume that the datum given —
that an increase of the rent by u dollars entails a decrease of occupancy by 1 apartment is
valid for fractions of a dollar; and we have to give a meaning to occupancy of a fraction
of an apartment. Once we understand the implications of these assumptions, we can
consider the gross revenue — as a function of the rent charged per unit apartment. The
market survey suggests that
d OCCUPANCY 1
=− ;
d RENT u
the most general antiderivative of the function OCCUPANCY(RENT) will then be
1
OCCUPANCY(RENT) = − · RENT + C ,
u
where C is the constant of antidifferentiation that must be determined from the given
datum. When we impose the condition that OCCUPANCY(y)=x, we find that
y
x = OCCUPANCY(y) = − + C
u
y
so C =x+ , and
u
1 ³ y´
OCCUPANCY(RENT) = − · RENT + x + .
u u
The quantity we wish to maximize is
REVENUE(RENT) = OCCUPANCY × RENT

1 ³ y´
= − · RENT2 + x + · RENT .
u u
If we continue to assume that RENT may assume any real value, we may differentiate
REVENUE, to obtain
d REVENUE 2 ³ y´
= − · RENT + x +
d RENT u u
and
d2 REVENUE 2
2 = − < 0.
d RENT u
The latter result implies that, at any critical point, a local maximum is attained; the
former result implies that the only critical point is
u³ y´ 1
RENT = x+ = (ux + y) .
2 u 2
Moreover, the signs of the 1st derivative to the left and right of this critical number
imply that we have a global maximum: gross revenue is maximized when the rent per
unit is 21 (ux + y) .
Notes Distributed to Students in Section 2 of MATH 140 2002 09) 2001
B Information Specifically for Students in Section

002
B.1 Timetable for Section 002 of MATH 140 2002 09
Distribution Date: (0th version) Wednesday, September 4th, 2002
(All information is subject to change.)
MONDAY WEDNESDAY
SEPTEMBER
2 LABOUR DAY 4
Tutorials begin the week of September 9th
Use Textbook Appendices A, B, C, D to review prerequisites!
9 11
Course changes must be completed by midnight, September 15
16 18
Deadline for withdrawal with fee refund = September 22
Q Q
23 1 25 1
P
30 1
OCTOBER
P
2 1
P Q P Q
7 2 2 9 2 2
Deadline for withdrawal (with W) from course = Oct. 13

14 THANKSGIVING 16
DAY (Canada):
Tutorial Sections
003-008 moved to
December 2
Quiz # 3 will be given in the week of October 21.
QP Q
21 3 3 23 3
28 30
P
°
Q = Read Only
R

The next page will not be distributed until the syllabus has been revised.
Notes Distributed to Students in Section 2 of MATH 140 2002 09) 2002
MONDAY WEDNESDAY
NOVEMBER
Q Q
4 4 6 4
P
11 4 13
Q Q
18 5 20 5
25 27
DECEMBER
Only Tutorial Sections 003–008, 015, 016 meet week of December 2
2 Tutorial Sections 003- 4
008 meet at their regu-
lar times.
P
°
Q = Read Only
R

Timetable for Section 2, November - December, 2002
Information for Students in MATH 140A 2002 09 3001
C Assignments from Previous Years

C.1 Fall 1998 Problem Assignments
(For most of these problems the answer was in the back of the (then) text-book [7][9],
but the full solution was not in the Student Solution Manual [8][10].)
Assignment Due Exercise Numbers

Number Date
1 25 Sept./98 Chapter 2 Miscellaneous Problems: 2,
5, 9, 12, 17, 21, 26, 28, 32, 35, 38, 40,
50, 56, 57, 59, 61
2 9 Oct./98 §3.1: 11, 17, 20, 36, 41
§3.2: 2, 5, 9, 15, 21, 33, 45, 48, 53
§3.3: 14, 15, 17, 44, 50, 53
3 23 Oct./98 §3.4: 45, 50
§3.5: 2, 6, 9, 21, 27, 45
§3.6: 21, 26, 32
§3.7: 62, 68, 74
4 6 Nov./98 §3.8: 17, 21, 26, 29, 35, 47
(deferred to §3.9: 3, 8, 11, 23, 27, 50, 51, 59
9 Nov.) Chapter 7 Miscellaneous Problems: 3,
11, 17, 21
Chapter 8 Miscellaneous Problems: 5, 9
5 23 Nov./98 §4.2: 3, 8, 13, 20, 26, 40, 41, 42
§4.3: 15, 23, 29, 33
§4.4: 5, 11, 15, 30
§4.5: 21, 32
§4.6: 31, 49
§4.7: 2, 6, 9, 15, 29, 47
Table 4: 1998 Problem Assignments
C.2 Fall 1999 Problem Assignments

C.2.1 First Fall 1999 Problem Assignment, with Solutions
Students were advised as follows in the problem set and its solutions:
• This assignment is intended to help you determine gaps in your background. It

will not be graded, but the solutions will be made available on the Web. If you
have difficulty with the problems or the solutions which will be posted, you should
discuss these with one of the tutors.
• Do not use a calculator when solving these problems, even for simple arithmetic.
(You may, however, wish to use a calculator afterwards to verify whether your
answers are ‘reasonable’.)
• Do not attempt to approximate square roots, or π. Where possible, however,

formulæ should always be simplified .
• Unless specifically stated in degrees, all angles should be assumed to be expressed

in radians. (Remember that the straight angle, 180◦ is equal to π radians, so an
π πd
angle of 1◦ is equal to 180 radians, and d◦ is equal to 180 radians.)
• Caveat lector! As in any duplicated materials, there could be misprints or errors.
1. (a) Give a right-angled triangle in which one angle is α = π3 , and use the triangle
to determine the values of sin α, cos α, tan α.
(b) Give a right-angled triangle in which one angle is β = π4 , and use the triangle
to determine the values of sin β, cos β, cot β, sec β.
It is not sufficient to state the values: you should explain how you determine them
in terms of the lengths of the sides of your triangle.
Solution:
(a) We take the right half of an equilateral triangle, each of whose sides has length
2. In ∆DBC ∠C = π3 = α. DB bisects ∠ADC and meets AC in its midpoint,
B. Then
√
|BD| 3
sin α = =
|CD| 2
|BC| 1
cos α = =
|CD| 2
√
|BD| 3 √
tan α = = = 3
|BC| 1
(b) Here we take an isosceles ∆EF G, in which EF = EG = 1, and ∠F = 45◦ = β.
|EG| 1
sin β = =√
|F G| 2
D
·T
· T
· T
· T
· T
· T
· √ T
F @
2 · 3 T 2
· T @
· T @
· T @ √
· T 1 @
2
· T @
· T @
· T @
· 1 90◦ 1 60◦T 90◦ 45@
◦
· T 1 @
A B C E G
|EF | 1
cos β = =√
|F G| 2
|EF |
cot β = =1
|EG|
√
|F G| 2 √
sec β = = = 2
|EF | 1
(Note: Some students may have been taught never to leave a surd in the
denominator, as in the fraction √12 above. This convention derives from the
√
difficulties, in the days before calculators, of working with numbers like 2.
While it still is useful, for hand calculations, to confine surds to the numerator,
you may work with fractions like √12 if you are happy with them.)
2. State, without proof,
(a) a formula which expresses sin(x + y) in terms of the sines and cosines of x
and y.
(b) a relationship between sin x and sin(−x), and another between cos x and
cos(−x).
(c) By applying the results of parts 2b, 2a above, determine a formula that ex-
presses sin(x − y) in terms of the sines and cosines of x and y.
The formulæ you state should be valid for all values of x and y.
Solution:
(a)
sin(x + y) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y (6)
[7, A-15 (6)]
(b) sin(−x) = − sin x; cos(−x) = − cos x [7, A-15 (4)]
(c) Replacing y by −y throughout (6), one obtains
sin(x − y) = sin x cos(−y) + cos x sin(−y)

= sin x cos y + cos x(− sin y)
= sin x cos y − cos x sin y (7)
π π
3. (a) By substituting x = α = 3
and y = β = 4
in the formula in 2c, determine
the value of sin 15◦ .
π
(b) Using the result of 3a, determine the value of cos 12 .
Solution:
(a)
µ ¶
π π
sin = sin − i4
12 3 p
π π π π
= sin cos − cos sin
Ã √3 ! µ 4 3
¶ µ ¶ µ
4
¶
3 1 1 1
= · √ − · √
2 2 2 2
√ √ √
3−1 6− 2
= √ = .
2 2 4
√ √ √
( 3−1)2
(b) π
cos2 12=1− 8
= 2+4 3 ; hence cos 12
π
is one of the square roots of 2+4 3 .
Since theq
angle is in the first quadrant, the sign is positive. It follows that
√
π 2+ 3
cos 12 = 4
. This can be seen — you were not expected to see this —
√
3+1
that the square root is √
2 2
.
4. State, without proof, formulæ which express cos(x + y) and cos(x − y) in terms of
the sines and cosines of x and y.
Solution:
cos(x + y) = cos x cos y − sin x sin y (8)

cos(x − y) = cos x cos y + sin x sin y (9)
[7, A-15 (7)]
5. (a) Specialize the formula in Problem 4 (by making a suitable choice for y in
terms of x) to express cos 2x in terms of sin x and cos x.
(b) Use the identity sin2 x + cos2 x = 1 to express cos 2x in terms of cos x alone;
and in terms of sin x alone.
(c) Apply your formulæ in 5b to determine the values of cos π6 and cos π2 from the
π
sines of 12 and π4 .
Solution:
(a) Taking y := x in (8) yields
cos 2x = cos2 x − sin2 x (10)
(b)
cos 2x = cos2 x − (1 − cos2 x) = 2 cos2 x − 1 (11)

= (1 − sin2 x) − sin2 x = 1 − 2 sin2 x (12)
(c)
π ³π´ ³π´
2
cos = cos 2 = 1 − 2 sin
6 12√ 12 √ √
( 3 − 1)2 1+3−2 3 3
= 1−2· =1−2· =
8 8 2
µ ¶2
π π 1
cos = 1 − 2 sin2 = 1 − 2 √ =0
2 4 2
6. Find an equation for each of the following lines in the plane:
(a) The line through the points (−1, 4) and (−2, 1).
(b) The line through the point (4, −1) which is perpendicular to the line
2x + y = −7 . (13)
Solution: (This problem is from the 1998 Final examination in 189-112A.)

1−4
(a) The slope of the line will be (−2)−(−1)
= 3, so an equation is y−4 = 3(x−(−1))
or y = 3x + 7.
(b) The slope of the line we seek will be the negative reciprocal of the line y =
−2x − 7, which has slope −2; thus the line will have slope 21 . One equation
will be y − (−1) = 21 (x − 4), or x − 2y = 6.
7. (a) It is claimed that the equation (2x + y + 7)2 = 0 represents the same points
as the equation 2x + y + 7 = 0. Determine whether the claim is correct.
(b) Determine what is represented by the equation (2x + y)2 = (−7)2 , i.e. by the
equation obtained by squaring both sides of equation (13).
Solution:
(a) The equation of a line is a constraint satisfied by the coordinates of its points,
and satisfied by the coordinates of no other points. As (2x + y + 7)2 may
be zero if and only if 2x + y + 7 = 0, this is another equation for the same
line. (Some authors would, however, say that this is “the equation of two
coincident lines”.)
(b) (The symbol ⇔ means that the statements which it connects are logically
equivalent.)
(2x + y)2 = (−7)2 ⇔ (2x + y)2 − (−7)2 = 0
⇔ (2x + y − 7)(2x − y + 7) = 0
⇔ 2x + y − 7 = 0 or 2x + y + 7 = 0
Thus the given equation is satisfied by the coordinates of the points on either
of the parallel lines 2x + y − 7 = 0 and 2x + y + 7 = 0; the equation represents
the union of the sets of points on the two lines.
8. Determine the centre and radius of the circle x2 + y 2 + 4x − 6y + 3 = 0.
Solution: (This problem is from the 1998 Final examination in 189-112A.) We
complete the squares separately.
x2 + y 2 + 4x − 6y + 3 = 0
⇔ (x2 + 4x) + (y 2 − 6y) + 3 = 0
Ã µ ¶2 ! µ ¶2 Ã µ ¶2 ! µ ¶2
4 4 −6 −6
⇔ x2 + 4x + − + y 2 − 6y + − +3=0
2 2 2 2
⇔ (x + 2)2 + (y − 3)2 = 4 + 9 − 3 = 10
√
⇔ (x − (−2))2 + (y − 3)2 = 4 + 9 − 3 = ( 10)2
√
Hence the centre of the circle is (−2, 3), and its radius is 10.
9. Simplify completely the following

Ã √ formula,
!−1 leaving your answer free of negative
√6
3
a3 b2
exponents or radicals: b· √ .
a6 b3
Ã√ !−1 √
√
6
3
a3 b2 √
6 a6 b3
b· √ = b· √
3
a6 b3 a3 b2
1 3 1 3 5
b 6 a3 b 2 a3 b 6 + 2 a3 b 3
= 2 = 2 = 2
a1 b 3 ab 3 ab 3
5 2
= a3−1 b 3 − 3 = a2 b
10. Solve the equation

1 1 4
+ = . (14)
x x−2 3
Solution: (This problem is from the 1998 Final examination in 189-112A.) If we
multiply both sides of the equation10 by 3x(x − 2), we obtain the polynomial
equation 3(x − 2) + 3x = 4x(x − 2), which reduces to 4x2 − 14x + 6 = 0, then to
2x2 − 7x + 3 = 0, which is equivalent to (2x − 1)(x − 3) = 0. The product on the
left can be zero only with at least one of the factors is zero, i.e. when either x = 21
or x = 3. These are the only solutions to (14).
11. Determine the “natural” (i.e. largest possible) domain of definition of each of the
following functions. Explain your results.
√
x
(a) f (x) = .
2 − sin x
1
(b) .
log3 (x + 1)
10
We should verify, when we have found the alleged solutions to the equation, that this operation of
multiplying both sides by the same quantity did not entail the introduction of any values which were
not solutions. For example, if we had multiplied by 3x2 (x − 2), the subsequent computations would have
produced a 3rd degree equation whose solutions would be 0, 12 and 3 — but x = 0 is evidently not a
solution, since the left side is not even defined there. Similarly, if we had multiplied by 3x(x − 2)(x + 11),
we would have obtained x = 11 as one of the solutions of the polynomial equation, but it is certainly
not a solution of the original equation. While the procedure could be made more rigorous, the safest
policy is to verify that all claimed solutions are indeed solutions of the original equation — particularly
when, in the course of your solution, you have multiplied both sides of an equation by an expression
that could be 0.
(a) The denominator is defined for all x. The numerator is defined for all non-
negative x. The ratio function is defined only for non-zero denominators,
so we must ensure that 2 − sin x is not zero; but this can never happen, as
| sin x| ≤ 1. Thus the largest possible domain for this function is the set of all
non-negative real numbers.
(b) Logarithms are defined only for positive numbers, so we must require that x +
1 > 0, i.e. that x > −1. But the logarithm here appears in the denominator,
which can assume any value except 0. log3 (x+1) = 0 precisely when x+1 = 1,
i.e. x = 0. Thus the largest possible domain for this function is the union of
the set −1 < x < 0 with the set x > 0 of positive real numbers.
12. Factorize the following polynomial completely:
(x2 + 4xy + 4y 2 ) − (3x + 6y)
Solution: (This problem is from the 1998 Final examination in 189-112A.) Students
were expected to observe that the first summand is a perfect square.
(x2 + 4xy + 4y 2 ) − (3x + 6y) = (x + 2y)2 − 3(x + 2y)

= (x + 2y)(x + 2y − 3)
is the desired factorization.
13. Solve the system of equations:
3x − 7y = 1
4x + 3y = 5
Solution: (This problem is from the 1998 Final examination in 189-112A.) Students
will study the systematic solution of systems of linear equations in courses on
linear algebra and matrices. This problem is simply to detect whether you are
able to solve a routine small system, even if your methods are not systematic.
Subtracting 3 times the second equation from 4 times the first equation yields
11
−37y = −11, implying that, if there is a solution, y = 37 ; this, substituted into
the first equation, yields x = 38 37
. (This solution can be verified by substituting
in the second equation. While that is hardly necessary in the present problem,
substitution should be undertaken in large linear systems, unless care has been
taken to avoid the possibility that some constraint has been lost. This is beyond
the present course, but will be studied in courses in linear algebra. What is at
issue is the possibility that a system of equations may have no solutions at all, or
may have infinitely many solutions.)
14. Find all solutions to the equation
log2 (3x + 2) + log2 (x + 1) = 2 (15)
log2 (3x + 2) + log2 (x + 1) = 2

⇒ log2 ((3x + 2)(x + 1)) = 2 = log2 22
⇔ 3x2 + 5x + 2 = 4
⇔ 3x2 + 5x − 2 = 0
⇔ (3x − 1)(x + 2) = 0
1
⇔ x= or x = −2
3
But the value x = −2 is extraneous, as the logarithm is not defined at −2 + 1 =
−1 < 0, or at 3 · (−2) + 2 = −4 < 0. We conclude that the only possible
solution to (15) is x = 31 , and verify that it does indeed satisfy the equation, as
log2 3 + log2 34 = log2 4 = log2 22 = 2.
15. Determine all real numbers x such that
(a) 5 tan2 x − sec2 x = 11

5
(b) cos x + sec x = 2
Solution:
(a)
5 tan2 x − sec2 x = 11 ⇔ 5 tan2 x − (tan2 x + 1) = 11

⇔ 4 tan2 x = 12
√
⇔ tan x = ± 3
The smallest solutions in absolute value are x = ± π3 . From the period-

icity
© of the tangent
ª function we conclude that the set of all solutions is
1
(n ± 3 )π : n ∈ Z where Z is the set of all integers.
(b)
5 1 5
cos x + sec x = ⇔ cos x + =
2 cos x 2
2
⇔ 2 cos x − 5 cos x + 2 = 0
⇔ (2 cos x − 1)(cos x − 2) = 0
1
⇔ cos x = or cos x = 2
2
1
⇒ cos x = as | cos x| ≤ 1
µ 2 ¶
1
⇔ x = 2n ± π
3
16. Show that

1 x2 − x + 1
≤ 2 ≤3 (16)
3 x +x+1
for any real number x.
Solution: Let us first prove the inequalities
x2 + x + 1
≤ x2 − x + 1 ≤ 3(x2 + x + 1)
3
i.e. equivalently, the two inequalities
x2 + x + 1 ≤ 3(x2 − x + 1)
x2 − x + 1 ≤ 3(x2 + x + 1)
The first of these is equivalent to 2(x − 1)2 ≥ 0, which is true because the left side
is a square, hence non-negative; the second is equivalent to 2(x + 1)2 ≥ 0, which is
non-negative for the same reason. In order to pass from these two inequalities to
(16) we need to divide by x2 + x + 1. This is a quadratic polynomial, having no
real roots; its sign is that of the leading coefficient x2 , i.e. it is positive; this can
be shown by observing that x2 + x + 1 = (x + 12 )2 + 34 ≥ 0 + 34 > 0. So dividing
the members of an inequality by this positive quantity preserves the inequalities,
thereby yielding the desired pair of inequalities.
2
A more elegant solution can be found if we define z = xx2 +x+1
−x+1
, and transform this
equation to yield a quadratic equation for x in terms of z:
x2 − x + 1 − z(x2 + x + 1) = 0
⇔ (1 − z)x2 − (1 + z)x + (1 − z) = 0
For this equation to admit a solution for every x, the discriminant must be non-
negative, i.e.
(1 + z)2 − 4(1 − z)2 ≥ 0
This is equivalent to
[(1 + z) − 2(1 − z)][(1 + z) + 2(1 − z)] ≥ 0

¡ ¢ ¡ ¢
which is equivalent to − z − 13 (z − 3) ≥ 0. For the product z − 31 (z − 3) to
be non-positive, z must lie between the roots, i.e. z must be such as to make one
of the factors negative and the other positive. This can be achieved only with
1
3
≤ z ≤ 3, as required.
C.2.2 Second Fall 1999 Problem Assignment

1. Determine if lim f (x), lim f (x), and/or lim f (x) exist for each of the following
x→1+ x→1− x→1
functions, and evaluate those that do exist.
√
(a) f (x) = x2 + x − 2
½ 2
x − 3 for x ≤ 1
(b) f (x) =
2 − x for x > 1
½ √
2 − x for x < −3
(c) f (x) = 3
x − x for 2 > x ≥ −3
2. In each of the following cases, evaluate the limit, or show that it does not exist.
µ ¶
1 1
(a) lim −
x→3 x2 − x − 6 x − 3
µ ¶
5 1
(b) lim −
x→3 x2 − x − 6 x − 3
11
√
3x + 2 x
(a) lim
x→∞ 1−x
|2x − 3|
(b) lim
x→−∞ x + 2
1
x+
4. Evaluate lim x2
x→0 2
− 3x2
x2
12
5. Find a value for a so that
µ ¶
x2 + 1
lim 3x + 1 − a
x→∞ x+1
exists as a finite limit, and evaluate that limit.
11
Added 21.09.99: This problem should be omitted. It is based upon [7, §§4.5,4.7], which material
may not have been discussed in the lectures before the due date of the assignment.
12
See footnote 11.

 2 when x ≤ −2
6. Sketch the graph of f (x) = x + 4 when −2 < x < 4 .

20 − x2 when 4≤x
Find the values of x for which f (x) is not continuous.
7. Find values of a and b which will make the following function continuous:
 2
 x + 2a when 0 < x < 1

f (x) = bx + a when 1 ≤ x < 2 .
 2b − 3 when

2≤x
x
x2 − 2x − 3
8. Let f (x) = . Determine where f (x) is not continuous, and where
4 − x2
x2 − 2x − 3
f (x) = 0. Then solve the inequality ≥ 0. [Hint: One method to solve
4 − x2
this problem uses the Intermediate Value Theorem.]
3 1 − 4x
9. Solve the inequality ≤ . [Hint: Bring everything to one side of the
x+1 x−1
equation and simplify first.]
C.2.3 Third Fall 1999 Problem Assignment, with Solutions

Caveat lector! There could be misprints and other errors in these draft solutions.
1. (a) Apply the
r definition of the derivative as a limit to determine the derivative of
7x − 1
f (x) = for any x in the domain.
3
Solution:
q q
7(x+h)−1 7x−1
3
− 3
0
f (x) = lim
h→0
q h q
q q
7(x+h)−1 7x−1 7(x+h)−1 7x−1
3
− 3 3
+ 3
= lim ·q q
h→0 h 7(x+h)−1
3
+ 7x−13
7(x+h)−1 7x−1
3
− 3 1
= lim ·q q
h→0 h 7(x+h)−1 7x−1
3
+ 3
7h
3 1
= lim ·q q
h→0 h 7(x+h)−1 7x−1
3
+ 3
7 1
= lim ·q q
h→0 3 7(x+h)−1 7x−1
3
+ 3
7 1
= lim q q
3 h→0 7(x+h)−1 7x−1
3
+ 3
7 1
= q
6 7x−1
3
(b) Determine the value of f 0 (7) from the result of 1a.

Solution: √749−1 = 7
24
6 3
2. You will find below the definitions for a number of functions. If the domain of
definition is not stated, then you are to assume the domain to be as large as
possible.
• Determine the derivative of each function wherever it is defined in the domain.

• List any points in the domain where the function does not possess a derivative,
and explain precisely why there fails to be a derivative.
• If possible, determine, for those functions where requested, the equation of
the tangent or the normal to the graph of the function at the given point.
x
(a) f1 (x) = ; tangent at (1, f1 (1)).
5 − 8x
Solution: The domain of f1 is R − { 85 }, the set of all non-zero real numbers x
for which the denominator is non-zero; the function is continuous and differ-
entiable at every point of the domain. f10 (x) = 1(5−8x)−x(−8)
(5−8x)2
5
= (5−8x) 2 , at every
5
point x in the domain, i.e. at all real numbers except x = 8 . As f10 (1) = 59 ,
the equation of the tangent at (1, − 13 ) is y − (− 13 ) = 59 (x − 1), i.e. 5x − 9y = 8.
(b) f2 (x) = (5 + 6x2 + x4 ) − (1 + 2x + x2 )2 + 4x(1 + x); normal at (5, f2 (5)).
Solution: As f2 is a polynomial, its domain is the entire real line; it is dif-
ferentiable (hence continuous) at all points of R also. f20 (x) = (12x + 4x3 ) −
2(1 + 2x + x2 )(2 + 2x) + (4 + 8x) = −12x2 + 8x; hence f20 (5) = −260, and the
1
slope of the normal at the point (x, y) = (5, f2 (5)) is 260 . The equation of the
1
normal is y − (−396) = 260 (x − 5).
(c) f3 (x) = (1 − x)2 .
Solution: f3 is a polynomial, and is both defined and differentiable at all real
numbers. f30 (x) = −2(1 − x).
√
(d) f4 (x) = − 10x − x2 ; tangent at (1, −3).
Solution: The domain of f4 consists of all real numbers x such that 10x−x2 ≥
0, i.e. where the product x(x−10) is non-positive: that is, all x in the interval
0 ≤ x ≤ 10. The derivative will be defined at every point in the domain except
at the end-points of the interval, at one of which the tangent approaches the
1
vertical; f40 (x) = − 12 (10x − x2 )− 2 (10 − 2x) = √10x−x
x−5
2 . At the point x = 1,
f 0 = − 12 · 13 ·8 = − 34 . The equation of the tangent there is y−(−3) = − 43 (x−1),

i.e. 4x + 3y + 5 = 0.
3
(e) f5 (x) = |3 − 2x|; tangent at x = .
2
Solution: The function is defined for all real x. As
½
3 − 2x 3 − 2x ≥ 0
f5 (x) = ,
2x − 3 3 − 2x < 0
½
−2 x < 32
f5 (x) = .
2 x > 32
The derivative does not exist at the point x = 23 , since the difference quotient
approaches +2 on one side of this point, and −2 on the other, so there is no
2-sided limit to the difference quotient.
 3
 x
when x 6= 0
(f) f6 (x) = |x| ; tangent and normal at (0, 0).

0 when x = 0
Solution: The function has all real numbers in its domain; the only point that
might have caused difficulty would have been 0, as the given quotient is not
defined there; however, the value at x = 0 is given separately. Differentiating
f within each of the defining half-lines gives
½
0 2x when x > 0
f6 (x) =
−2x when x < 0
To determine the value of the derivative at x = 0 we have to appeal to first
h3 h3
−0 −0 h2 −0
principles. f60 (0) = limh→0 |h|
h
. Since lim+ |h|
h
= lim+ h
= lim+ h = 0,
h→0 h→0 h→0
and the limit from the left is also equal to 0, we can assert that the 2-sided
limit exists, so f60 (0) = 0. The line through the origin with slope 0 is the
x-axis, which is tangent to the curve at that point.
½ 2
x − 6x when x < 1
(g) f7 (x) = ; tangent at (1, −5).
−1 − 4x when x ≥ 1
Solution: f7 is defined for all x. The function was created by piecing together
a branch of a parabola for x < 1, and a ray of a straight line for x ≥ 1.
Strictly within each of the constituent half-lines the function is obviously

differentiable: for x < 1, f70 (x) = 2x − 6; while, for x > 1, f70 (x) = −4; note
that we were unable to make any assertion about x = 1. Indeed, at x = 1
the limit from the right of the difference quotient is again seen to be −4. The
limit from the left is the value 2(1) − 6 = −4, which can be seen from first
principles. As here again the limits from left and right are equal, the limit
exists, and the function is differentiable at x = 1. The line through (1, −5)
with slope 4 has equation y + 5 = 4(x − 1), or 4x − y = 9.
 2
 x − 6x when x < 1
(h) f8 (x) = 0 when x = 1 ; normal at (1, −5).

−1 − 4x when x > 1
Solution: f8 is similar to f7 , except for the definition of the function at x = 1.
This time, when we attempt to determine the derivative at x = 1 by first
principles, we find that the quotient f (1+h)−f
h
(1)
= f (1+h)
h
has infinite limits —
i.e. does not have a (real) limit from the two sides. As the limit does not
exist, the function is not differentiable at x = 1, and there can be no normal.
3. (The functions referred to below were defined in Problem 2 above.)

(a) Determine the value of the function f7 ◦ f7 at any point x in its domain. [This
problem is technically difficult. Try to understand what makes the problem
difficult. Your solution to this problem will not be graded.]
Solution:


 (x2 − 6x)2 − (x2 − 6x) if x2 − 6x < 1 and x<1

(−1 − 4x)2 − (−1 − 4x) if x≥1 and −1 − 4x < 1
f7 ◦f7 (x) =

 −1 − 4(x2 − 6x) if x<1 and x2 − 6x ≥ 1

−1 − 4(−1 − 4x) if x≥1 and −1 − 4x ≥ 1
To study the four combinations of inequalities we observe that x2 − 6x =
(x − 3)2 − 9. The inequalities simplify to
 2 2 2
√

 (x − 6x) − (x − 6x) if 3 − 10 < x < 1

(−1 − 4x)2 − (−1 − 4x) if x ≥ 1√
f7 ◦ f7 (x) =

 −1 − 4(x2 − 6x) if x ≤ 3 − 10

−1 − 4(−1 − 4x) never.
i.e.
 2 √
 (x − 6x)(x2 − 6x − 1) if 3− 10 < x < 1
f7 ◦ f7 (x) = 2(8x2 + 6x + 1) if x ≥ 1√

−4x2 + 24x − 1 if x ≤ 3 − 10
(b) Determine the value of the functions f1 ◦ f4 and f4 ◦ f1 at all points in their
domains. Find the derivatives of these functions in two ways:
i. by differentiation of the formulæ you have determined
ii. by applying the chain rule
and show that the results are the same.
Solution:
√
− 10x − x2
(f1 ◦ f4 )(x) = √
5 − 8(− 10x − x2 )
1
= − 1
8 + 5(10x − x2 )− 2
s µ ¶ µ ¶2
x x
(f4 ◦ f1 )(x) = − 10 −
5 − 8x 5 − 8x
s
x(50 − 81x)
= −
(5 − 8x)2
Both methods of differentiation should lead to the same results:
5(x − 5)
(f1 ◦ f4 )0 (x) = √
5 + 8 10x − x2
205x − 125
(f4 ◦ f1 )0 (x) = p
(5 − 8x)2 x(50 − 81x)
Don’t panic! These computations are much to difficult for an examination!
The purpose was to test your perseverence, under conditions where two meth-
ods had to lead to the same answer, so you could verify your work.
1+s 1 √ dy
(c) Suppose that y = , s = t − , t = x. Determine the value of at
1−s t dx
x = 2.
Solution:
dy dy ds dt
= · ·
dx ds dt dx µ ¶
2 1 1
= 2
· 1− 2 · √
(1 − s) t 2 x
√
When x = 2, t = 2, s = √1 .
Hence
2
µ ¶ √
dy 2 1 1 3 2+4
=³ ´2 · 1 − · √ = .
dx 1 2 2 2 2
1 − √2
4. For each of the following functions, and for the given closed interval,
• find all critical points;
• find all local maxima and local minima;13
• find all global maxima and global minima, or explain why none of either exists.
All claims should be supported by careful reasoning; show all your work.
(a) g1 (x) = (x − 3)5 ; interval [2, 4]
Solution: g10 (x) = 5(x − 3)4 for 2 < x < 4. The derivative is thus defined
at all points in the interior of the interval; we cannot speak of a derivative
at the end points, since the behavior of the function must be known on both
sides of a point where a derivative is to be determined; (we could speak of
1-sided derivatives, but have not done so in this course). The critical points
will be those points where the derivative is zero, i.e. only the point x = 3. To
determine local and global extrema we must consider the value of the function
at the critical point and also at the end-points of the interval. Since g1 (3) = 0,
g1 (2) = −1, and g1 (4) = 1, we see that the global maximum, of value 1, occurs
at x = 4, and that the global minimum, of value −1, occurs at x = 2. The
point x = 3 is neither a local minimum nor a local maximum: for x < 3 the
function value is less than g1 (3), while, for x > 3, the function value is greater
than g1 (3).
· ¸
2 3 5
(b) g2 (x) = 6 − 36x + 15x − 2x ; interval ,5
2
Solution: The function g2 , being a polynomial,
£5 ¤ is defined at all points. As the
definition of g2 has been specified
¡ ¢ as 2 , 5 , the function will have a derivative
at all points in the interval 25 , 5 ; we have no information about g2 for x < 52 ,
nor for x > 5, so we do not have a derivative at either of those end-points.
Where it is defined, g20 (x) = −36 + 30x − 6x2 = −6(x − 2)(x − 3), which
vanishes at x = 2 and x = 3. But x = 2 is not in the domain of definition
of the function, so this point is irrelevant. We thus have just one critical
point, x = 3; there g2 (3) = 6 − 108 + 135 − 54 = −21. At the end-points,
g2 ( 52 ) = − 33
2
, g2 (5) = −49. As g2 ( 52 ) > g2 (3) > g2 (5), the global maximum is
5
at 2 , and the global minimum at 5.

 −1

when −1 ≤ x < 0
(c) Solution: g30 (x) = x2 . For h 6= 0, the value of
 1
 − when 0 < x ≤ 1
x2
13
THIS PROBLEM WAS NOT TO BE GRADED: It was announced in the lectures that this topic
would not be discussed until [7, Chapter 4]; accordingly this part of the question was to be omitted.
the difference quotient g3 (h)−0

h
is h12 , which has no finite limit as h → 0; hence
the function is not differentiable at x = 0. The derivative is not zero anywhere
in the domain; thus the only critical point is x = 0. Evaluating the function
at this critical point, and at the two end-points, we obtain g3 (−1) = −1,
g3 (0) = 0, g(1) = 1. We may not apply [9, Theorem 3, p. 144] here, because
this function is not continuous throughout the domain of definition. In fact,
it is discontinuous at x = 0. As x → 0− , g3 (x) → −∞; and, as x → 0+ ,
g3 (x) → ∞; these one-sided limits are not equal real numbers, so no limit
exists; for continuity they must be equal, and must equal the function value,
here 0. Because the function becomes positively and negatively infinite inside
the domain of definition, it can have neither a global maximum nor a global
minimum. There is no need to evaluate it at the critical point, nor at the
end-points of the interval of definition.
(d) Solution: This problem differs from the preceding problem in that the limit
as x → 0, while still not existing as a real number, is ∞. In this case there
can be no global maximum. The cited theorem still does not apply, as there is
still a discontinuity at x = 0. The function values at x = ±1 are both 1, and,
from examination of the behavior of the function near these points, might be
suspected of being global minima. However, the value at x = 0 is lower. The
global minimum is thus 0, assumed only at the point x = 0; everywhere else
the function value is strictly larger.
(e) Solution:
√ The domain of definition of g5 is the whole√real line. The derivative
of x for x > 0 is 2√1 x ; similarly, the derivative of −x for x < 0 is − 2√1−x .
Investigation of the difference quotient g5 (h)−0
h
as h → 0, shows that the limit
does not exist as a finite number; in fact is it ∞, and the function may be
said to have a vertical tangent. Thus x = 0 is a critical point, because the
function lacks a derivative there. The function is, however, continuous, so we
may determine the global extrema by studying its behavior at the end-points
and the critical point: g5 (−4) = 2, g5 (0) = 0, g5 (9) = 3. The global maximum
is thus at x = 9, and the global minimum is at x = 0.
5. [11, Examples XLVI.17] (Cambridge Math. Tripos 1930) The graph of the function
ax + b
h(x) = has (2, −1) as a critical point. Determine a and b, and show
(x − 1)(x − 4)
that the critical point is a local maximum. (Note: It is intended that this problem
be solved without using concepts from Chapter 4 of your textbook (involving higher
derivatives.))
2
Solution: For x different from 1 and 4, h0 (x) = a(x −5x+4)−(ax+b)(2x−5)
(x−1)2 (x−4)2
. As the
derivative exists at x = 2, it can be a critical point only because the derivative is
zero; this implies that a(22 −5·2+4)−(a·2+b)(2·2−5) = 0, i.e. b = 0. We are also

2a+0 x
told that h(2) = −1, hence (2−1)(2−4) = −1, so a = 1. Thus h(x) = (x−1)(x−4) . As
(x−2) 2
h(2) − h(x) = − (x−1)(x−4) , this difference is non-negative in an interval surrounding
x = 2 (since the numerator is non-negative, and the denominator is negative). Thus
h(x) ≤ h(2), so 2 is a local maximum.
6. Determine values of the constants a, b, c which will cause the curve y = ax3 + bx2 +
cx + d to pass through the points (2, 6) and (−1, 6) and to be tangent to the line
y = 3x + 1 at the point (1, 4).
Solution: We are given four kinds of information: three points through which the
curve passes, and the equation of the tangent at one of these points. Imposing the
condition that the curve pass through the points (2, 6), (−1, 6), and (1, 4) yields
three linear equations:
8a + 4b + 2c + d = 6
−a + b − c + d = 6
a+b+c+d = 4
Finally, as the tangent at x = 1 has slope 3, we know that 3ax2 + 2bx + c|x=1 = 3,
i.e. 3a+2b+c = 3. Solving the 4 linear equations simultaneously yields (a, b, c, d) =
(−1, 3, 0, 2).
7. Find all lines with slope −3 which are normal to the curve 64y = x3 .
1 3 3 2
Solution: At the point (x, 64 x ) on the curve the slope of the tangent is 64 x , so
64
the slope of the normal is − 3x2 . Imposing ¡ the condition
¢ that this equal −3, we
obtain that x = ± 83 . Through
¡ ¢ the point ± 8
3
, ± 8
27
the equation of the line with
8 8 8·28
slope 3 is y ∓ 27 = −3 x ∓ 3 , i.e. 3x + y = ± 27 .
8. Find the volume of the uncovered box of greatest volume that can be made by
cutting equal squares out of the corners of a piece of sheet metal which is 21 cm.
× 5 cm., and turning up the sides.
Solution: If the side of the square cut from each corner is of lengh x, where 0 ≤ x ≤
5
2
, then the volume obtained after the sides are folded up is x · (21 − 2x)(5 − 2x) =
4x3 − 52x2 + 105x. Setting the derivative, 12x2 − 104x + 105 (i.e. (2x − 15)(6x − 7))
equal to zero, we find that x = 15 2
or x = 67 . The second of these is the only critical
point; the first is not in the interval of definition of the function. To determine the
maximum we compare the value of the volume at x = 76 with the volume at the
end-points, both of which give volume 0. At x = 67 the volume is 76 · 56 3
· 83 = 1568
27
3
cm. , which exceeds the value of 0 at the end-points. This is the largest volume.
9. Show that, among all right-angled triangles whose hypotenuse is 10 units long, the
triangle whose area is maximum is isosceles.
Solution: Denote the lengths of the non-hypotenuse sides by a and b. As √ these are
2 2 2 2
constrained by the equation
√ x + b = 10 = 100, we know that b = 100 − a .
1
The area is therefore 2 a 100 − a2 . We may take the domain to be 0 ≤ a ≤ 10.
2
The derivative of the area function is, after reduction, √50−a 2 , which is zero when
√ 100−a
a = ±5 2. Of these two values, only the positive one is in the domain of definition
of the function. At the end-points of the domain the function is zero; while, at
the critical point we have found, the function value is positive; this, then, is the
maximum point. For this value of a, b = a, which was to be proved.
C.2.4 Fourth Fall 1999 Problem Assignment

dy
1. Find if
dx
¡ ¢
(a) y = ln 1 + x2
2
(b) y = e−x
√
x
(c) y = x
2. Find an equation for the tangent line at x=0 to the graph of y = ex − e−x .
1
3. Find the greatest value of f (x) = ln x .
x2
4. If f (x) = e−x sin x , find the values of x where
(a) f 0 (x) = 0 ;
(b) f 00 (x) = 0 .
dy sin−1 2x
5. (a) Find if y= .
dx sin−1 x
µ ¶
−1 x+1 dz
(b) Show that if z = tan + tan−1 x , then =0.
x−1 dx
6. A picture a metres high is placed on a wall with its base b metres above
an observer’s eye. If the observer stands x metres away from the wall, find
(a) the angle α subtended by the picture at the observer’s eye; and
(b) the distance x which will give the maximum value for α.
7. Use the tangent line approximation to find an approximate value for
(a) ln(0.94) ;
(b) cos−1 (0.47) .
8. Find an equation for the line tangent to the curve x4 + x2 y 2 + y 4 = 21 at the

point (1, 2) .
d2 y
9. If x3 + y 3 + 6xy = −5 , find at the point (−1, 2) .
dx2
ln x
10. Evaluate lim . [Hint: Write down the limit definition of f 0 (1) , where
x→1 x − 1
f (x) = ln x .]
C.2.5 Fifth Fall 1999 Problem Assignment

1. For each of the functions,
(x2 − 1)2 1 − sin x

f (x) = g(x) =
4x2 √ cos x
−x2
h(x) = xe k(x) = ln x
determine all of the information requested below, and sketch a graph of the func-
tion. Show all your work.
(a) For any discontinuities, determine whether they are removable.

(b) Where is the function increasing? Where is it decreasing?
(c) Where is the graph concave upwards? Where is it concave downwards?
(d) Where, if any, are the local extrema? In each case you should indicate whether
the extremum is a local maximum or a local minimum, and provide justifica-
tion for your choice.
(e) Where, if any, are the global extrema? Again, justification is expected.
(f) Where, if any, are the intercepts (with the coordinate axes)?
(g) Where, if any, are the inflection points?
(h) Is the graph symmetric about any vertical line x = a? (The graph of F is
symmetric about x = a if the equation remains unchanged under the trans-
formation x − a → a − x; i.e. if F (x) = F (2a − x). In particular, the graph
is symmetric about the y-axis if F (x) = F (−x). Such a function is said to be
even.)
(i) Is the graph symmetric under rotation about the origin? (The graph of F is
symmetric under rotation about the origin if the equation remains unchanged
under the transformation (x, y) → (−x, −y); i.e. if F (−x) = −F (x). Such a
function is said to be odd .)
(j) Determine all horizontal and all vertical asymptotes to the graph.
2. (a) Show that at least one of the hypotheses of the Mean Value Theorem fails to
hold for the following functions; show also that the conclusion of the theorem
fails to hold for each function, where the interval is [a, b] = [−1, 1].
½ 1
when x 6= 0
i. f1 (x) = x .
0 when x = 0
2
ii. f2 (x) = x 3 .
(b) [7, Problem 4.3.48] [9, Problem 4.3.48] Show that the function f2 (x) defined in
Problem 2(a)ii above does satisfy the conclusion of the Mean Value Theorem
on the interval [−1, 27].
(c) Using the Mean Value Theorem, show carefully that the equation x7 + x − 12
has exactly one real solution. Then show — without using a calculator —
that this solution lies between x = 1 and x = 2.
3. Consider the function f3 (x) = x cos x.
(a) Determine the intercepts of the graph of f3 on the coordinate axes.
(b) Show that the critical points of f3 occur at points of intersection of y = tan x
1
with the curve y = .
x
1
(c) Show that, wherever it is defined, the function tan x − is increasing. Use
x
this
µ fact to show that there
¶ is exactly one critical point of f3 in each interval
(2n − 1)π (2n + 1)π
, , where n is any integer. [Hint: Use a Corollary to
2 2
the Mean Value Theorem.]
(d) Sketch the graph of f3 .
1
4. Use the Second Derivative Test in finding all points on the curve y = 2 which
2x
are closest to the origin.
14
14
This problem and the next were originally included in Assignment 2, but were subsequently omitted,
because they are based upon [7, §§4.5,4.7], which material had not been discussed in the lectures before
the due date of Assignment 2.
√
3x + 2 x
(a) lim
x→∞ 1−x
|2x − 3|
(b) lim
x→−∞ x + 2
6. Find a value for a so that

µ ¶
x2 + 1
lim 3x + 1 − a
x→∞ x+1
exists as a finite limit, and evaluate that limit.
C.3 2000/2001 Problem Assignments, with Solutions

C.3.1 First 2000/2001 Problem Assignment, with Solutions
Instructions
• The basic principle you should follow in any mathematics course is that every statement
should be justified. While it may be that in some cases you are not able to provide a
flawless logical argument, that should always be your goal. Getting the right answer is
always desirable, but will usually not be enough.
• Notwithstanding the preceding comment, you should not spend disproportionately long
amounts of time on any one question. Solutions will be posted on the Web.
• While the textbook in [1, 1.1] describes four different ways in which to represent a func-
tion, we usually regard the representation by an explicit formula as the most desirable.
In particular, graphical representation should be used only to assist you in visualizing a
solution, not as the final solution; it will normally not be acceptable to explain a step in
a proof by reference to a graph — but it is a good policy to make a quick sketch of the
graph of any function you have to work with.
• You should always attempt, in an algebraic representation, to make your functions as

“simple” as possible; there may be different “simple” ways of representing the function.
Use your good judgment: the simplification is intended to help you!
• Do not approximate numbers unless you are asked to do so. Thus, π should not be
replaced by 3.1415926...; of course, you should know the values of the standard trigono-
metric functions at familiar multiples and submultiples of π, and use this information√to
simplify your answers, where applicable. For example, you should replace sin π3 by 23 ,
but not by 0.8660....
It is usually preferable to leave fractions in the form m
n , rather than rewriting as decimal
fractions. This preference applies even when the decimal expansion is finite, as in, for
example, 34 = 0.75. One reason for this preference is that decimal fractions are often
interpreted as approximations, rather than as the exact value; so by writing 0.75 instead
of 34 you could be obscuring the fact that your datum is exact.
• You may assume that, over an interval [c, d], the maximum and minimum values of a
linear function — that is a function of the form f (x) = ax+b, where a and b are constants
— are attained at the end points of the interval.
1. Let a function f be defined by f (x) = |2x| + |2x + 3|.
(a) Find algebraic formulæ which give the value of f (x) without using the absolute
value function. For this purpose it will be necessary to break the domain up
into several parts, as the formula will be different in different subintervals.
(b) Showing all your work, determine the domain and the range15 of f .
(c) Determine whether or not f has an inverse function. If it does, determine a
formula for f −1 (x).
Solution:
(a)
½
−2x when x<0
Since |2x| =
2x when x≥0
½
−2x − 3 when 2x + 3 < 0
and |2x + 3| =
2x + 3 when 2x + 3 ≥ 0
(
−2x − 3 when x < − 23
or, equivalently |2x + 3| = ,
2x + 3 when x ≥ − 23
we may add the inequalities to obtain


 −2x − 2x − 3 when x < − 32
|2x| + |2x + 3| = −2x + 2x + 3 when − 32 ≤ x < 0

2x + 2x + 3 when x ≥ 0

 −4x − 3 when x < − 23
= 3 when − 32 ≤ x < 0

4x + 3 when x ≥ 0
15
Many mathematicians prefer to use the term image instead of range.
(b) While the description of the function changes as one moves from one interval
to the next, the function is defined for all x — i.e. the domain is the whole
real line.
For the interval −∞ < x ≤ − 32 , the function value ranges between +∞ and
3; it remains at 3 through the middle interval; and, for − 32 < x < ∞, again
takes on all values which are ≥ 3. Thus the range is [3, ∞).
[How could one prove, rigorously, that the stated intervals do indeed constitute the
range of the function? For example, when x < − 23 , we reverse the inequality when
we multiply by −4, to obtain −4x > 6; adding −3 to both sides of the inequality
yields −4x − 3 > 3, showing that the portion of the range of the function for this
part of the domain is contained in the interval (3, ∞). And, if y is any real number
such that 3 < y, then 6 < y + 3; so, multiplying both sides of the inequality by − 14 ,
y+3 3
and
³ thereby
´ reversing
³ ´the inequality, we obtain − 4 < − 2 . But this tells us that
f − y+34 = −4 y+3 4 − 3 = y. We have thus shown that every number y in the
interval (3, ∞) is in the range: thus the range of the function corresponding to this
portion of the domain is precisely the interval (3, ∞).]
(c) This function is not invertible, since there are values which are attained at
more than one point in the domain. For example, the function takes on the
same value for all x such that − 23 ≤ x ≤ 0.
2. Let a function g be defined by
√
g(x) = 2x − 5 . (17)
Showing your work, answer each of the following questions for g.
(a) Determine the domain.
(b) Determine the range.
(c) Determine whether the function has an inverse function. If it does, find a
formula for g −1 (x), and determine the domain and range.
Solution:
(a) g is the composition of two functions. In the first phase x is mapped on
to 2x − 5. The second function applied is the square root. The mapping
x 7→ 2x − 5 is defined for all x; that is, its domain is the whole real line.
However, the mapping to the square root is not defined for negative numbers.
Thus we cannot proceed unless 2x − 5 ≥ 0, i.e. unless
5
x≥ . (18)
2
Inequality (18) gives the domain of g.
(b) Any non-negativeµ 2 real¶ number r is attained as a value of the function g;

r +5
specifically, g = r. Thus the range of g is the interval [0, ∞).
2
(c) We may square both sides16 of (17) to obtain (g(x))2 = 2x − 5, so x =
(g(x))2 + 5
, showing that x is determined as soon as g(x) is known. Thus g
2
x2 + 5 17
is invertible, and its inverse is given by x 7→ .
2
3. A curve is symmetric about the y-axis if the presence of any point (x0 , y0 ) on the
curve implies the presence of (−x0 , y0 ); a curve is symmetric about the x-axis if
the presence of any point (x0 , y0 ) on the curve implies the presence of (x0 , −y0 );
a curve is symmetric about the origin if the presence of any point (x0 , y0 ) on the
curve implies the presence of (−x0 , −y0 ). A function F is odd if its graph is
symmetric about the origin, i.e. for any x in the domain, F (−x) = −F (x) (which
is equivalent to saying that if (x, F (x)) is on the graph, then so is (−x, −F (x))).
F is even if its graph is symmetric about the y-axis; i.e., for any x in the domain,
F (−x) = F (x) (which is equivalent to saying that if (x, F (x)) is on the graph, then
so is (−x, F (x))).
For each of the following functions F , determine whether
• F is odd.
• F is even.
• the graph of F is symmetric about the x-axis.
• the graph of F is symmetric about the y-axis.
(a) F (x) = | sin x|

(b) F (x) = cos x
³ π´
(c) F (x) = cos x −
2
(d) F (x) = 0
1
(e) F (x) = x3 +
x
16
√ √
More precisely, we can multiply both sides of the equation g(x) − 2x − 5 = 0 by g(x) + 2x − 5.
17
Note that, while this formula is meaningful even when x < 0, we are specifically restricting the
domain of this inverse function to be the range of the function g. With that proviso we find that the
pair of functions g and g −1 have the property that the domain ¡ of each
¢ is the range of the other, and
vice-versa. Thus the domain of g −1 is [0, ∞), and the range is 52 , ∞
1
(f) F (x) = x3 −
x
2
(g) F (x) = G(x ), where G is any function.
Solution:
Before beginning our solution, we make the following observations:
• The graph of F is symmetric about the y-axis ⇔ F is even.

• If the graph of F is symmetric about the x-axis, then, for any x0 in the
domain, both points (x0 , F (x0 )) and (x0 , −F (x0 )) will lie on the graph. But
the graph of a function can never meet two distinct points on the same vertical
line x = x0 . It follows that these points cannot be distinct, i.e. that F (x0 ) =
−F (x0 ), i.e. that F (x0 ) = 0 for all points x0 in the domain. Thus only the
0 function, or restrictions of this function to subsets of the real line can have
this symmetry property.
• The only function which is both even and odd is the 0 function (or restrictions
of this function to subsets of the real line). For both conditions F (−x) = F (x)
and F (−x) = −F (x) must hold for all x, implying that F (x) = 0 for all x.
(a) | sin(−x)| = |−sin x| = | sin x|, so this function is even; (hence, it not being the
0 function, it is not odd). By the preceding comments, its graph is symmetric
about the y-axis, but not about the x-axis.
(b) cos(−x)
¡ π ¢= cos x for all x, so this function is even. It is not odd; for example,
cos − 4 = 2 6= − √12 = − cos π4 .
√1
¡ ¢
(c) By a well-known property of the cosine function, cos x − π2 = cos ¡ x cos ¢π2 +
sin x sin π2 = (cos x) · 0 + (sin
¡ x) π· ¢1 = sin x for all x. Hence cos −x − 2 =
π
sin(−x) = − sin x = − cos x − 2 , so this function is odd. As the function

is not identically 0, it is not even; its graph is not symmetric about either
coordinate axis.
(d) The 0 function is both even and odd, and its graph is symmetric about both
coordinate axes.
µ ¶
3 1 3 1
(e) (−x) + =− x + , so this function is odd. It is not even, and its
−x x
graph is symmetric about neither coordinate axis.
1
(f) The function x3 − has the same symmetry properties as the preceding
x
function.
(g) G((−x)2 ) = G(x2 ), so this function is even, and its graph is symmetric about
the y-axis. The function is not odd, and the graph is not symmetric about
the x-axis.
4. Let
x2 − 4
f (x) =
x−1
1
g(x) =
f (x − 1)
³ π´
h(x) = sin x −
4
1
k(x) = ³ π´
h x−
4
(a) Determine an explicit formula for (f ◦ g)(x).
(b) Describe the domains of the functions f , g, f ◦ g, h and k.
(c) [BONUS QUESTION] Describe the domain of g ◦ f .
Wherever possible in this problem, algebraic expressions should be simplified.

Solution:
(b) f . Since f is defined as a ratio of polynomials, its domain is the set if all real
numbers where the denominator is not zero; as the denominator is x − 1,
the domain of f is all real numbers except 1.
g.
1 1 1 x−2
g(x) = = 2 = 2 = 2
f (x − 1) (x − 1) − 4 x − 2x − 3 x − 2x − 3
(x − 1) − 1 x−2
The preceding statement is valid wherever g is defined. That will be the
intersection of the set of x such that f (x − 1) is defined, and the set
where the fraction 1f (x − 1) is defined; i.e., it will be the set of x where
f (x − 1) is defined, from which we must remove all points x such that
f (x − 1) = 0. Since f (x) is defined for x 6= 1, f (x − 1) is defined for all
x such that x − 1 6= 1, i.e. such that x 6= 2. And f (x − 1) = 0 precisely
when (x − 1)2 − 4 = 0, equivalently when x − 1 = ±2, i.e. when x = −1
or x = 3. Therefore the domain of g is the set R − {−1, 2, 3}.
f ◦ g. The first function to be applied is g. Its domain consists of R −
{−1, 2, 3}. But the application of f requires, further, that we exclude
points x where g(x) = 1, since 1 is not in the domain√ of f . Thus we

3 ± 13
exclude points x such that x2 − 3x − 1 = 0, i.e. . The domain is,
2
therefore, ( √ √ )
3 + 13 3 − 13
R − −1, 2, 3, ,
2 2
(We could also have determined this by excluding from R the roots of the
denominator of the ratio of polynomials that we have determined above
for f ◦ g.)
h. h(x) is defined for all real numbers x.
¡ ¢
g. k(x) is not defined at points where sin x − π2 is zero, i.e. where x − π2 is
an integer multiple of π. Thus the points that have to be excluded from
2n + 1
R are all numbers of the form π, where n is any integer.
2
(a)
µ ¶2
x−2
−4
x2 − 2x − 3
(f ◦ g)(x) =
x−2
2
−1
x − 2x − 3
(x − 2)2 − 4(x2 − 2x − 3) 1
= 2 2
· 2
(x − 2) − (x − 2x − 3) x − 2x − 3
4 3 2
4x − 16x − 9x + 52x + 32
=
(x2 − 3x − 1)(x2 − 2x − 3)
(c) We can also express (g ◦ f )(x) as a ratio of polynomials in x:
f (x) − 2
(g ◦ f )(x) =
f (x)2
− 2f (x) − 3
x2 − 4
−2
= µ 2 x − 1
¶2
x −4 x2 − 4
−2 −3
x−1 x−1
((x2 − 4) − 2(x − 1)) (x − 1)
=
(x2 − 4)2 − 2(x2 − 4)(x − 1) − 3(x − 1)2
(x2 − 2x − 2)(x − 1)
= 4
x − 2x3 − 9x2 + 14x + 5
This ratio is not defined at points where the denominator is zero. However,
that denominator is a quartic function of x, and its roots are not obvious.18
Instead, let us attack this problem the same way we dealt with f ◦ g above.
First we have to exclude the points where f is not defined, i.e., the point x = 1.
Next we have to exclude points x such that f (x) is not in the domain of g:
x2 − 4 x2 − 4
these are the solutions to each of the equations = 3, = 2, and
x−1 x−1
x2 − 4
= −1, i.e., the roots of the three quadratic polynomials, x2 − 3x − 1,
x−1
x2 − 2x − 2, and x2 + x − 5. It follows that the domain of g ◦ f is
( √ √ √ √ )
3 + 13 3 − 13 −1 + 21 −1 − 21 √ √
R − 1, , , , , 1 + 3, 1 − 3
2 2 2 2
5. (a) Showing all your work, and without using tables, computers, slide rules, or a
calculator , determine the value of log16 2.
(b) Showing all your work, determine all values of x for which
µ ¶x
x 1
2 = . (19)
2
(c) Showing all your work, determine all values of x for which log2 (ln x) = 1.
(d) Showing all your work, simplify cos(x + y) cos(x − y) − cos2 x − cos2 y, where
x and y are any real numbers.
Solution:
(a) By [1, p. 70]
ln 2 1 1 1 1
log16 2 = = = = =
ln 16 ln 16 log2 16 log2 24 4
ln 2
(b) By the Laws of Exponents [1, p. 58]
µ ¶x µ ¶x
x 1 x 1
1=1 = 2· =2 · ,
2 2
hence µ ¶x
1 1 20
= x = x = 2−x .
2 2 2
18
Although, in fact, this quartic polynomial does factorize into the product of two quadratic polyno-
mials, x2 − 3x − 1 and x2 + x − 5, whose roots can be found in the usual way.
Thus (19)⇔ 2x = 2−x . Applying the inverse function log2 to both sides of this
equation yields the equivalent statement x = −x, which is, in turn, equivalent
to x = 0.
(c) Applying the exponential function (to base 2) to both sides of the hypothesis
log2 (ln x) = 1 yields ln x = 21 = 2. Now apply the exponential function, this
time to base e, to obtain the equivalent statement x = e2 .
6. (a) [1, Exercise 14, p. A34] A circle has radius 10 cm. Showing all your work,
determine the length of the arc subtended by a central angle of 72◦ .
(b) [1, Exercise 34, p. A35] Showing all your work, find the remaining 5 trigono-
4 3π
metric ratios for the angle θ, if it is known that csc θ = − , and < θ < 2π.
3 2
(c) (Adapted from [1, Exercise 70, p. A35]) Find all values of x that satisfy the
equation cos x + sin 2x = 0.
(d) Determine the value of cos(x + y) cos(x − y) − cos2 x − cos2 y, as x and y range
over the real numbers.
Solution:
72
(a) The entire circle has circumference 2π · 10 cm. The angle of 72◦ is 360 = 15
of the central angle subtending the entire circle. Hence the arc has length
1
5
× 20π = 4π cm.
1 3
(b) First observe that sin θ = =− .
csc θ 4
Now, since θ is in the 4th quadrant, the cosine is positive. This resolves the
2 2
sign choice when
r we solve for
√ cos θ in the equation sin θ + cos θ = 1, so we
9 7
have cos θ = + 1 − = . The remaining ratios can now be computed
16 4
without ambiguity:
−3
sin θ 4 3
tan θ = = √ = −√
cos θ 7 7
4
√ √
7 −4 7
cot θ = cos θ · csc θ = · =−
4 3 3
1 4
sec θ = =√
cos θ 7
(c) (There are many ways of approaching problems of this type, so the following
is only one possibility. Of course, all methods lead to the same answers.)
cos x + sin 2x = 0 ⇔ cos x + 2 sin x cos x = 0 (double-angle formula)
⇔ cos x(1 + 2 sin x) = 0

1
⇔ cos x = 0 or sin x = −
2
The solution set will, therefore, be the union of the solution sets for the two
equations shown.
π
cos x = 0. The solutions to this equation are all x of the form x = + nπ,
2
where n is any integer.
sin x = − 12 . One solution is x = − π6 ; another solution is x = − 5π 6
; remember
that the graph of the sine function is symmetric about the line x = 3π 2
(as it is about all odd integer multiples of π2 ): any value which is realized
between 3π 2
and 2π will also be attained at a mirror-image point between
3π
π and 2 . These two solutions each give rise to an infinite set of solutions,
2π units¡ apart. The
¢ full
¡ 5set of solutions
¢ is all real numbers of either of the
1
forms
¡ 11 − + 2m
¢6 ¡ 7 π, −
¢ 6 + 2m π or, equivalently of either of the forms
6
+ 2m π, 6 + 2m π where m is any integer.
The set of solutions to the original equation is, therefore, the union of the two
lists above:
½µ ¶ µ ¶ µ ¶ ¯ ¾
1 7 11 ¯
+ m π, + 2m π, ¯
+ 2m π ¯ m any integer
2 6 6
(d) (There are several possible approaches to this problem. The following may
not be the simplest.)
cos(x + y) cos(x − y) − cos2 x − cos2 y
= (cos x cos y − sin x sin y)(cos x cos y + sin x sin y) − cos2 x − cos2 y
= cos2 x cos2 y − sin2 x sin2 y − cos2 x − cos2 y
= cos2 x cos2 y − (1 − cos2 x)(1 − cos2 y) − cos2 x − cos2 y
= cos2 x cos2 y − (1 − cos2 x − cos2 y + cos2 x cos2 y) − cos2 x − cos2 y = −1
for all x and for all y.
7. (a) [1, Exercise 8, p. A-23] Show that the following equation represents a circle,
and determine its centre and radius:
16x2 + 16y 2 + 8x + 32y + 1 = 0
¡1 ¢
(b) [1, Exercise 36, p. A-15] Find an equation of the line through the point 2
, − 32
which is perpendicular to the line 4x − 8y = 1.
Solution:
(a) We first group the terms in x and y separately, as quadratic functions. Then
we scale to arrange for the coefficients of x2 and of y 2 to be 1, and complete
the square in each of these:
16x2 + 16y 2 + 8x + 32y + 1 = 0

⇔ (16x2 + 8x) + (16y 2 + 32y) = −1
µ ¶
1 1
⇔ x + x + (y 2 + 2y) = −
2
2 16
Ã µ ¶2 ! Ã µ ¶2 !
1 1 1 1
⇔ x2 + x + · + y 2 + 2y + ·2
2 2 2 2
µ ¶2 µ ¶2
1 1 1 1
=− + · + ·2
16 2 2 2
µ ¶2
1 1 1
⇔ x+ + (y + 1)2 = − + +1=1
4 16 16
¡ ¢
which is the equation of the circle with centre − 41 , −1 and radius 1.
(b) The slope of the line 4x − 8y = 1 is 12 ; so the line we seek, being perpendicular
to that line, must have slope − 11 = −2. The line through the given point,
2
with slope −2, has equation
µ ¶ µ ¶
2 1
y− − = −2 x −
3 2
which simplifies to 2x + y = 31 .
8. (a) [1, Exercise 84(a), p. A36] Showing all your work, determine the exact value
of arctan(−1).
(b) [1, Exercise 86(b), p. A36] Showing all your work, determine the exact value
of arcsin 1.
(c) [1, ¡Exercise 92, p. A36]
¢ Showing all your work, determine the exact value of
sin arcsin 13 + sin−1 32 .
(d) (Adapted from [1, Exercise 96, p. A36]) Simplify sin (−2 cos−1 x).
Solution:
(a) The inverse tangent

¡ π πfunction
¢ inverts the restriction of the tangent function to
the interval − 2 , + 2 . In that interval the only x such that tan x = −1 is
− π4 . Hence arctan −1 = − π4 .
(b) The inverse

£ π sineπ ¤function inverts the restriction of the sine function to the
π
interval − 2 , + 2 . In that interval the only x such that sin x = 1 is 2 . Hence
arcsin 1 = π2 .
(c) Let’s apply the formula for the sine of a sum:
µ ¶
1 −1 2
sin arcsin + sin
3 3
µ ¶ µ ¶ µ ¶ µ ¶
1 −1 2 1 −1 2
= sin arcsin · cos sin + cos arcsin · sin sin
3 3 3 3
µ ¶ µ ¶
1 2 1 2
= · cos sin−1 + cos arcsin ·
3 3 3 3
Now sin−1 23 is in the first quadrant, so its cosine is positive, and equal to
q √
+ 1 − 49 = 35 ; arcsin 13 is also in the first quadrant, so its cosine is also
√
2 2
positive, and is equal to 3
. Substituting these values gives
µ ¶ µ ¶ √ √
1 −1 2 1 2 5+4 2
· cos sin + cos arcsin · = .
3 3 3 3 9
(d)
¡ ¢ ¡ ¢
sin −2 cos−1 x = − sin 2 cos−1 x
¡ ¢ ¡ ¢
= −2 sin cos−1 x · cos cos−1 x
We know that, for all x, cos cos−1£x =¤x. Also, since the inverse cosine function
takes its values in the interval 0, π2 , and the sine function is non-negative
√
throughout that interval, we also know that sin cos−1 x = + 1 − x2 . It follows
that ¡ ¢ √
sin −2 cos−1 x = −2x 1 − x2 .
C.3.2 Second 2000/2001 Problem Assignment, with Solutions

In all of these problems you were expected to justify every statement you made, and to
show all your work.
1. For the curve y = 2x3 , find the slope MP Q of the secant line through the points
P = (1, 2) and Q = (2, 16), i.e. the points with x = 1 and x = 2.
2·23 −2·13
Solution: The slope of the line joining P and Q is 2−1
= 14.
2. Given 
 x3 + 2 if x ≤ −1
2
f (x) = x + x + 1 if −1 < x < 1

x4 + 2 if x≥1
find the following limits, if they exist; or explain why the limit does not exist.
Justify your answers.
(a) lim f (x)

x→−1+
(b) lim f (x)

x→−1−
(c) lim f (x)

x→−1
(d) lim+ f (x)

x→1
(e) lim− f (x)

x→1
(f) lim f (x)

x→1
Solution:
(a) For x to the right of −1 (but to the left of +1) f (x) = x2 + x + 1; hence
lim + f (x) = (−1)2 + (−1) + 1 = 1.
x→−1
(b) For x to the left of −1, f (x) = x3 + 2; hence lim − f (x) = −13 + 2 = 1
x→−1
(c) Since the one-sided limits from both left and right exist at −1 and have the
same value, lim f (x) exists, and its value is the common value of the one-
x→−1
sided limits, i.e. 1.
(d) For x to the right of 1, f (x) = x4 + 2; hence lim+ f (x) = 14 + 2 = 3.
x→1
(e) For x to the left of 1 (but to the right of −1) f (x) = x2 + x + 1; hence
lim− f (x) = 12 + 1 + 1 = 3.
x→1
(f) Since the one-sided limits from both left and right exist at 1 and have the
same value, lim f (x) exists, and its value is the common value of the one-
x→1
sided limits, i.e. 3.
3. Given that lim f (x) = 5, lim g(x) = 0, and lim h(x) = −8, find the following
x→3 x→3 x→3
limits, if they exist. If a limit does not exist, explain why.
(a) lim (f (x) + h(x))

x→3
(b) lim (x2 f (x))

x→3
(c) lim (f (x))2

x→3
f (x)
(d) lim
x→3 2h(x)
g(x)
(e) lim
x→3 (x)
f
f (x)
(f) lim
x→3 g(x)
2h(x)
(g) lim f (x)−h(x)
x→3
p
(h) lim 3
h(x)
x→3
Solution:
(a) lim (f (x) + h(x)) = lim f (x) + lim h(x) = 5 + (−8) = −3. (We have used the
x→3 x→3 x→3
Sum Law.)
(b) Since we know that the limit of x as x → 3 is 3, we can use the Product Law:
³ ´2
2
lim (x f (x)) = lim x · lim f (x) = 32 · 5 = 45.
x→3 x→3 x→3
(c) Again by the Product Law, the limit of a square is the square of the limit:
³ ´2
lim (f (x)) = lim f (x) = 52 = 25.
2
x→3 x→3
(d) First we use the Constant Multiple Law to determine the limit of the de-
nominator. Then we use the Quotient Law, since the limit of the denom-
inator exists, and is not zero, and the limit of the numerator also exists:
f (x) 5 5
lim = =− .
x→3 2h(x) 2(−8) 16
g(x) 0
(e) Again by the Quotient Law, lim = = 0.
x→3 f (x) 5
(f) But, in this case, the limit of the denominator is 0. Since the limit of the
numerator exists and is non-zero, the limit of the quotient does not exist.
(g) The Difference Law is used for the denominator; then the Constant Multiple
2h(x) 2(−8) 16
Law and the Quotient Law: lim f (x)−h(x) = 5−(−8) = − 13 .
x→3
p √
(h) By the Root Law, lim 3 h(x) = 3 −8 = −2.
x→3
4. Use the Intermediate Value Theorem to show that there is a solution to the equation
x3 + 2x2 − 42 = 0 in the interval (0, 3).
Solution: Let f (x) = x3 + 2x2 − 42. This function is continuous everywhere on
R. Since f (0) = −42, and f (3) = 33 + 2(9) − 42 = 3, and since −42 < 0 < +3,
the function must assume the intermediate value 0 at a point in the open interval
0 < x < 3.
5. Given 
 2x3 + 16 if x ≤ −2
2
f (x) = x + bx + c if −2 < x < 2

3x4 − 48 if x≥2
determine values for b and c so that f is continuous everywhere. Justify your
answer.
Solution: In each of the intervals (−∞, −2], (−2, 2), [2, ∞) the function is a poly-
nomial, and is therefore continuous at all points. The only possibly problematic
points are x = −2 and x = +2. We will determine limits from the left and right at
each of these two points; then we equate the two one-sided values, and obtain con-
ditions on b and c which we attempt to satisfy. lim − 2x3 + 16 = 2(−2)3 + 16 = 0,
x→−2
lim + x2 + bx + c = (−2)2 + b(−2) + c = 4 − 2b + c; lim− x2 + bx + c = 22 + b(2) + c =
x→−2 x→2
4 4
4 + 2b + c, lim+ 3x − 48 = 3(2) − 48 = 0. We solve the equations 0 = 4 − 2b + c
x→2
and 4 + 2b + c = 0, to obtain b = 0, c = −4. With this pair of values — and only
these values — f is continuous everywhere.
6. The displacement in meters of a particle moving in a straight line is given by

s = t3 + sin tπ, where t is measured in seconds. Find the average velocity in meters
per second over the time period [1, 5].
53 + 0 − 13 − 0
Solution: Average velocity = = 31 meters per second.
5−1
x−5
7. Find the value of lim+ .
x→5 |x − 5|
x−5
Solution: For all x > 5, |x−5|
= 1. Hence the limit, as x approaches 5 from the
right is 1.
3x
8. Find the value of x at which the curve y = x+7
has a vertical asymptote.
Solution: The domain of the function is R − {−7}: at all points except for −7
the function is a ratio of polynomials, each having a limit, where the limit of the
denominator is non-zero. Hence, by the Quotient Law, the limit of the function
exists (as a real number). However, as x → −7− , the denominator approaches 0

from the left, while the numerator approaches −21; so the ratio becomes infinitely
3x
large positively; this is what we mean when we write lim − x+7 = +∞. Similarly,
x→−7
as x → −7+ , the denominator approaches 0 from the right, while the numerator
approaches −21; so the ratio becomes infinitely large negatively; this is what we
3x
mean when we write lim + x+7 = −∞. It is in cases like these, where the one-sided
x→−7
limits are infinite positively or negatively, that we say that the curve has a vertical
asymptote.
x3 +8
9. Find the value of the limit lim .
x→2 x+2
x3 + 8 lim (x3 + 8) 23 + 8
x→2
Solution: lim = = = 16. (Problem: Find the limit
x→2 x + 2 lim (x + 2) 2+2
x→2
3
of the given quotient as x → −2. Solution: lim x +8 = lim x2 − 2x + 4 =
x→−2 x+2 x→−2
22 + 2 · 2 + 4 = 12.)
¡ 1 ¢
10. Find the value of lim x+2 + x24−4 .
x→−2
¡ 1 ¢
Solution: lim x+2 + x24−4 = lim (x+2)(x−2)
x+2
= lim 1
= 1
= − 14 .
x→−2 x→−2 x→−2 x−2 −2−2
11. Find the value of lim √x−4 .

x→4 x−2
√ √
( x−2)( x+2) √
Solution: For positive x, different from 4, √x−4 = √ = x + 2. Hence
√ x−2 x−2
the limit, as x → 4 is 4 + 2 = 4.
1
12. How close to 4 do we have to take x so that 4x + 10 is within of 26?
100
Solution:
1
|4x + 10 − 26| < 0.01 ⇔ |4(x − 4)| <
100
1
⇔ |x − 4| <
400
(x+1)2
13. At what value of x does the function x2 −1
have a removable discontinuity?
(x+1)2
Solution: x2 −1 = x+1
x−1
for all x except x = −1, where the ratio is not defined
because both numerator and denominator of the fraction become 0 there. Every-
where except at x = 1 this is a ratio of continuous functions, and the denominator
is non-zero. Only at x = 1 or at x = −1 can this function have any type of

discontinuity.
As x → 1− , the function approaches −∞; and, as x → 1+ , the function approaches
+∞. Thus x = 1 is an infinite discontinuity: it cannot be “removed” by the device
of defining the function at the point, since no matter what value we would choose
to give the function there, it could still not be continuous.
But a different situation holds at x = −1. Since the function is equal to x+1 x−1
near (but not at) x = −1, its one-sided limit from either side of −1 is 0, so the
limit exists at the point. However, the function is not defined at the point, since
our definition was expressed as a ratio that becomes meaningless there. We can
“remove” the discontinuity by extending the function to the domain R − {1} —
we simply define the value of the newly extended function to be 0 there. Now the
new function is continuous at every point except −1.
(x+1)2
14. At what value of x does the function x2 −1
have an infinite discontinuity?
Solution: See the solution to Problem 13.
|x−2|
15. At what value of x does the function x−2
have a jump discontinuity?
Solution: This function is equal to +1 when x > 2, and to −1 when x < 2; it is
not defined at x = 2. The limits from the left and right are different at x = 2,
so the function has no limit there, and is said to be discontinuous. But, as both
one-sided limits exist, the discontinuity is a jump discontinuity.
1
16. Find the distance between the two values of x at which the function x2 −3x+2
is
discontinuous.
1 1
Solution: x2 −3x+2 = (x−1)(x−2) . Expressed as a ratio of two polynomials — which
are continuous everywhere — this function is also continuous everywhere, except
possibly at points where the denominator is zero. That happens precisely at x = 1
and x = 2. At either of these points the function is not even defined — hence it is
discontinuous at both of these points. The distance between the two discontinuities
is, therefore, |2 − 1| = 1.
(x2 −1)(x2 +3x+2)
17. Find the values of x where the function f (x) = (x2 −1)2 (x+2)(x−3)
has a removable
discontinuity.
Solution: This function is a ratio of polynomials, and polynomials are continuous
everywhere. This function will also be continuous everywhere, except where it is not
defined. That can happen only when the denominator is zero. So the discontinuities
of the function are at x = −1, 1, −2, 3. We arrived at this information without even
considering the factorization of the numerator.
Let us now factorize both numerator and denominator:

(x2 − 1)(x2 + 3x + 2) (x − 1)(x + 1)2
= .
(x2 − 1)2 (x + 2)(x − 3) (x − 1)2 (x + 1)2 (x − 3)
We can cancel equal non-zero factors in numerator and denominator. Thus

1
f (x) =
(x − 1)(x + 3)
provided x is distinct from 1, −1, and −2. As x → 1, and also as x → −3, this
ratio becomes infinite; so the limits as we approach these two points are infinite;
in fact the function approaches +∞ from one side of each of these points, and −∞
from the other side. So 1 and −3 are infinite discontinuities. But, as x → −2, the
ratio does not become infinite: the limit is 13 from either side. Nor, as x → −1,
does the ratio become infinite: the limit is 14 from either side; but the function is
not defined at either x = 2 or x = −1. We can “remove” these discontinuities by
defining a new function which takes on the values 13 at x = −2, 14 at x = −1, and,
elsewhere, behaves like f (x).
½
−3x if x ≤ 1
18. Find the real number(s) c for which the function f (x) =
(x − c)(x + c) if x > 1
is continuous on (−∞, +∞).
Solution: For x < 1 the function is defined by the upper line of the array; as
x → 1− , f (x) approaches the value (−3) · 1 = −3. For x > 1 it is the second
line of the array which defines the function. Here, as x → 1+ , (x − c)(x + c) →
(1 − c)(1 + c). To make the function continuous at x = 1 it is necessary and
sufficient that −3 = (1 − c)(1 + c), i.e. that c = 2 or c = −2.
r
8x + 3x2
19. Evaluate lim .
x→∞ 13x2 − 9
Solution:
r s
2 1
8x + 3x x2 8x + 3x2
lim = lim 1 ·
x→∞ 13x2 − 9 x→∞
x2
13x2 − 9
s
1
x2
(8x + 3x2 )
= lim 1
x→∞
x2
(13x2 − 9)
s
8
x
+3
= lim
x→∞ 13 − x92
q
8
x
+3
= lim q
x→∞
13 − x92
q
lim x8 + 3
x→∞
= q (Quotient Law)
lim 13 − x92
x→∞
q ¡ ¢
lim x8 + 3
x→∞
= q ¡ ¢ (Root Law)
lim 13 − x92
x→∞
√
0+3
= √ (Sum Law)
13 − 0
√ r
3 3
= √ =
13 13
20. Determine whether there exists a real number x which is exactly 10 more than its
5th power.
Solution: (cf. [3, Solution to Exercise 2.6.59]). The problem may be paraphrased
as asking whether there exists a solution x to the equation x5 + 10 = x; or, equiv-
alently, whether the function f (x) = x5 − x + 10 is ever zero. Now f is continuous
everywhere; f (0) = 10 > 0, and f (−2) = −32 + 2 + 10 < 0. By the Intermediate
Value Theorem there will exist a point in the interval (−2, 0) at which f (x) = 0.
C.3.3 Third 2000/2001 Problem Assignment, with Solutions

1. Let f and g be functions whose domain is R, and which possess derivatives at every
point in R. Suppose also that the following data are given about f , g and their
derivatives.
x f (x) g(x) f 0 (x) g 0 (x)
1 1 −1 4 −2
2 −2 3 0 2
3 5 0 5 6
Showing all your work, determine each of the following, or explain why either
• it does not exist; or
• you do not have enough information to find the value.
µ ¶¯
d f (x) ¯¯
(a)
dx g(x) ¯x=1
¯
d ¯
(b) (f (t) + g(t))¯¯
dt t=2
µ ¶¯
d 1 ¯
(c) ¯
dx g(x) ¯x=3
µ ¶
d 0
(d) (f (x) + g (x)) (2)
dx
µ x ¶¯
d e ¯
(e) ¯ (Do not attempt to approximate e.)
dx f (x) ¯x=1
µ ¶¯
d f (x) ¯¯
(f)
dx f (x) ¯ x=2
Solution:
(a) By the Quotient Rule,

µ ¶¯
d f (x) ¯¯ f 0 (1) · g(1) − f (1) · g 0 (1) 4 · (−1) − 1 · (−2)
¯ = 2
= = −2 .
dx g(x) x=1 g(1) (−1)2
(b) By the Sum Rule,
d
(f (x) + g(x)) (2) = f 0 (2) + g 0 (2) = 0 + 2 = 2 .
dx
1
(c) Since g(3) = 0, the function is not defined at x = 3. The derivative of
g(x)
g at x = 3 is defined in terms of g(3); so, if g is not defined there, it cannot
have a derivative there either.
(d) We do not know whether the function g 0 has a derivative at x = 2 — equiv-
alently, whether the function g has a second derivative at x = 2. Without
this information, and the actual value of that derivative if it exists, we cannot
evaluate the derivative of the sum.
(e) By the Quotient Rule,
µ ¶¯ d x¯
¯
d ex ¯¯ dx
e x=1· f (1) − e1 · f 0 (1)
=
dx f (x) ¯x=1 f (1)2
e1 (f (1) − f 0 (1))
= = e(1 − 4) = −3e
f (1)2
(f) This case can also be attacked using the Quotient Rule, and we find that
µ ¶
d f (x) f 0 (2) · f (2) − f (2) · f 0 (2) 4·1−1·4
(2) = 2
= = 0.
dx f (x) f (2) 12
f (x)
Alternatively, one can observe that the function is defined wherever
f (x)
f (x) 6= 0; in particular, it is defined at x = 2; wherever it is defined, its value
is 1. Thus this is a constant function! The derivative of any constant function
is zero.
2. Suppose that a particle moves in a straight line with its position at time t given
by the formula f (t) = et (sin t + cos t).
(a) Find the velocity, the speed, and the acceleration of the particle at time t.
(b) Determine the average velocity during the time interval from t = 0 to t = 2π.
(c) Determine the smallest positive value of t — if any — when the particle
returns to the origin.
(d) Determine the smallest positive value of t — if any — when the particle is
stationary — i.e. the velocity is 0.
(e) Determine whether there is a maximum distance that the particle attains
away from the origin. If there is a maximum distance, determine what it is.
[The velocity is given by the derivative of f (t) (which is called the displacement;
the speed is the magnitude of the velocity. The acceleration is the derivative of the
velocity with respect to time.]
Hints: You may wish to use the identities:
³ π´ 1
sin x + = √ (sin x + cos x)
4 2
³ π´ 1
cos x + = √ (− sin x + cos x)
4 2
which are consequences of the addition formulæ and the known values for the sine
and cosine of π4 . Do not attempt to simplify complicated formulæ involving π.
Solution:
(a) The velocity at time t is f 0 (t) = et (cos t − sin t) + et (sin t + cos t) = 2et cos t.
The speed is the magnitude of the velocity, i.e., 2et | cos t|. (We may remove
the exponential factor outside the absolute signs since exponentials are always
d 0
positive.) The acceleration is the derivative of the velocity, i.e. f (t) =
¡ t ¢ dt
2 e (− sin t) + et cos t = 2et (− sin t + cos t).
√ ¡ ¢
(b) Using one of the given identities, we see that f (t) = 2 · et · sin x + π4 . The
average velocity from t = 0 to t = 2π is
f (2π) − f (0)
2π − 0
1 ³√ 2π ³ π´ √ ³ π ´´
= 2e · sin 2π + − 2 · e0 · sin
2π 4 4
1 √ ¡ 2π ¢ π e2π − 1
= 2 e − 1 sin =
2π 4 2π
√ ¡ ¢
(c) We seek the smallest positive value t when f (t) = 0, i.e. when
¡ et 2¢sin t + π4 =
0. Since et is never zero, this equation is equivalent to sin t + π4 = 0, whose
solutions are t + π4 = nπ, where n is any integer. The smallest positive value
will then be 34 π.
(d) 2et cos t will be zero precisely when the cosine is zero, i.e. when t is an odd
integer multiple of π2 .
t
(e) We have
√ seen above that f (t) ¡ is πa¢product of e (which is never 0), the con-
stant 2, and the factor sin t + 4 , which oscillates in value between +1 and
−1. Because of the exponential factor et the amplitude of the oscillations is
increasing as t becomes large. The limit lim f (t) does not exist. We can see
t→∞
this by exhibiting values of t where the function is arbitrarily large positively,
and others where it is arbitrarily large negatively. For example, if we take
π
t = 2nπ + , we find the values oscillating between et and −et , and we know
4
that the exponential function approaches infinity.
3. Determine the derivative of each of the following functions. You may not use the
Chain Rule, but you may use any of the Rules and Theorems in [1, §§3.1–3.4],
including the General Power Rule.
µ ¶
1 1
(a) 2 ex + x
e
1
(b) 2
(ex − e−x )
x4 + 2x2 − x − 5
(c) √
x
(d) xe − ex
Solution:
(a)
µ µ ¶¶ µµ ¶¶
d 1 x 1 1 d x 1
e + x = e + x Constant Multiple Rule
dx 2 e 2 dx e
µ ¶
1 dex 0 · ex − 1 · ex
= + Quotient Rule
2 dx e2x
ex − e−x
=
2
ex + e−x
(b) Analogously to the preceding, .
2
(c)
x4 + 2x2 − x − 5 7 3 1 1
√ = x 2 + 2x 2 − x 2 − 5x− 2
x
µ 4 ¶
2
d x + 2x − x − 5 d ³ 7 3 1 1
´
⇒ √ = x 2 + 2x 2 − x 2 − 5x− 2
dx x dx
µ ¶
7 5 3 1 1 −1 1 3
= x 2 + · 2x 2 − x 2 − − 5x− 2
2 2 2 2
7 5 1 1 1 5 3
= x 2 + 3x 2 − x− 2 + x− 2
2 2 2
d e
(d) (x − ex ) = e · xe−1 − ex , by the Generalized Power Rule and properties of
dx
the exponential.
4. Showing all your work, determine the derivative of each of the following functions
from first principles: that is, you are to evaluate a limit in each case, and are not
to use any of the “Rules” for evaluating derivatives.
(a) f (x) = 4x − 6
√
(b) g(x) = 2x + 3
1
(c) h(x) = 3 . [Hint: Remember the factorization a3 − b3 = (a − b)(a2 + ab + b2 ).]
x
Solution:
(a) For all x,
(4(x + h) − 6) − (4x − 6) 4h
f 0 (x) = lim = lim =4
h→0 h h→0 h
(b) For all x,

p √
2(x + h) + 3 − 2x + 3
g 0 (x) = lim
h→0
p h p
√ √
2(x + h) + 3 − 2x + 3 2(x + h) + 3 + 2x + 3
= lim ·p √
h→0 h 2(x + h) + 3 − 2x + 3
(2(x + h) + 3) − (2x + 3)
= lim p √
h→0 h( 2(x + h) + 3 + 2x + 3)
2
= lim p √
h→0 2(x + h) + 3 + 2x + 3
1
= √
2x + 3
(c) For all x,

1 1
3
− 3
(x + h) x
h0 (x) = lim
h→0 h
x3 − (x + h)3 −3x2 h − 3xh2 − h3
= lim = lim
h→0 hx3 (x + h)3 h→0 hx3 (x + h)3
−3x2 − 3xh − h2
= lim
h→0 x3 (x + h)3
lim (−3x2 − 3xh − h2 ) −3x2
h→0
= = = −3x−4
lim (x3 (x + h)3 ) x6
h→0
5. Determine precisely where the function f , defined below, is differentiable.



 −x − 2 if x ≤ −1


 −x2 if −1 < x < 0
f (x) = 1 if x=0



 −x2 if 0 < x ≤ +2

4 − 4x if x > +2
Solution: The function is a polynomial in each of the intervals (−∞, −1], (−1, 0),
(0, 2), and (2, ∞). As polynomials are differentiable [1, §3.1], the only places where
differentiability can fail is at the points x = −1, 0, 2. We check each of them
separately.
f (x) − f (−1)
x = −1: We have to determine whether the limit lim exists. By [1,
x→−1 x − (−1)
Theorem 2.3.1, p. 107], the two one-sided limits must exist and be equal. But
f (x) − f (−1) (−x − 2) − (1 − 2)

lim − = lim −
x→−1 x − (−1) x→−1 x − (−1)
−x − 1
= lim − = −1 while
x→−1 x+1
f (x) − f (−1) −x2 − (1 − 2)
lim + = lim +
x→−1 x − (−1) x→−1 x − (−1)
−x2 + 1
= lim + = lim + (−x + 1) = 2 6= −1
x→−1 x+1 x→−1
As the one-sided limits are not equal, the function is not differentiable at this
point.
2
x = 0: Here we have to consider the existence of lim f (x)−fx
(0)
, that is lim −xx−1 .
x→0 x→0
But this limit cannot exist, since the ratio becomes infinitely large close to
0, as the numerator approaches −1, but is divided by an arbitrarily small
denominator. Thus the limit does not exist, and the function fails to be
differentiable at x = 0.
We could have argued this alternatively by appealing to [1, Theorem 2.9.4,
p. 169], since the function is discontinuous at x = 0, so it cannot possibly be
differentiable there.
f (x)−f (2)
x = 2: This time we have to consider the existence of lim x−2
. We observe
x→2
from the definition that f (2) is defined to be −22 = −4. Then
f (x) − f (2) −x2 − (−4)

lim− = lim
x→2 x−2 x→2− x−2
= lim− (−x − 2) = −4 ; and
x→2
f (x) − f (2) (4 − 4x) − (−4)
lim+ = lim+
x→2 x−2 x→2 x−2
= lim+ −4 = −4
x→2
As the limits from the left and right are equal, the function is, indeed, differ-
entiable at the point x = 2.
6. The curve y = 3x5 − 20x3 − 675x + 12 has some points with horizontal tangents.
Showing all your work, find all such points.
d ¡ 5 ¢
Solution: Setting 3x − 20x3 − 675x + 12 equal to zero, we find that 15x4 −
dx
60x2 − 675 = 0, or, equivalently, (x2 )2 − 4x2 − 45 = 0. This is a quadratic equation
(in x2 ), and its solutions are x2 = −5 and x2 = 9. There are no real solutions to
x2 = −5, so we may confine ourselves to the second equation, whose solutions are
x = ±3. Thus there are exactly 2 points with horizontal tangents: (3, −1824) and
(−3, 1848).
7. Determine the value of each of the following limits, or explain why they do not
exist. Do not use l’Hôpital’s Rule.
tan3 πx
(a) lim
x→0 x3
(b) lim(cot 5θ)2 · (sin 3θ) · tan(−2θ)
θ→0
Solution:
(a)
Ãµ ¶3 ³ !
tan3 πx sin πx π ´3
lim = lim ·
x→0 x3 x→0 πx cos πx
µ ¶3 ³
sin πx π ´3
= lim lim (Product Rule)
x→0 πx x→0 cos πx
µ ¶3 µ ¶3
sin πx limx→0 π
= lim (Quotient Rule)
x→0 πx limx→0 cos πx
µ ¶3 µ ¶3
sin y limx→0 π
= lim (where y = πx)
y→0 y limx→0 cos πx
³ π ´3
3
= 1 · = π3
1
(b)
¡ ¢
lim (cot 5θ)2 · (sin 3θ) · tan(−2θ)
θ→0
Ã µ ¶2 µ ¶ µ ¶ !
1 5θ sin 3θ tan(−2θ)
= lim cos2 5θ · · · · 3θ · · 2θ
θ→0 25θ2 sin 5θ 3θ −2θ
Ãµ ¶2 µ ¶ µ ¶!
6 5θ sin 3θ sin(−2θ) 1
= − lim cos2 5θ · lim · · · lim
25 θ→0 θ→0 sin 5θ 3θ −2θ θ→0 cos(−2θ)
6 6
= − · 1 · 12 · 1 · 1 · 1 = −
25 25
8. Determine all points (x, cos2 x) on the graph of the function cos2 x (i.e. cos x · cos x)
at which
(a) the tangent to the curve is parallel to the line y = x + 1.
(b) the tangent to the curve is horizontal
(c) the tangent to the curve is vertical
(d) the tangent to the curve is parallel to the line y = 2x − 3
(e) the normal to the curve passes through the origin, and |x| > 1.
[Hints: The first and last parts of the problem are more difficult than the others.
Remember the identities involving sin 2x and cos 2x. The normal to the curve at
a point is the line through the point which is perpendicular to the tangent.]
Solution:
(a) The derivative of (cos x)2 is cos x·(− sin x)+(− sin x)·cos x = −2 sin x·cos x.19
We impose the condition that this be equal to the slope of the line y = x + 1,
i.e., that
−2 sin x · cos x = 1 (20)
The points we seek will be the solutions to equation (20). A simple attack is
to observe that this equation is equivalent to
sin 2x = −1 . (21)
¡3 ¢
The general solution¡ to the
¢ last equation is 2x = 2 + 2n π, where n is any
integer; hence x = 43 + n π, where n is any integer. Thus there are infinitely
many points where the tangent¡ has¢ slope11: the x-coordinates are as indicated;
the y-coordinates are cos 4 + n π = 2 . But note that the line y = 21 cuts
2 3
the curve also in infinitely many points where the tangent has slope −1.
(b) We have to solve the equation −2 sin x·cos x = 0, or, equivalently, −2 sin 2x =
0. The solutions to this equation are 2x = nπ, i.e. x = nπ 2
, where n is any
integer.
(c) The function is differentiable everywhere; that means that the derivative has
a (finite) value at every point, and so the tangent cannot be vertical. There
are no such points on the curve.
(d) The value of the derivative is −2 sin x · cos x, or − sin 2x. As a sine cannot
have magnitude exceeding 1, the slopes of tangents to this curve can never
equal 2. There are no points of this type!
19
We are avoiding using the Chain Rule, as the assignment was due before the Rule had been fully
discussed in the lectures.
1
(e) The slope of the normal at the point (t, cos2 t) is − . The equation of
− sin 2t
the normal is
1
y − cos2 t = (x − t)
sin 2t
The normal will pass through the origin if the coordinates of the origin satisfy
the equation, that is if t = cos2 t sin 2t. But this implies that t is the product
of two factors, neither of which can exceed 1 in magnitude, so there are no
points with this property outside the interval −1 ≤ t ≤ 1.
C.3.4 Fourth 2000/2001 Problem Assignment, with Solutions

Solutions to most of the problems can be found in the Student Solutions Manual [3].
1. (a) [1, Exercise 3.5.3, p. 221] Write the composite function cos(tan x) in the form
f (g(x)). [Identify the “inner” function u = g(x), and the “outer” function
dy
y = f (u).] Then find the derivative .
dx
(b) Find an equation for the tangent to the curve y = cos(tan x) at the point
π
x= .
4
(c) Find an equation for the normal to the curve y = cos(tan x) at the point
5π
x= .
4
Solution:
(a) In [3, Exercise 3.5.3, p. 82] the derivative is shown to have value − sin tan x ·
sec2 x. ³π ´ √ 2
(b) The slope of the tangent at , cos 1 is − sin 1 · 2 . Hence an equation of
4
the tangent is ³ π´
y − cos 1 = −2 sin 1 · x − .
4
µ ¶
5π √
(c) The slope of the tangent at , cos(1) is − sin(1) · (− 2)2 = −2 sin 1;
4
1
hence the slope of the normal is . An equation of the tangent is
2 sin 1
µ ¶
1 5π
y − cos 1 = · x− .
2 sin 1 4
5π
or x − 2 sin 1 · y = − sin 2 + .
4
2. Find the derivative of each of the following functions:
(a) [1, Exercise 3.5.19, p. 222] (2x − 5)4 (8x2 − 5)−3

2
(b) [1, Exercise 3.5.21, p. 222] xe−x
1
(c) [1, Exercise 3.5.29, p. 222] 5− x
Solution:
(a) [3, Exercise 3.5.19, p. 82]

(b) [3, Exercise 3.5.21, p. 82] Note that the original function is odd ; and the
derivative is even. This is an instance of [1, Exercise 3.5.73, p. 224].
(c) [3, Exercise 3.5.29, p. 82]. (This problem could be solved from first princi-
ples. Simply observe that 5 = eln 5 , apply the usual rules for exponents, and
differentiate an exponential [now to base e] using the Chain Rule.)
3. [1, Exercise 3.5.56, p. 222] A table of values for f , g, f 0 , g 0 is given:
x f (x) g(x) f 0 (x) g 0 (x)

1 3 2 4 6
2 1 8 5 7
3 7 2 7 9
(a) If F (x) = (f ◦ f )(x), determine F 0 (2).

(b) If G(x) = (g ◦ g)(x), determine G0 (3).
Solution:
(a) F 0 (2) = f 0 (f (2)) · f 0 (2) = f 0 (1) · f 0 (2) = 4 · 5 = 20.

(b) G0 (3) = g 0 (g(3)) · g 0 (3) = g 0 (2) · g 0 (3) = 7 · 9 = 63.
dy
4. In each of the following cases, find by implicit differentiation.
dx
y
(a) [1, Exercise 3.6.11, p. 230] = x2 + 1
x−y
√
(b) [1, Exercise 3.6.13, p. 230] xy = 1 + x2 y
(c) [1, Exercise 3.6.17, p. 230] cos x − y = xex
Solution:
(a) Two different approaches are given in [3, Exercise 3.6.11, p. 86].
(b) [3, Exercise 3.6.13, p. 86]

(c) [3, Exercise 3.6.18, p. 86]
5. (a) [1, Exercise 3.6.23, p. 230] Regarding y as the “independent” variable, and x
as the “dependent” variable (i.e. regarding x as a function of y) apply implicit
differentiation to the equation
y 4 + x2 y 2 + yx4 = y + 1
dx
to determine .
dy
dy dy dx
(b) Use the same equation to determine , and verify that · = 1 (a fact
dx dx dy
which follows from the Chain Rule by interpreting y as a function of x which,
in turn, is a function of y, i.e. taking the point of view y = y(x(y))).
Solution:
(a) [3, Exercise 3.6.23, p. 86]
(b) Differentiating both sides of the given equation with respect to x yields
¡ ¢ ¡ ¢
4y 3 · y 0 + 2xy 2 + x2 · 2yy 0 + y 0 x4 + y · 4x3 = y 0 + 0
¡ ¢
⇒ 4y 3 + 2x2 y + x4 − 1 y 0 = −2xy 2 − 4yx3
2xy 2 + 4yx3
⇒ y0 =
1 − 4y 3 − 2x2 y − x4
³ √ ´
6. (a) Determine the derivative of cot−1 x − 1 + x2
(b) [1, Exercise 3.6.41, p. 231] Determine the derivative of arcsin(x2 ).
Solution:
(a)
d ³ −1 ³ √ ´´
cot x − 1 + x2
dx
1 d ³ √
2
´
= − ¡ √ ¢2 · x − 1 + x
1 + x − 1 + x2 dx
µ ¶
1 x
= − ¡ √ ¢ · 1− √
1 2 + 2x2 − 2x 1 + x2 1 + x2
√
1 1 + x2 − x 1
= − √ ¡√ ¢· √ =−
2 1+x 2 2
1+x −x 1+x 2 2(1 + x2 )
(b) [3, Exercise 3.6.41, p. 88]
7. (a) [1, Exercise 3.6.35] Find all points on the curve 2(x2 + y 2 )2 = 25(x2 − y 2 )
where the tangent is horizontal. (You may assume that the origin is not one
of these points.)
dx
(b) For the same curve, determine all points where = 0, i.e. where the tangent
dy
is vertical. (You may assume that the origin is not one of these points.)
Solution:
(a) [3, Exercise 3.6.35, p. 88] (It is shown that the four points with horizontal
tangents lie on a certain circle centred at the origin. To determine the points
one must solve the equation of this circle with the equation of the given curve.)
(b) One finds by implicit differentiation that
dx 25y + 4y(x2 + y 2 )
=
dy 25x − 4x(x2 + y 2 )
This derivative vanishes when y = 0 or 4(x2 + y 2 ) = −25. The latter situation

cannot occur, as a sum of squares cannot be negative; hence y = 0. That
is, the points with vertical tangents are at points where the curve meets the
5
x-axis: these are the points where x = 0 or x = ± √ . But being on the x-axis
2
is a necessary condition for having a vertical tangent, and is not sufficient. At
the origin there are two tangents,³ and neither
´ of them is vertical. The only
5
points with vertical tangents are ± √2 , 0 .
8. (cf. [1, Exercise 3.7.53, p. 239]) Find constants ci (i = 0, 1, 2) such that the function
f ( t) = c2 t2 + c1 t1 + c0 has the properties that f (−1) = 0, f 0 (−1) = 7, f 00 (−1) = 10.
Solution: Imposing the given conditions yields the three equations
c2 − c1 + c0 = 0
−2c2 + c1 = 7
2c2 = 10
from which we conclude that c0 = 22, c1 = 27, c2 = 5.
9. [1, Exercise 3.8.27, p. 246] Find the domain of the function f , and determine its
derivative, where f (x) = x2 ln(1 − x2 ).
Solution: [3, Exercise 3.8.27, p. 94]
10. Determine the first and second derivatives of the function f (x) = | ln(sec x+tan x)|.
Solution:
d 1 d
ln(sec x + tan x) = · (sec x + tan x)
dx sec x + tan x dx
1
= · (sec x · tan x + sec2 x) = sec x
sec x + tan x
d2 d
2
ln(sec x + tan x) = sec x = sec x · tan x
dx dx
The problem referred to the derivatives of f (x) = | ln(sec x + tan x)|; the logarithm
will be negative precisely when sec x+tan x < 1; this last inequality may be shown,
using trigonometric identities, to be equivalent to
³x π ´ ³x´
cos + · sin < 0.
2 4 2
For the range 0 < x < 4π, we find, examining the signs of the two factors as
0 < x2 < π4 , ... 7π
4
< x2 < 2π, that the product is negative except when ¡0 < x2 < π
¢ 4
x 5π 1
or π < 2 < 4 . Thus, if we define s(x) to be +1 when 2nπ < x < 2n + 2 π,
where n is any integer, and −1 everywhere else, f 0 (x) = s(x) · sec x, and f 00 (x) =
s(x) · sec x tan x; neither function is defined at odd integer multiples of π2 .
11. Using “logarithmic differentiation”, or otherwise, determine the derivative of
sin2 x · tan4 x
(a) [1, Exercise 3.8.37, p. 246] y = .
(x2 + 1)2
(b) y = xln x
Solution:
(a) [3, Exercise 3.8.37, p. 95]
1 1
(b) Since ln y = (ln x)2 , · y 0 = 2 ln x · . Hence y 0 = 2x(ln x)−1 ln x.
y x
12. (a) [1, Exercise 3.7.19, p. 238] Find the first, second, and third derivatives of
g(t) = t3 e5t .
(b) [1, Exercise 3.7.13, p. 238] Find the second, third, and fourth derivatives of
x
.
1−x
(c) [1, Exercise 3.7.29, p. 238] Find y 00 where y is defined implicitly by the equation
x3 + y 3 = 1. Simplify your answer as much as possible.
Solution:
(a) [3, Exercise 3.7.19, p. 90]

d ¡ ¢
g 000 (t) = (25t3 + 30t2 + 6t)e5t
¡dt 2 ¢ ¡ ¢
= 75t + 60t1 + 6t0 e5t + 5 25t3 + 30t2 + 6t e5t
¡ ¢
= 125t3 + 225t2 + 90t1 + 6t0 e5t
(b) [3, Exercise 3.7.13, p. 90] This problem can be attacked naı̈vely, with re-
peated applications of the Quotient Rule. Another approach is to observe
x 1
that = −1 + . Hence
1−x 1−x
d x d ¡ ¢
= 0+ (1 − x)−1
dx 1 − x dx
d
= (−1) · (1 − x)−2 · (1 − x) = (1 − x)−2
dx
d2
x d ¡ ¢
2
= (1 − x)−2 = (−2) · (1 − x)−3 · (−1) = 2 · (1 − x)−3
dx 1 − x dx
d3 x d ¡ −3
¢
= 2 (1 − x) = 2(−3) · (1 − x)−4 · (−1) = 3 · 2 · (1 − x)−4
dx3 1 − x dx
d4 x d ¡ ¢
4
= 3·2 (1 − x)−4 = 3 · 2 · (−4) · (1 − x)−5 · (−1)
dx 1 − x dx
= 4 · 3 · 2 · (1 − x)−5
(c) [3, Exercise 3.7.29, p. 91]

³ x ´n
13. Evaluate the following limits, if possible; you may assume that lim 1 + = ex .
n→∞ n
In each case it is suggested that you make a substitution of the form m = kn, where
k is a constant that you choose, and then replace lim by lim when k > 0, or by
n→∞ m→∞
lim when k < 0.
m→−∞
µ ¶n
2
(a) lim 1 + .
n→∞ n
³ x ´n
(b) lim 1 − .
n→∞ 3n
Solution:
n
(a) Define m = , so n = 2m. Then
2
µ ¶n µ ¶2m
2 1
lim 1 + = lim 1 +
n→∞ n m→∞ m
Ãµµ ¶m ¶2 !
1
= lim 1+
m→∞ m
µ µ ¶m ¶2
1
= lim 1 + Product Law
m→∞ m
= e2
m
(b) Define m = −3n, so n = − . Then
3
µ ¶n r³
1 x ´m
lim 1− = lim 3 1 −
n→∞ 3n m→−∞ m
r ³ x ´m
= 3
lim 1 − Root Law
m→−∞ m
r ³
3 x ´−t
= lim 1 + (t = −m)
t→∞ t
s
1
= 3 lim
¡ ¢
t→∞ 1 + x t
t
1 1 x
= r ³ ´ = √3 x
= e− 3
3 x t e
lim 1 +
t→∞ t
C.3.5 Fifth 2000/2001 Problem Assignment, with Solutions

1. [1, Exercise 3.9.12, p. 251] Prove the following identity about hyperbolic functions,
using only the definitions of these functions in terms of exponentials:
cosh(x + y) = cosh x · cosh y + sinh x · sinh y
Solution:
cosh x · cosh y + sinh x · sinh y

ex + e−x ey + e−y ex − e−x ey − e−y
= · + ·
2 2 2 2
(ex+y + ex−y + e−x+y + e−x−y ) + (ex+y − ex−y − e−x+y + e−x−y )
=
4
2ex+y + 2e−x−y
= = cosh(x + y)
4
4
2. [1, Exercise 3.9.21, p. 251] If tanh x = , find the values of the other 5 hyperbolic
5
functions at x.
Solution: [3, Exercise 3.9.21, p. 96]. (The problem could also be solved by using
the given information to show that e2x = 9, hence ex = +3, and thence determining
the values of the other functions.)
3. Use the definitions of the hyperbolic functions to find the following limits:
(a) [1, Exercise 3.9.23(b), p. 252] lim tanh x
x→−∞
(b) [1, Exercise 3.9.23(c), p. 252] lim sinh x

x→∞
(c) [1, Exercise 3.9.23(e), p. 252] lim sechx
x→∞
sinh x
(d) [1, Exercise 3.9.52, p. 252] lim
x→∞ ex
Solution:
(a) [3, Exercise 3.9.23(b), p. 96]
(b) [3, Exercise 3.9.23(c), p. 96]
(c) [3, Exercise 3.9.23(e), p. 96]
sinh x 1¡ −2x
¢ 1
(d) Since x
= 1 − e , and lim e−x = 0, the limit as x → ∞ is .
e 2 x→∞ 2
4. Determine the derivative of each of the following functions:
(a) [1, Exercise 3.9.32, p. 252] g(x) = sinh2 x
(b) [1, Exercise 3.9.38, p. 252] f (t) = ln(sinh t)
x √
(c) [1, Exercise 3.9.45, p. 252] x sinh−1 − 9 + x2
3
Solution:
(a) g 0 (x) = 2 sinh x·cosh x, which could be expressed more compactly as sinh(2x).
d 1
(b) f (t) = · cosh t = coth t
dt sinh t
(c) [3, Exercise 3.9.45, p. 98]
5. (a) [1, Exercise 3.10.7, p. 257] A street light is mounted at the top of a 15-foot-tall
pole. A man 6 feet tall walks away from the pole with a speed of 5 feet/second
along a straight path. How fast is the tip of his shadow moving when he is 40
feet from the base of the pole?
(b) The man extends his arms horizontally so that the distance between his fin-
gertips is 6 feet. What is the rate of increase of the shadow of his extended
arms on the ground when his feet are 40 feet from the base of the pole? You
may assume that his shoulders are 5 feet above the ground.
Solution:
(a) [3, Exercise 3.10.7, p. 99]
(b) We can consider two sets of similar triangles similar to the triangles considered
in part (a). Let A denote the top of the lamppost, and B its foot; let C be
a point on the man, at shoulder-height, and let D be a point on the man’s
feet; let G be the point where the line through A and C meets the ground.
15 |AB| |AG| |BG|
Then triangles ABG and CDG are similar, so = = = ,
5 |CD| |CG| |DG|
so |BG| = 3|DG|, |AG| = 3|CG|, and |BD| = 2|DG|.
Now let E be the end of the man’s horizontally-extended left arm, and let F
be the end of the shadow cast by that arm on the ground. Here triangles AGF
|AG| |GF | |GF | 3
and ACE are similar, so = , so, since |AG| = 3|CG|, = ;
|AC| |CE| |CE| 2
9
since |CE| = 3, |GF | = . The shadow of the extended arms is 2 × 29 = 9
2
feet long. As this shadow is of constant length, its rate of change is 0.
6. [1, Exercise 3.10.25, p. 258] Boyle’s Law states that, when a sample of gas is
compressed at a constant temperature, the pressure P , and volume V satisfy the
equation P V = C, where C is a constant depending on the sample. Suppose that,
at a certain instant, the volume is 600 cm3 , the pressure is 150kPa, and the pressure
is increasing at a rate of 20 kPa/minute. At what rate is the volume decreasing at
this instant?
Solution: [3, Exercise 3.10.25, p. 100]
7. Use differentials (or, equivalently, a linear approximation) to estimate the following
numbers:
(a) [1, Exercise 3.11.34, p. 265]
(b) [1, Exercise 3.11.35, p. 265]
(c) [1, Exericse 3.11.36, p. 265]
Solution:
(a) Let y = f (x) = x6 , so dy = 6x5 dx. (1.97)6 = (2 − 0.03)6 = f (2 − 0.03) ≈
f (2) + f 0 (2) · (−0.03) = 26 + 6 · 25 · (−0.03) = 58.24.
(b) [3, Exercise 3.11.35, p. 104]

dx
(c) Let y = g(x) = ln x. Then dy = g 0 (x) dx = . Then ln(1.07) = g(1+0.07) ≈
x
0.07
g(1) + g 0 (1) · 0.07 = ln 1 + = 0.07.
1
8. [1, Exercise 4.2.32, p. 294] Prove the identity
2 arcsin x = arccos(1 − 2x2 ) (x ≥ 0)
by using the method of [1, Example 6, p. 2902].

1
Solution: Define f (x) = 2 arcsin x − arccos(1 − 2x2 ). Then f 0 (x) = √ −
1 − x2
−1 1 4x 1 4x
p ·(0−4x) = 2 √ −p = 2√ − √ =
1 − (1 − 2x2 )2 1−x 2 22 |x|2 (1 − x2 ) 1 − x 2x 1 − x2
2
0; note that we have used the hypothesis that x > 0. Hence, by [1, Theorem 4.2.5,
p. 291], f (x) =constant. We can determine the value of the constant by select-
π
ing a “convenient” value; for example, take x = 1: then, since arcsin 1 = , and
2
arccos(−1) = π, we find that the constant is equal to 0.
Note that this argument does not hold for x = 0. There, however, we can simply
observe that f (0) = 2 arcsin 0 − arccos 1 = 2 · 0 − 0 = 0.
9. [1, Exercise 4.2.6] Let f (x) = (x − 1)−2 . Show that f (0) = f (2), but there is no
number c such that 0 < c < 2 and f 0 (c) = 0. Why does this not contradict Rolle’s
Theorem?
Solution: f (0) = (−1)−2 = 1; f (2) = 1−2 = 1. Since f 0 (x) = −2(x − 1)−3 ,
wherever it is defined, the value of the derivative ranges, as 0 ≤ x < 1, from 2 to
∞; similarly, as 1 < x ≤ 2, the derivative ranges between −∞ and −2. Thus the
derivative never takes values between −2 and 2.
This is not a counterexample to Rolle’s Theorem, since that theorem requires
that the function be differentiable throughout the open interval, and the present
function fails to be differentiable at one point in the interval — namely the point
x = 1. That failure to be differentiable, even though it is only at a single point,
renders Rolle’s Theorem inapplicable.
10. [1, Exercise 4.2.17, p. 293] Show that the polynomial x5 + 10x + 3 has exactly one
real root.
Solution: f (0) = 3 > 0, but f (−1) = −12 < 0; by the Intermediate Value Theorem
this function — which, being a polynomial, is continuous everywhere, in particular
in the interval −1 < x < 0 — must take on the value 0 at least once between −1
and 0. However, the Intermediate Value Theorem does not exclude the possibility
that there is more than one place where f = 0. If, however, f were to vanish at
distinct points x1 and x2 , then, by Rolle’s theorem, f 0 would be zero somewhere
between x1 and x2 . But f 0 (x) = 5x4 + 10; being the sum of a square and a positive
number, this cannot be zero.
11. For each of the following functions
• find the “critical numbers”;

• find the vertical and horizontal asymptotes;
• find the intervals of increase or decrease;
• find the local maximum and minimum values;
• find the intervals of concavity and the inflection points;
• use the information you have determined above to sketh the graph.
(A “critical number” of a function is a point in the domain of the function where

either the derivative is not defined, or the derivative is defined and equal to zero.
This term is sometimes used (by other authors) with a slightly different definition.)
√
(a) (cf. [1, Exercise 4.3.39, p. 304]) f1 (x) = x2 + 1 − x
1 + x2
(b) [1, Exercise 4.3.43, p. 304] f2 (x) =
1 − x2
√
(c) [1, Exercise 4.3.45, p. 304] f3 (x) = x2 + 1 − x
(d) [1, Exercise 4.3.47, p. 304] f4 (x) = ln(1 − ln x)
1
(e) [1, Exercise 4.3.49, p. 304] f5 (x) = e− x+1
Solution:
µ ¶ µ ¶
3 3
(a) (cf. [3, Exercise 4.3.39, p. 132]) Since f1 (x) = x 1 + , and since 1 + →
x x
1 as either x → ∞ or x → −∞, lim f1 (x) = ±∞, so there are no horizontal
x→±∞
asymptotes. All limits of f1 (x) as x approaches any (finite) point are finite,
so there are no vertical asymptotes either. (However, the graph of f1 does
have a vertical tangent at x = −3.)
(b) [3, Exercise 4.3.43, p. 133]. The derivative is defined everywhere in the domain
of the function, and vanishes when x = 0, so x = 0 is the unique “critical
number”.
(c) [3, Exercise 4.3.45, p. 134]. The derivative is defined everywhere, and never
vanishes, so there are no “critical numbers”.
(d) [3, Exercise 4.3.47, p. 134]. The derivative is defined everywhere in the domain
of the function, and never vanishes, so there are no “critical numbers”.
(e) [3, Exercise 4.3.49, p. 134]. The derivative is defined everywhere in the domain
of the function, and never vanishes, so there are no “critical numbers”.
C.3.6 Sixth 2000/2001 Problem Assignment, with Solutions

1. In each of the following cases you are to find the limit, if it exists. Since the subject
of [1, §4.4] is l’Hôpital’s Rule, you should try to use that rule, if it is possible. How-
ever, if l’Hôpital’s Rule cannot be applied, explain why. Mathematicians usually
regard the avoidance of l’Hôpital’s Rule as a challenge; try to find another way to
evaluate those limits where you use the Rule.
ex − 1
(a) [1, Exercise 4.4.9, p. 312] lim
x→0 sin x
ln x
(b) [1, Exercise 4.4.15, p. 312] lim
x→∞ x
ln x
(c) [1, Exercise 4.4.17, p. 312] lim+
x→0 x
1 − cos x
(d) [1, Exercise 4.4.27, p. 312] lim
x→0 x2
2x − arcsin x
(e) [1, Exercise 4.4.37, p. 312] lim
x→0 2x + arccos x
2x − arcsin x
(f) [1, Exercise 4.4.38, p. 312] lim
x→0 2x + arctan x
³ √ ´
(g) [1, Exercise 4.4.51, p. 312] lim x − x2 − 1
x→∞
³ 1
´
(h) [1, Exercise 4.4.57, p. 312] lim (1 − 2x) x
x→0
Solution: We shall follow the notation of the Student Solution Manual [3], and
H
write = when we are applying l’Hôpital’s Rule.
(a) [3, Exercise 4.4.9, p. 138]

ex − 1 H ex
lim = lim
x→0 sin x x→0 cos x
lim ex e0
x→0
= = =1
lim cos x cos 0
x→0
ex − 1 ex − 1 x
lim = lim ·
x→0 sin x x→0 x sin x
ex − e0 x
= lim · lim (Product Law)
x→0 x x→0 sin x
¯
d x ¯¯
= e ·1
dx ¯x=0
= e0 = 1
(b) [3, Exercise 4.4.15, p. 138].

(c) L’Hôpital’s rule cannot be used, since the limit of the numerator is (negatively)
infinite, while the limit of the denominator is 0. As x → 0+ , ln x → −∞,
1 1
while → +∞, so the product ln x · approaches −∞.
x x
(d) [3, Exercise 4.4.27, p. 138]. Here is one way to avoid using l’Hôpital’s Rule:
µ ¶
1 − cos x 1 − cos x 1 + cos x
lim = lim ·
x→0 x2 x→0 x2 1 + cos x
µ ¶ Ãµ ¶2 !
1 − cos2 x 1 sin x 1
= lim · = lim ·
x→0 x2 1 + cos x x→0 x 1 + cos x
µ µ ¶¶2
sin x 1
= lim ·
x→0 x lim (1 + cos x)
x→0
1 1
= 12 · =
1+1 2
(e) [3, Exercise 4.4.37, p. 138].
(f)
1
2− √
2x − arcsin x H 1 − x2
lim = lim
x→0 2x + arctan x x→0 1
2+
1 + x2
√
2 − lim 1 1 − x2
x→0
=
1
2 + lim
x→0 1 + x2
2−1 1
= =
2+1 3
It is possible to avoid the Rule, but the result looks very much like what we
have proved above:
arcsin x − arcsin 0
2x − arcsin x 2−
lim = lim x−0
x→0 2x + arctan x x→0 arctan x − arctan 0
2+
x−0
arcsin x − arcsin 0
2 − lim
=
x→0 x−0
arctan x − arctan 0
2 + lim
x→0 x−0
¯
d ¯
2− arcsin x¯¯
dx
= ¯ x=0
d ¯
2+ arctan¯¯
dx x=0
1
2− √
1 − 02 1
= =
1 3
2+
1 + 12
(g) [3, Exercise 4.4.51, p. 139].

(h) [3, Exercise 4.4.57, p. 139].
2. Discuss each of these functions under the following headings, using the guidelines
of the same names in [1, pp. 315–316]
A. Domain
B. Intercepts
C. Symmetry
D. Horizontal or Vertical Asymptotes. (Do not attempt to investigate slant
asymptotes.)
E. Intervals of Increase or Decrease
F. Local Maximum and Minimum Values
G. Concavity and Points of Inflection
Then sketch the graph of the function.
(a) [1, Exercise 4.5.5, p. 321] f1 (x) = x4 + 4x3

1
(b) [1, Exercise 4.5.17, p. 321] f2 (x) = 3
x −x
p
(c) [1, Exercise 4.5.29, p. 321] f3 (x) = x + |x|
(d) [1, Exercise 4.5.47, p. 322] f4 (x) = ln(x2 − x)
(e) [1, Exercise 4.5.39, p. 322] f5 (x) = sin(2x) − 2 sin x
Solution:
(a) [3, Exercise 4.5.5, p. 142]

(b) [3, Exercise 4.5.17, p. 145]
(c) [3, Exercise 4.5.29, p. 147]
(d) [3, Exercise 4.5.47, p. 150]
(e) [3, Exercise 4.5.39, p. 148]
3. Before attempting these problems, try [1, Exercise 4.7.7, p. 335]; then compare
your solution with that in [3, Exercise 4.7.7, p. 162].
(a) [1, Exercise 4.7.11, p. 335] If 1200 cm2 of material is available to make a box
with a square base and an open top, find the largest possible volume of the
box.
(b) [1, Exercise 4.7.15, p. 335] Showing all your work, use the calculus to find the
point on the line y = 4x + 7 that is closest to the origin. (Use the calculus,
even though you may know methods for solving this problem that require no
calculus.)
(c) [3, Exercises 4.7.25 and 4.7.27, p. 162] A right circular cylinder is inscribed in
a sphere of radius r. Showing all your work, find the largest possible volume
and the largest possible surface area of such a cylinder. (You may assume
that the cylinder has been inscribed so that its axis passes through the centre
of the sphere.)
Solution:
(a) [3, Exercise 4.7.11, p. 162]

(b) [3, Exercise 4.7.15, p. 163]
(c) The solutions in [3, Exercises 4.7.25 and 4.7.27, p. 164] use, as the variable,
either the half-height or the radius of the base of the inscribed cylinder. You
might wish to try to solve the problem another way, using, as your variable,
the angle subtended at the centre of the sphere by the radius of the base.
4. Showing all your work, find the most general antiderivative of the following func-
tions. Check your answer by differentiation.
(a) [1, Exercise 4.10.3, p. 356] g1 (x) = 1 − x3 + 5x5 − 3x7

√ √
(b) [1, Exercise 4.10.7, p. 356] g2 (x) = x + 3 x
− 12
(c) [1, Exercise 4.10.15, p. 356] g3 (x) = 2x + 5 (1 − x2 )
Solution:
(a) [3, Exercise 4.10.3, p. 175]

(b) [3, Exercise 4.10.7, p. 175]
(c) [3, Exercise 4.10.15, p. 175]
5. Showing all your work, find the functions that have the listed properties. Check
your answers by differentiation and substitution in the differential equation.
(a) [1, Exercise 4.10.19, p. 356] h001 (x) = 6x + 12x2

√ 1
(b) [1, Exercise 4.10.27, p. 356] h02 (x) = 3 x − √ , h2 (1) = 2.
x
1
(c) [1, Exercise 4.10.39, p. 357] h003 (x) = 3 , x > 0, h3 (1) = 0 = h3 (2).
x
Solution:
(a) [3, Exercise 4.10.19, p. 175]

(b) [3, Exercise 4.10.27, p. 176]
(c) [3, Exercise 4.10.39, p. 176]
D Some Tests and Quizzes from Previous Years

D.1 Fall 1998 Class Quiz, with Solutions
(This quiz was given to both sections of 189-140A in the middle of October, 1998. No
grades were recorded. The solutions were posted on the Web.)
1. Determine the global maxima and global minima of the function

f (x) = 5x2/3 − x5/3 on the interval −2 ≤ x ≤ 4. (You may take 1.6 as an ap-
1
proximation to 4 3 . You may find it helpful to make a rough sketch, but your
solutions must not depend on that sketch.)
Solution:
2 −1 5 2
f 0 (x) = 5 · · x 3 − · x3
3 3
5(2 − x)
= 1 ,
3x 3
provided x 6= 0. When x = 0, the function lacks a derivative. The derivative
vanishes (i.e. is equal to zero) if and only if x = 2. Thus the list of critical points20
for this function, whose domain is the closed interval [−2, 4], is
Points where there is no derivative:
(0, f (0)) = (0, 0)
Points where the derivative vanishes:

2
(2, f (2)) = (2, 3 · 2 3 )
End-points of the domain of definition:

1
(−2, f (−2)) = (−2, 7 · 4 3 )
2
(4, f (4)) = (4, 1 · 4 3 )
Both the global maximum and the global minimum must be attained at points
among these 4. Comparing the function values — if necessary students could have
1
used the approximation of 1.6 for 4 3 — shows that the maximum occurs at the
1
point (−2, 7 · 4 3 ), and the minimum at the point (0, 0).
(A graph of this function may be found in [7, Example 6 of §3.5].)
2. A rectangle, with its base on the x-axis, is constructed so that its upper two vertices
are on the semi-circle x2 + y 2 = 4, y ≥ 0. Determine the maximum possible area
for such a rectangle, and determine where the maximum value is attained.
Solution: There are several ways of approaching this problem; we present two.
20
The definition [7, p. 144] of critical point in the text-book is unclear as to whether or not the end-
points of the interval of definition are to be considered critical . If you choose to consider end-points
as not being included in this definition, then you must include them with the (other) critical points in
your list of candidates for extrema.
(a) A rectangle inscribed in the semicircle must have its upper side parallel to the
x-axis, so the coordinates of the upper vertices
√ may be taken to be (±x, y);
as x2 + y 2 = 4, and y √
is non-negative, y = 4 − x2 . Thus the vertices of the
rectangle will be (±x, 4 − x2 ) and (±x, 0). The area, which we may denote
by A(x) is then given by
√
A(x) = |(2x) · 4 − x2 | .
(The absolute signs are needed since the intention of the problem is that
the area should be non-negative.) We can now approach the problem in two
equivalent ways.
i. We may√ take the domain of A(x) to be −2 ≤ x ≤ 2, since the circle has
radius 4 = 2. Differentiating yields
√ 1 1
A0 (x) = 2 4 − x2 + 2x · √ · (−2x)
2 4 − x2
4 − 2x2
= √
4 − x2
However, this is valid only for x > 0, because of the absolute signs; for
x<0
2x2 − 4
A0 (x) = √ .
4 − x2
Note that there is no derivative at x = 0.
Thus the critical points are
(0, A(0)) = (0, 0)

√ √ √
(− 2, A(− 2)) = (− 2, 4)
√ √ √
( 2, A( 2)) = ( 2, 4)
and the end points,
(−2, f (−2)) = (−2, 0)
(2, f (2)) = (2, 0)
Comparing the values, we√find the maximum of A = 2 to be attained at

both of the points x = ± 2. The minimum value of 0 is attained at 3
points: x = ±2 and x = 0.
ii. The preceding approach can be modified, in that we can restrict the
domain to be 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, by the symmetry of the function. In this
approach the only critical points are

√ √ √
( 2, A( 2)) = ( 2, 4)
and the end points,
(0, A(0)) = (0, 0)
(2, A(2)) = (2, 0)
and we obtain the same extreme values.

(b) A more elegant approach would observe that all points on the semi-circle have
coordinates of the form (2 cos t, 2 sin t), where 0 ≤ t ≤ π. Here again we could
treat two cases, according as we permit the domain to be the full interval
stated, or only 0 ≤ t ≤ π2 . In either case the area is α(t) = |4 cos t · 2 sin t| =
|4 sin 2t|. For convenience we will take the domain to be 0 ≤ t ≤ π2 . Then,
observing that α(t) = 4 sin 2t, we have α0 (t) = 4(cos 2t) · 2, which vanishes
only where 2t = π2 , so t = π4 . Other than the end-points of the interval, this
is the only critical point, and the area there is α( π4 ) = 4 sin π2 = 4. At the
end-points we have α(0) = sin 0 = 0, and α( π2 ) = 0. Thus the maximum value
of 4 occurs only at t = π4 , and the minimum value of 0 occurs at t = 0 and
t = π2 .
D.2 Last Three Tutorial Quizzes in 2000/2001 (many versions)

D.2.1 Fourth 2000/2001 Tutorial Quizzes
T01
Distribution Date: Monday, October 23rd, 2000 — 13:30 to 14:30 h.
1. Evaluate the following limit, but do not use L’Hôpital’s rule:
sin(x2 − 1)
lim .
x→1 (x − 1)
dy 2
2. Find if y = 3x .
dx
1
3. 21
Find an equation for the tangent line to the graph of exy = x − +e at the
¡ 1¢ y
point e, e .
21
corrected, 7 November 2000
T02, T03, T05

1. Evaluate the following limit, but do not use L’Hôpital’s rule:

x + tan x
lim .
x→0 sin x
dy
2. Find if y = tan(3x ).
dx
3. Find an ³equation ´ for the tangent line to the graph of x2 (x2 + y 2 ) = y 2 at the
1 1
point √ , √
2 2
.
T04, T06
1. Use the limit definition of the derivative to find f 0 (0) for

½ 2 ¡ ¢
x sin x1 for x 6= 0
f (x) = .
0 for x = 0
dy 2
2. Find if y = sec(5x ) .
dx
3. If the line y = 3x − 1 is tangent to the graph of y = f (x) at the point
with x = 1 , find the equation of the tangent line to the graph of y = [f (x)]2
at the point with x = 1 .
T07
Distribution Date: Wednesday, October 25th, 2000 — 13:30 to 14:30 h.

( 1 − cos x
when x = 6 0
f (x) = x .
0 when x = 0
dy 1
2. Find if y = 2 2x .
dx
3. If g(x) = 2x · f (x2 − 2x + 2) and f (1) = 3 , find g 0 (1) .
T08, T09, T11

1. Use the limit definition of the derivative to find f 0 (8) for f (x) = x1/3 .
µ ¶
dy 1
2. Find if y = x tan .
dx 3x
3. If f (x) = ex·g(x) and g(0) = 5 , find f 0 (0) .
T10, T12, T15

1. Use the limit definition of the derivative to find f 0 (1) for f (x) = x−1/3 .
dy ¡1¢
2. Find if y = x sec−1 2x
.
dx
3. Find the equation(s) of the line(s) through the origin, tangent to the graph of
y = ex .
T16
1. Use the limit definition of the derivative to find f 0 (0) for f (x) = sec x .
µ ¶
dy −1 2x
2. Find if y = tan .
dx 1 − x2
3. Find equations(s) of the line(s) through the origin, tangent to the graph of
y = x2 + 9 .
T13
Distribution Date: Thursday, October 26th, 2000 — 16:00 to 17:00 h.
1. Use the limit definition of the derivative to find f 0 (0) for f (x) = ex sin x .
µ x ¶
dy −1 e − e−x
2. Find if y = tan .
dx 2
3. Find the equations(s) of the line(s) through the origin, tangent to the graph of
2
y = ex .
T14
Distribution Date: Thursday, October 26th, 2000 — 17:00 to 18:00 h.
f (x) = e3x (1 − cos x) .

µ ¶
dy −1 x
2. Find if y = sin √ .
dx 1 + x2
3. Find equations(s) of the line(s) through the origin, tangent to the graph of
y = e2x .
D.2.2 Fifth 2000/2001 Tutorial Quizzes

T01
Distribution Date: Monday, November 13th, 2000 — 13:30 to 14:30 h.
dy x
1. Find dx if y = x x−1 .
2. Water is pouring into a leaky tank at the rate of 10m3 /h. The tank
is a cone with the vertex down, 9m deep and 6m in diameter at the
top. The surface of the water is rising at a rate of 0.2m/h when the
depth is 6m. How fast is the water leaking out at that time?
T02, T03, T05

√
x
dy
1. Find dx if y = x x−1 .
2. How fast must you let out the line if the kite you are flying is 30m
high, 40m horizontally away from you, and moving horizontally away
from you at 10m/min?
T04, T06
dy √
1. Find dx if y = ( x + 1)x .
2. A ferris wheel you are riding has diameter 20m and is rotating at 1
revolution per minute. How fast are you rising or falling when you
are 6m horizontally away from the vertical line through the centre of
the wheel?
T07
Distribution Date: Wednesday, November 13th, 2000 — 13:30 to 14:30 h.
dy
1. Find dx if y = (x2 + 1)1/x .
2. A policeman stationed at a fixed distance from a highway aims a
radar gun at a car. When the gun is pointing at an angle of 45◦ to
the highway, the radar gun records the rate at which the distance of
the car from the gun is increasing at 100km/h. How fast is the car
travelling?
T08, T09, T11

dy
1. Find dx if y = (xx + 1)1/2 .
2. [CORRECTED] A balloon is released and rises vertically from point
A and is tracked from point B, 100m horizontally away. If the balloon
is rising at the rate of k m/sec., how fast is the angle of elevation of
the balloon, as observed at point B, increasing when it is 200m above
A?
T10, T12, T15

dy
1. Find dx if y = xln x .
2. A man 6ft tall walks towards a building at the rate of 5ft/sec. If
there is a light on the ground 50ft away from the building, how fast
is the man’s shadow shrinking when he is 30ft from the building?
T16
1
dy
1. Find dx if y = x 2x .
2. A spherical balloon is being inflated so that its volume is increasing
at the rate of 5m3 /min. At what rate is the surface area increasing
when the radius is 6m?
(Volume = 43 πr3 , Area = 4πr2 , where r is the radius.)
T13
Distribution Date: Thursday, November 14th, 2000 — 16:00 to 17:00 h.
dy
1. Find dx if y = (x2x + 1)1/3 .
2. A 10m long ladder has one end on the ground, and is supported part
way along its length by a fence 3m high, so that part of the ladder
projects past the fence. If the end on the ground is 4m from the base
of the fence and is being dragged away at 0.2m/sec, how fast is the
vertical height of the other end of the ladder changing?
T14
dy
¡ 1 ¢x
1. Find dx if y = 2x .
2. A light shines from a pole 50ft high. A ball is dropped from the same
height from a point 30ft away from the light. In t secs the ball falls
16t2 ft. How fast is the shadow of the ball moving along the ground
after 0.5 secs?
D.2.3 Sixth 2000/2001 Tutorial Quizzes

T01
Let f (x) = (2x2 + x + 1)ex .
1. [5 MARKS] Determine the domain of f .
2. [5 MARKS] Determine all horizontal asymptotes and all vertical asymptotes of the
graph of f .
3. [5 MARKS] Determine the intervals where f increases, and the intervals where it
decreases.
4. [5 MARKS] Determine all local maxima and all local minima of f .
5. [5 MARKS] Determine the intervals where the graph is concave upwards, and the
intervals where it is concave downwards.
6. [5 MARKS] Determine all inflection points of the graph.
7. [5 MARKS] Sketch the graph.

xa
(You may use, without proof, the fact that lim = 0 for any real number a.)
x→∞ ex
T02, T03, T05
Let f (x) = (2x2 − 3x + 2)ex .
graph of f .
decreases.

xa
x→∞ ex
T04, T06
Let f (x) = (6x2 + x + 5)ex .
graph of f .
decreases.

xa
x→∞ ex
T07
Let f (x) = (2x2 − 5x + 4)ex .
graph of f .
decreases.

xa
x→∞ ex
T08, T09, T11

1 64
Let f (x) = − .
x−1 x+1
graph of f .
decreases.
T10, T12, T15

64 1
Let f (x) = − .
x−1 x+1
graph of f .
decreases.
T16

1 64
Let f (x) = − .
x−1 x+8
graph of f .
decreases.
T13

1 16
Let f (x) = − .
4x + 1 x + 2
graph of f .
decreases.
T14
Let f (x) = ln |x + 2| − 4 ln |x − 1| .
graph of f .
decreases.

E Examinations from Previous Years

E.1 December 1996 Final Examination in 189-122A
1
x
− 12
1. [4 MARKS] Evaluate lim .
x→2 x−2
x−9
2. [4 MARKS] Evaluate lim √ .
x→9 x−3
3. [4 MARKS] Evaluate lim x cot 3x .
x→0
4. [5 MARKS] Find an equation for the straight line which is normal to the graph of
f (x) = x2 at x = −3 .
5. [8 MARKS] The surface area of a sphere is increasing at a rate of 10 square metres

per hour. At what rate is the volume increasing, when the radius is 2 metres?
(Note: The volume of a sphere of radius r is 34 πr3 ; the surface area is 4πr2 .)
6. [8 MARKS] Show that the equation 6x4 − 7x + 1 = 0 does not have more than
two distinct real roots.
7. [10 MARKS] A right circular cylinder is inscribed in a right circular cone of height
H and radius R. Determine the dimensions of the cylinder with the largest possible
volume. What is that largest volume?
1
8. [8 MARKS] Show that the function f (x) = 2 + (1 − x3 ) 5 has an inverse. Deter-
mine f −1 (x) .
9. The function f (x) = x − cos x (−π ≤ x ≤ π) is differentiable.
(a) [2 MARKS] Show that this function has an inverse.

(b) [4 MARKS] Calculate the derivative of the inverse function.
(c) [4 MARKS] Evaluate the derivative of f −1 (x) at all points x such that f (x) =
−1 .
10. [8 MARKS] Use the mean value theorem to show that, when
x>1,
x−1
< ln x < x − 1 .
x
µ ¶
x4
11. Let f (x) = ln .
x−1
(a) [3 MARKS] Specify the domain of f .

(b) [3 MARKS] Determine the interval(s) where f increases, and the interval(s)
where f decreases.
(c) [3 MARKS] Determine the concavity of the graph of f , and find the points
of inflection.
(d) [3 MARKS] Sketch the graph, using the information determined above.
12. Let f (x) = xe−x .
(a) [3 MARKS] Specify the domain of f .

(b) [3 MARKS] Determine the interval(s) where f increases, and the interval(s)
where it decreases.
(c) [3 MARKS] Determine the concavity of the graph of f , and find the points
of inflection.
(d) [3 MARKS] Sketch the graph, using the information determined above.
13. [7 MARKS] Given the curve x3 + y 3 = 1 + 3xy 2 , verify that the point (x, y)
dy d2 y
= (0, 1) is on the curve. Find and 2 at (x, y) = (0, 1) .
dx dx

x2 − 4
1. [8 MARKS] For the function f (x) =
|x − 2|
(a) Find the left-hand and right-hand limits at x = 2 .
(b) Determine whether the two-sided limit exists at x = 2 .
(c) Sketch the graph of y = f (x) .
2. [2 MARKS] Multiple Choice: Circle the correct answer (A, B, C, D, or E.)

√ √
9 + x − 9 − 3x
lim
x→0 x
A B C D E
2
=0 = =1 does not exist (or = is a real number r dif-
3 2
∞, or = −∞). ferent from 0, , 1.
3
3. [8 MARKS] Apply the intermediate value property of continuous functions to prove

that the equation x3 − 4x2 + 1 = 0 has at least three different solutions. (Hint:
Denoting f (x) = x3 − 4x2 + 1 , we have f (+1) = −2.)
60 − t
4. [8 MARKS] At time t, the radius of a leaking spherical balloon is r =
12
centimetres. Determine the rate (in cm.3 /second) at which the volume is decreasing
when t = 30 . (Hint: You may assume that the volume of a sphere of radius r is
4
3
πr3 .)
5. [8 MARKS] Determine an equation for the straight line that passes through the
point (1, 5) and is tangent to the curve y = x3 .
x − 4 tan x
lim
x→0 sin x
A B C D E
2
=0 = =1 does not exist (or = is a real number r dif-
3 2
∞, or = −∞). ferent from 0, , 1.
3
7. [8 MARKS] Showing all your work, determine the maximum area of a rectangle
with a base that lies on the x-axis, and with two upper vertices that lie on the
graph of the equation y = 4 − x2 .
8. [8 MARKS] A tank is in the shape of an inverted right circular cone of height 800
cm., whose top is a disk of radius 160 cm. Water is running out of a small hole
at the vertex (apex) of the cone, which is at the bottom. Showing all your work,
determine the rate of change of volume V with respect to height h, at a time when
the height is 600 cm. (Hint: You may assume that the volume of a right circular
cone of height h, whose base has radius r, is 31 πr2 h.)

dy π
If y = sin 2x cos 3x , the value of when x = is
dx 2
A B C D E
2 2
0 1 −1 different from 0, , 1, −1.
3 3
10. [8 MARKS] A covered rectangular box is to be constructed with volume 576 cubic
centimetres, with its bottom twice as long as it is wide. Determine the dimensions
of the box that will minimize its total surface area (including the cover).
11. [5 MARKS] Showing all your work, determine the maximum and minimum values
of f (x) = 3 − |x − 2| on the interval [1, 4] .
¡ ¢
The function f (x) = 2x2 − 3x e−x has a global maximum on the half-line x ≥ 0 .
The maximum value is
A B C D E
√ 1 9 9 −3
− e −√ e 4 none of the preceding
e e2 8
4 values.
13. [8 MARKS] Showing all your work, sketch the graph of the function
e2x
f (x) = ,
e2x + 3
identifying asymptotes, critical points, and inflection points. Show clearly where
the graph is concave upward and where it is concave downward.
14. [8 MARKS]
(a) State the Mean Value Theorem.

(b) Given that f (x) = |x| for −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 , does it follow from the Mean Value
Theorem that there exists a point c such that −1 ≤ c ≤ 1 and f 0 (c) = 0 ?
Explain your answer.
dy
If x5 − y 5 = 2x2 y 2 , the value of when (x, y) = (1, −1) is
dx
A B C D E
5 5 5 5
−1 1 − none of −1, 1, − , .
3 3 3 3
16. [10 MARKS] Showing all your work, sketch the graph of the function
x2 − x − 2
f (x) = − 1,
(1 − x)2
identifying asymptotes, critical points, and inflection points. Show clearly where
the graph is concave upward and where it is concave downward.

x3 − 27
1. [4 MARKS] Showing your work, find lim .
x→3 x − 3
2. [5 MARKS] Given that a function f has the property that
|f (x) − 2| ≤ (x − 1)2 ,
determine lim f (x).

x→1
3. (a) [4 MARKS] Define v(x) = x3 − 4x2 + x + 3 . Use the Intermediate Value

Theorem to show that the equation v(x) = 0 has a solution between x = 1
and x = 2.
(b) [4 MARKS] By examining the behavior of v(x) as x → ∞ and as x → −∞,
or otherwise, discuss the existence of other solutions to v(x) = 0.
4. [8 MARKS]
√ Find equations for all straight lines which are both normal to the curve
y = x − 3 and parallel to the straight line y = −2x + 11.
5. For the function g(x) = |1 − x2 |,
(a) [3 MARKS] Sketch the graph of g.

(b) [3 MARKS] Show that g is continuous at x = 1.
(c) [2 MARKS] Determine whether g is differentiable at x = 1.
sin x
6. (a) [3 MARKS] Determine h0 (x) , if h(x) = .
1 − 2 cos x
(b) [3 MARKS] If u(x) = ln ((2x − 1)3 ), determine u0 (x).
7. [12 MARKS] Determine the slope of the curve
(x + y)2 − (x − y)2 = x4 + y 4
at all point(s), other than the origin, where the curve meets the line x = y.
8. [6 MARKS] A child is building a snowman by rolling a snowball on the ground; its

volume is increasing at the rate of 8 cubic centimetres per minute. Find the rate
at which the radius is increasing when the snowball is 75 centimetres in diameter.
(The volume of a sphere of radius r is 34 πr3 .)
£ ¤
9. [8 MARKS] The domain of the function F is to be taken to be the interval −2, 12 .
On that interval,
F (x) = x3 + x2 − x + 1 .
Determine the global maximum ( = absolute maximum), global minimum ( = abso-
lute minimum), local maxima ( = relative maxima), and local minima ( = relative
minima).
10. [10 MARKS] A closed box with a square base is to have a volume of 2, 000 cubic
centimetres. The material for the top and bottom of the box costs $3 per square
centimetre, while the material for the sides costs $1.50 per square centimetre.
Determine the dimensions of the least expensive box.
11. For the function f (x) = x2 ,

x2 − 4
(a) [2 MARKS] Determine the (largest possible) domain.
(b) [4 MARKS] Determine all local extrema, and all points of inflection.
(c) [2 MARKS] Determine precisely where the function is increasing, decreasing,
concave upward, concave downward.
(d) [2 MARKS] Determine all horizontal and all vertical asymptotes, if any.
(e) [1 MARK] Sketch the graph.
12. It is given that the function f , defined by f (x) = x + x3 has an inverse, denoted
by f −1 .
(a) [3 MARKS] Determine the value of f −1 (2).
³ ´
(b) [3 MARKS] Determine the value of d (f −1 ) (2).
dx
13. [4 MARKS] Determine the derivative of the function
m(x) = xx .
14. [4 MARKS] Determine the value of the following limit, if it exists:

3
ex − 1
lim
x→0 x − sin x
E.4 May 1999 Supplemental Examination in 189-140A

x2 − 4
1. (a) Evaluate lim .
x→2 x − 2
(b) Let f be the function with domain ∞ < x < ∞ given by

½ 2
x − 2x if x ≤ 1
f (x) =
x−2 if x > 1
i. Is f continuous at x = 1? Explain (justify) your answer.

ii. Is f differentiable at x = 1? Explain (justify) your answer.
2. Find the derivative of each of the following functions. (You need not simplify your
answers.)
sin(2x2 − 1)
(a) F (x) =
(x2 + 1)3
µ ¶
−1 1
(b) G(x) = tan √
x3 + 1
2 −2x
(c) H(x) = x e ln x
[a, b], and theorem. g 0 (x) > 0
3. It is given that the function f , defined by f (x) = x + x3 has an inverse, denoted

by f −1 .
(a) Determine the value of f −1 (2).

³ ´
(b) Determine the value of d (f −1 ) (2).
dx
4. (a) Find an equation for the line tangent at the point (1, 1) to the curve y 2 =
x3 (2 − x).
(b) A woman who is 1.75 metres tall walks at a rate of 1.5 metres per second
away from a lamp that is at the top of a 4-metre high lamp post. At what
rate is her shadow lengthening when she is 30 metres from the lamp post.
5. Find the area of the largest rectangle which can be inscribed in a semicircle of
radius 1, where one side of the rectangle lies on the diameter of the semicircle, and
the other two vertices lie on the semicircle.
6. Consider the function h(x) = 4x3 − 15x2 + 12x + 7, with domain −∞ < x < ∞.
(a) Find all points at which h has a local maximum, a local minimum, or a point
of inflection. Justify all of your answers.
(b) Find the global (absolute) maximum and the global (absolute) minimum of h
on the interval [0, 3].
2x2
7. Sketch the curve y = , indicating any horizontal or vertical asymptotes.
x2 − 1
8. Let the function u be defined by u(x) = ln(2x + 1).
(a) What is the (maximum possible) domain of u. (Explain.)

(b) Sketch the graph of u(x) = ln(2x + 1).



 x + sin 3x
 x>0
tan 4x
1. Let f (x) = , where a is a constant, to be determined.

 (x − a)2
 x≤0
4
(a) [6 MARKS] Determine each of lim− f (x), lim+ f (x) or explain why either or
x→0 x→0
both do not exist.
(b) [3 MARKS] Use the information of part (a) to determine all values, if any, for
the constant a, which will make f continuous at x = 0.
2 −3
2. [8 MARKS] Let m(x) = xx − (x2 ) . Determine the value of m0 (1).
3. [8 MARKS] If y is defined implicitly as a function of x by 2x2 − 3xy + 5y 2 = 10,

d2 y
determine the value of 2 when (x, y) = (1, −1).
dx
2+x
4. For the function h(x) = arctan ,
1 − 2x
(a) [1 MARK] State the (largest possible) domain.
dh
(b) [5 MARKS] Determine for all points x where the derivative exists.
dx
(c) [2 MARKS] Give an example of a function different from h which has exactly
the same domain and exactly the same derivative as h.
x
5. The function u is defined by u(x) = , for −∞ < x < ∞.
1 + x2
(a) [3 MARKS] Determine the intervals where the function u is increasing, and
those where it is decreasing.
(b) [3 MARKS] Find all critical points. In each case determine whether the point
is a maximum or minimum point, or neither.
(c) [3 MARKS] Determine the intervals where the graph of u is concave upwards,
and those where it is concave downwards.
(d) [3 MARKS] Determine all inflection points of the graph.
(e) [2 MARKS] Determine all horizontal or vertical asymptotes of the graph.
(f) [4 MARKS] Sketch the graph.
(x − 1)(x + 1) 2x(x2 − 3)
You may assume that u0 (x) = − , and that u 00
(x) = .
(x2 + 1)2 (x2 + 1)3
(For each of parts (a) through (e) you are expected to show all your work and your
results, clearly marked by the question number, e.g., 5(c); it is not sufficient to
provide information only on your graph.)
6. [8 MARKS] Use the Intermediate Value Theorem and/or the Mean Value Theorem
1
and/or properties of G0 (x) to show that the function G(x) = x2 − e 1+x assumes
the value 0 for exactly one real number x such that 0 < x < 2. Show all your work.
1
[Hint: You may assume that e 3 < 2.]
7. [8 MARKS] Triangle OBC, in the first quadrant, has vertex O at the origin, vertex
B on the x-axis, and vertex C on the y-axis. If the vertices are constrained so that
the line joining B and C passes through the point (2, 3), determine the minimum
area for triangle OBC. Show all your work.
8. Showing all your work, evaluate the following limits, if they exist:
√ √
(a) [8 MARKS] lim ( x2 + x − x2 − x).
x→∞
tan x − sin x
(b) [8 MARKS] lim .
x→0 x3
9. [8 MARKS] Showing all your work, determine all lines with slope 3 which are
normal to the curve 64y + x3 = 0, (i.e. which are perpendicular to the tangent at
each point where they meet the curve).
10. [9 MARKS] Showing all your work, determine the (global) maxima and minima
of the function R(x) = 3x4 + 4x3 − 6x2 − 12x on the closed interval −2 ≤ x ≤ 2.
[Hint: x3 + x2 − x − 1 = (x2 − 1)(x + 1).]
E.6 December 1999 Special Final Examination in 189-140A

1 − x + ln x
1. [4 MARKS] Evaluate lim− .
x→1 1 + cos πx
2
2. [6 MARKS] When f (x) = x−2x , evaluate f 0 (1).
2x
3. [5 MARKS] Evaluate lim .
x→0 tan 3x
4. [5 MARKS] Find an equation for the straight line which is normal to the graph of
f (x) = x3 at x = −2 .
5. [10 MARKS] The volume of a sphere is increasing at a rate of 10 cubic metres per
hour. At what rate is the surface area increasing, when the radius is 2 metres?
(Note: The volume of a sphere of radius r is 34 πr3 ; the surface area is 4πr2 .)
6. [10 MARKS] Show that the equation 3x4 − 28x + 8 = 0 does not have more than
two distinct real roots.
dy d2 y
7. [10 MARKS] Determine the value of and 2 at the point (x, y) = (1, −1) when
dx dx
x and y are related by the equation x3 + xy + y 4 = 1.
8. [10 MARKS] A box with a square base and an open top is to have volume 62.5
cubic centimetres. Neglect the thickness of the material used to make the box, and
find the dimensions that will minimize the amount of material used.
µ ¶
x3
9. Let f (x) = ln .
x2 − 1
(a) [4 MARKS] Specify the domain of f , and any points of discontinuity.
(b) [5 MARKS] Determine all horizontal asymptotes and all vertical asymptotes.
(c) [5 MARKS] Determine the interval(s) where f increases, the interval(s) where
f decreases, and all local extrema.
(d) [3 MARKS] Determine the concavity of the graph of f , and find all points of
inflection.
(e) [3 MARKS] Sketch the graph, using the information determined above.
µ ¶
−1 8π
10. [5 MARKS] Showing all your work, determine sin sin .
3
E.7 December 2000 Final examination in 189-140A

1. (a) [5 MARKS] Find the derivative of ln cosh(x2 ) .
µ ¶
2t
(b) [5 MARKS] Find the derivative of arctan . You are expected to
1 + t2
simplify your answer.
2. [10 MARKS] Determine the equation of the tangent to the curve
x2 + y sin x + tan2 y = 1
at the point (1, 0) .
3. [10 MARKS] Use a linear approximation to estimate the value of

√3
√
5
0.97 + 0.97 .
4. [10 MARKS] Showing all your work, determine the domain of the following func-
tion, and all vertical or horizontal asymptotes to its graph.
2x + 5
f (x) = √ .
x2 − 36
5. [10 MARKS] Let f (x) = |2x + 5|. Show that there is no value of c such that
f (−4) = f (0) + f 0 (c) · (−4 − 0) .
Explain why this does not contradict the Mean Value Theorem.
6. [10 MARKS] A farmer wants to fence an area of 20,000 square metres in a rectan-
gular field, and then divide it into three parts by fences parallel to one of the sides
of the rectangle. What shape of field will minimize the cost of the fencing? Show
all your work.
7. For the function h(x) = x2 e2x , showing all your work
(a) [5 MARKS] Determine the intervals where h is increasing, and where it is

decreasing.
(b) [5 MARKS] Determine all local maxima, and all local minima.
(c) [5 MARKS] Determine intervals of concavity, and all inflection points.
(d) [5 MARKS] Sketch a graph of the function.
8. (a) [5 MARKS] Find the function f that satisfies all of the following conditions:
f 00 (x) = 3ex + 5 sin x , f (0) = 1 , f 0 (0) = 2 .
(b) [5 MARKS] Determine all values of the constant c that will make the
following function continuous everywhere:
½
cx + 1 if x < 5
f (x) =
cx2 − 1 if x ≥ 5
E.8 May 2001 Supplemental/Deferred Examination 189-140A

√ √
1. (a) [5 MARKS] Showing all your work, evaluate lim ( x + 2 − x) .
x→∞
sin(x2 − 1)
(b) [5 MARKS] Showing all your work, evaluate lim .
x→−1 x+1
x2 + 1
2. (a) [5 MARKS] Find the derivative of .
x2 − 2
µ ¶
1
(b) [5 MARKS] Find the derivative of cos √ .
x+1
(c) [5 MARKS] Find the derivative of x sin−1 x .
3. [10 MARKS] Showing all your work, determine the greatest and least values at-
sin x
tained by the function f (x) = .
(7 − 2 cos x)2
3 3 dy d2 y
4. [10 MARKS] If x − xy + y = 1 , determine and when x = 1
dx dx2
and y = 0.
5. [10 MARKS] The illumination I of an object by a light source is given by the

S
formula I = 2 units, where S is the strength of the light source, and d is the
d
distance of the object from the light source. If two light sources, one 8 times as
strong as the other, are placed 3 units apart, where should an object be placed on
the line between them so as to receive the least illumination?
6. [10 MARKS] Use a “linear” or “tangent-line” approximation at x = 4 to compute

√ 1
an approximate value for f (x) = x + √ at x = 3.97.
x
7. For the function f (x) = x5 + x6 , showing all your work
(a) [5 MARKS] Determine the intervals where f is increasing, and those where it
is decreasing.
(b) [5 MARKS] Determine all local maxima, and all local minima.
(c) [5 MARKS] Determine intervals of concavity, and all inflection points.
(d) [5 MARKS] Sketch a graph of the function.
1
8. (a) [5 MARKS] If f 0 (x) = x − 1 and f (1) = , find f (x).
5
1
(b) [5 MARKS] If f 0 (x) = and f (0) = 0, use the Mean Value Theorem
1 + x3
to show that
2
f (2) − f (0) =
1 + c3
2
for some c such that 0 < c < 2, and deduce that < f (2) < 2. (Use the
9
Mean Value Theorem — do not determine an exact formula for f (x).)
E.9 December 2001 Final Examination 189-140A

A TOTAL OF 137 MARKS ARE AVAILABLE ON THIS EXAMINATION.
1. In each of the following cases evaluate the limit, or explain why the limit does not
exist. Show all your work. Do not use l’Hôpital’s Rule.
x−2
(a) [5 MARKS] lim−
x→2 |x − 2|
sin x − sin(3x)
(b) [5 MARKS] lim
x→0 x2 + 6x
x+4
(c) [5 MARKS] lim
x→−4 x2 + 5x + 4
2. In each of the following cases evaluate the limit, or explain why the limit does not
exist. Show all your work. If you wish, you may use l’Hôpital’s Rule.
2
ex − 1
(a) [10 MARKS] lim .
x→0 sec x − 1
sinh(x + 1)
(b) [5 MARKS] lim . (Hint: Express the functions in terms of
x→∞ cosh(x)
exponentials.)
3. Showing your work, find the derivative of each of the following functions at the
points indicated, or explain why the function fails to be differentiable there. In
all cases you are expected to simplify your answers as much as possible, but the
examiners are aware that you do not have a calculator.
π
(a) [5 MARKS] a(x) = ex sin x at x = − .
2
√
x+5
(b) [5 MARKS] b(x) = √ at x = 4 .
x−5
eln(2x)
(c) [5 MARKS] c(x) = at x = 4.
ln(e3x )
4. A function K(x) is defined as follows, where α and β are constants to be evaluated:
½
α + x − x2 if x < 2
K(x) =
x2 − β(x − 2) − 4 if x ≥ 2
(a) [8 MARKS] Showing all your work, determine all values of α and β — if any
— that will make K continuous at x = 2.
(b) [7 MARKS] Showing all your work, determine all values of α and β — if any
— that will make K differentiable at x = 2.
5. Suppose that y = 1 − xy 4 .
dy
(a) [10 MARKS] Showing all your work, determine the values of and
dx
d2 y
when x = 0 .
dx2
(b) [5 MARKS] Find an equation for the tangent to the curve y = 1 − xy 4
at the point where x = 0 .
1 1
6. Let f (x) = − − 1.
x x−1
(a) [3 MARKS] Determine the domain of f .
(b) [5 MARKS] Determine the intervals where f is increasing, and the intervals
where it is decreasing.
(c) [5 MARKS] Determine the intervals where the graph of f is concave upwards,
and the intervals where it is concave downwards.
(d) [5 MARKS] Determine the local extrema of f , or prove that there are no
local extrema.
(e) [5 MARKS] Determine the inflection points of the graph of f , or prove that
there are no inflection points.
(f) [4 MARKS] Determine the horizontal asymptotes (if any) and the vertical
asymptotes (if any) to the graph of f .
(g) [3 MARKS] Sketch the graph of f .
7. A line ` with positive slope m is drawn through the point (−4, 9) in the plane.
(a) [1 MARK] Find an equation for `.

(b) [2 MARKS] ` intersects the x-axis in a point A and the y-axis in a point B.
Find the coordinates of A and B.
(c) [12 MARKS] Showing all your work, determine which values of m minimize
the area of the triangle AOB (where O denotes the origin).
√
4
8. (a) [6 MARKS] Showing all your work, find a linear approximation to 10020 .
(b) [2 MARKS] Carefully state the Mean Value Theorem.
(c) [7 MARKS] Showing all your work, apply the Mean Value Theorem to show
that the function arctan x − x is equal to zero only at x = 0 .
(d) [2 MARKS] Prove that the curves y = x and y = arctan x intersect only
at the origin.
E.10 May 2002 Supplemental/Deferred Examination 189-140A

1. Compute the derivatives of the functions
(a) [4 MARKS] f (x) = 2x x3

√
(b) [4 MARKS] g(x) = sinh( x4 + 1)
sec x
(c) [4 MARKS] h(x) =
arctan x
2. Suppose that the function f satisfies
f (x) − 3
lim =4
x→1 x2 − 1
(a) [6 MARKS] Find lim f (x).
x→1
(b) [6 MARKS] Given that f is continuous at x = 1, use the definition of the

derivative to show that f is differentiable at x = 1 and find f 0 (1).
3. The equation
y 5 + xy 2 + x3 = 4x + 3
defines y implicitly as a function of x near the point (2, 1).
(a) [6 MARKS] Determine the values of y 0 and y 00 at this point.

(b) [4 MARKS] Use the tangent line approximation to estimate y when x = 1.98.
x3
4. Let f (x) = .
x2 − 4
(a) [3 MARKS] Compute and simplify f 0 (x) and f 00 (x).
(b) [3 MARKS] Determine, if any, all vertical and horizontal
asymptotes of f .
(c) [3 MARKS] Determine the intervals where f is increasing, and the intervals
where f is decreasing.
(d) [3 MARKS] Determine all local maxima and all local minima.
(e) [3 MARKS] Determine all intervals where (the graph of) f is concave upward
and all intervals where (the graph of) f is concave downward.
(f) [3 MARKS] Determine all inflection points.
(g) [3 MARKS] Sketch the graph of f .
5. Evaluate the following limits, using l’Hôpital’s rule or otherwise:

tan(3x)
(a) [5 MARKS] lim
sin(5x)
x→0
¡ 1/x ¢
(b) [6 MARKS] lim xe − x
x→∞
6. A rectangle is inscribed with its base on the x-axis, its upper left vertex on the
y-axis and its upper right vertex on the graph of the function y = e−2x .
(a) [6 MARKS] Find the dimensions of the rectangle that maximize its area. Fully
justify your answer!
(b) [6 MARKS] Find the dimensions of the rectangle that minimize its circum-
ference. Fully justify your answer!
7. [10 MARKS] Use the mean value theorem, or properties

√ of the derivative, to show
that the graphs of y = arcsin x and y = 2x 2 intersect exactly once for x
√
2
between 2 and 1.
8. In each of the following problems, find the function that satisfies all the stated
conditions:
(a) [6 MARKS] f 0 (x) = e2x − sin x, f (0) = 0.

1
(b) [6 MARKS] g 00 (x) = 2 , g 0 (1) = 0, g(1) = 0.
x
F WeBWorK
F.1 Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
F.1.1 Where is WeBWorK?
WeBWorK is located on Web servers of the Department of Mathematics and Statistics,
and is accessible at the following URL’s:
http://msr01.math.mcgill.ca/webwork/m140f02
or
http://msr02.math.mcgill.ca/webwork/m140f02
If your student number ends with 1, 3, 5, 7, or 9, you should use the URL
http://msr01.math.mcgill.ca/webwork/m140f02;
if your student number ends with 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8, you should use
http://msr02.math.mcgill.ca/webwork/m140f02.
If you access WeBWorK through WebCT, the link on your page had been programmed
to take you to the correct WeBWorK server automatically.
[ADDED SEPTEMBER 6th, 2002:] It was found that the code mounted on
WebCT was being corrupted because of a software problem. Accordingly,
the links have been changed: You will have to click on the appropriate link,
depending on the last digit of your student number.
F.1.2 Do I need a password to use WeBWorK?

You will need a user code and a password.
Your user code. Your user code will be your 9-digit student number.
Your password. Your initial password will be your 9-digit student ID number. You
will be able to change this password after you sign on to WeBWorK.
Your e-mail address. The WeBWorK system requires each user to have an e-mail
address. After signing on to WeBWorK, you should verify that the e-mail address
shown is the one that you prefer. You should endeavour to keep your e-mail address up
to date, since the instructors may send messages to the entire class through this route.

F.1.3 Do I have to pay to use WeBWorK?

WeBWorK is available to all students registered in the course at no additional charge.
F.1.4 When will assignments be available on WeBWorK?

Each assignment will have a begin date and a due date. The assignment is available to
you after the begin date; solutions will be made available soon after the due date.
F.1.5 Do WeBWorK assignments cover the full range of problems that I

should be able to solve in this course?
The questions on the WeBWorK assignments are a sampling of some types of problem
you should be able to solve after successfully completing this course. However, not every
conceivable kind of problem will appear. To properly prepare yourself you should work
a large number of problems from the textbook; you may correct your own work using
the Student Solution Manual [3], which contains brief solutions to most odd-numbered
problems. Students are cautioned not to draw conclusions from the presence, absence,
or relative frequencies of problems of particular types, or from particular sections of the
textbook. Certain sections of the textbook remain examination material even though
no problems are included in the WeBWorK assignments. Nor is there any reason to
expect the distribution of problems on quizzes or in assignments and examinations from
previous years be related to the frequencies of any types of problems on the examination
that you will be writing at the end of the term.
WeBWorK problems are typically short, and only very brief answers are expected.
Some types of calculus problems do not lend themselves to this kind of treatment, and may
not appear on the WeBWorK assignments. Use of WeBWorK does not replace
studying the textbook — including the worked examples, attending lectures
and tutorials, and working exercises from the textbook — using the Student
Solution Manual to check your work.
F.1.6 May I assume that the distribution of topics on quizzes and final
examinations will parallel the distribution of topics in the WeBWorK
assignments?
No! If you perceive that some types of problems are appearing with high frequency on
the assignments, you should not infer that such types of problems are more important
than others. Problems on quizzes and the examination may be based on any topic in
the syllabus. WeBWorK may not cover all types of problems, so you should still read
your textbook, attempt its problems, and use the Student Solution Manual [3] to help
check your work.
F.1.7 WeBWorK provides for different kinds of “Display Mode”. Which

should I use?
“Display mode” is the mode that you enter when you first view a problem; and, later,
when you submit your answer. You may wish to experiment with the different formats.
The “best” is usually typeset mode, which should look similar to the version that you
print out (cf. next question); of intermediate quality is formatted text; the lowest quality
is text mode, which is essentially the way the author of the problem entered his data into
the system. If your computer has difficulty displaying in typeset mode, you may have
to use one of the other modes. Typeset mode is related to the TEX and systems that
mathematicians use in typesetting their documents; the notes that you are reading here
were prepared using .
F.1.8 WeBWorK provides for printing assignments in “Portable Document

Format” (.pdf ) or “PostScript” (.ps) form. Which should I use?
Most newer home computers have already been loaded with the Acrobat Reader for .pdf
files; if the Reader has not been installed on your computer, you will find instructions for
downloading this (free) software in §1.5.3 of these notes. If you are not happy with .pdf
files, and wish to print and view PostScript files, you may require such (free) software as
Ghostscript and Ghostview, available at
http://www.cs.wisc.edu/∼ghost/gsview/index.html
Most computers available to you on campus should be capable of printing in either

of .pdf and PostScript formats.
F.1.9 What is the relation between WeBWorK and WebCT?

WebCT is the proprietary system of Web Course Tools that has been implemented
by McGill University. You may access the web page for this course, and WeBWorK
through your WebCT account22 , and WebCT will link you to the appropriate server
for WeBWorK. If you follow this route to WeBWorK, you will still have to log in
when you reach the WeBWorK site. At present there are no plans to use the potential
WebCT sites that exist for the tutorial sections: use only the site for the lecture section
in which you are registered.
Your WebCT E-Mail Address If you do not plan to check for mail at the mail.mcgill.ca
address provided by the University, you should forward the mail to the address that you
plan to maintain. To do this go to
22
http://webct3.mcgill.ca
https://search.mcgill.ca/nrb/
F.1.10 Which browser should I use for WeBWorK?

We recommend that you use Internet Explorer or Netscape. While other browsers may
give satisfactory results, your instructors and tutors do not have time to correct errors in
your WeBWorK records that could be attributed to idiosyncracies in another browser.
Information about browsers supported by WebCT may be obtained at
http://ww2.mcgill.ca/icc/webct/browserCheck/browser.html#recommend
F.1.11 What do I have to do on WeBWorK?

After you sign on to WeBWorK, and click on “Begin Problem Sets”, you will see a
list of Assignments, each with a due date. Assignment 0 is there to help you with your
review of prerequisites, and your performance on this assignment will not affect your
grade. It is planned to have 5 assignments, ##1–5, for which you will be expected to
submit solutions; it is possible that there will be other optional assignments as well.
It is suggested that you first arrange to print out a copy of Assignment 0 by clicking
on “Get hard copy”. This is your version of the assignment, and it will differ from the
assignments of other students in the course. You should spend some time working on the
assignment away from the computer. When you are ready to submit your solutions, sign
on again, and again select Assignment 0. This time click on “Do problem set”. You can
expect to become more comfortable with the system as you attempt several problems;
but, in the beginning, there are likely to be situations where you cannot understand what
the system finds wrong with some of your answers. It is useful to click on the “Preview
Answers” button to see how the system interprets an answer that you have typed in. As
the problems become more difficult, you may have to refer to the “Help” page, and also
to the “List of functions” which appears on the page listing the problems. Don’t submit
an answer until you are happy with the interpretation that the “Preview” button shows
that the system will be taking of your answer. In Assignment 023 you have unlimited
“free” tries at each of the problems.
F.1.12 Where should I go if I have difficulties with WeBWorK?

If you have difficulties signing on to WeBWorK, or with the viewing or printing func-
tions on WeBWorK, or with the specific problems on your version of an assignment,
you may send an e-mail distress message directly from WeBWorK by clicking on the
FEEDBACK button. You may also report the problem to your instructor and/or your
23
which does not count, anyhow
tutor, but the fastest way of resolving your difficulty is the FEEDBACK . Please give as
much information as you can. (All of the instructors and tutors are able to view from
within WeBWorK the answers that you have submitted to questions.)
If your problem is mathematical, and you need help in solving a problem, you should
consult one of the tutors at their office hours; you may go to any tutor’s office hours, not
only to the hours of the tutor of the section in which you are registered.
F.1.13 Can the WeBWorK system ever break down or degrade?

Like all computer systems, WeBWorK can experience technical problems. The systems
manager is continually monitoring its performance. If you experience a difficulty when
online, please click on the FEEDBACK button and report it. If that option is not
available to you, please communicate with either instructor by e-mail.
If you leave your WeBWorK assignment until the hours close to the due time on
the due date, you should not be surprised if the system is slow to respond. This is
not a malfunction, but is simply a reflection of the fact that other students have also
been procrastinating! To benefit from the speed that the system can deliver under normal
conditions, do not delay your WeBWorK until the last possible day! If a systems failure
interferes with the due date of an assignment, arrangements will be made to change that
date, and an e-mail message will be broadcast to all users (to the e-mail addresses on
record).24
F.1.14 How many attempts may I make to solve a particular problem on

WeBWorK?
For the first assignment the number of attempts will not be limited. However, for
Assignments ##2–5 there could be a maximum number of attempts. This information
will be given at the top of the assignments.
F.1.15 Will all WeBWorK assignments have the same length? ...same value?
The numbers of problems on the various assignments may not be the same, and the
individual problems may vary in difficulty. But the assignments will count equally in the
15% of the final grade allocated to WeBWorK.
24
But slowness in the system just before the due time will not normally be considered a systems
failure.

G References
[1] J. Stewart, Single Variable Calculus (Early Transcendentals), Fourth Edition.
Brooks/Cole (1999). ISBN 0-534-35563-3.
[2] J. Stewart, Calculus (Early Transcendentals), Fourth Edition. Brooks/Cole (1999).

ISBN 0-534-36298-2.
[3] D. Anderson, J. A. Cole, D. Drucker, Student Solutions Manual for Stewart’s

Single Variable Calculus (Early Transcendentals), Fourth Edition. Brooks/Cole
(1999). ISBN 0-534-36301-6.
[4] J. Stewart, Single Variable Calculus (Early Transcendentals), Fourth Edition.

Brooks/Cole (1999); bundled with D. Anderson, J. A. Cole, D. Drucker, Student
Solutions Manual for Stewart’s Single Variable Calculus (Early Transcendentals),
Fourth Edition. Brooks/Cole (1999). ISBN 0-534-75888-6.
[5] J. Stewart, Calculus (Early Transcendentals), Fourth Edition. Brooks/Cole (1999);

bundled with D. Anderson, J. A. Cole, D. Drucker, Student Solutions Manual
for Stewart’s Single Variable Calculus (Early Transcendentals), Fourth Edition.
Brooks/Cole (1999). ISBN 0-534-75744-8.
[6] R. St. Andre, Study Guide for Stewart’s Single Variable Calculus (Early Transcen-
dentals), Fourth Edition. Brooks/Cole (1999). ISBN 0-534-36820-4.
[7] C. H. Edwards, Jr., and D. E. Penney, Calculus with Analytic Geometry, Early
Transcendentals Version, Fifth Edition. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ (1997).
ISBN 0-13-793076-3.
[8] C. H. Edwards, Jr., and D. E. Penney, Student Solutions Manual for Calculus with
Analytic Geometry, Early Transcendentals Version, Fifth Edition. Prentice Hall,
Englewood Cliffs, NJ (1997). ISBN 0-13-079875-4.
[9] C. H. Edwards, Jr., and D. E. Penney, Single Variable Calculus with Analytic
Geometry, Early Transcendentals Version, Fifth Edition. Prentice Hall, Englewood
Cliffs, NJ (1997). ISBN 0-13-793092-5.
[10] C. H. Edwards, Jr., and D. E. Penney, Student Solutions Manual for Single Variable
Calculus with Analytic Geometry, Early Transcendentals Version, Fifth Edition.
Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ (1997). ISBN 0-13-095247-1.
[11] G. H. Hardy, A Course of Pure Mathematics, 10th edition. Cambridge University

Press (1967).
[12] McGill Undergraduate Programs Calendar 2002/2003. Also accessible at

http://www.mcgill.ca/courses/#UGRAD .

Math140 2002-03

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Math140 2002-03

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

McGILL UNIVERSITY

MATH 140 2002 09

Information for Students

Contents C Assignments from Previous Years 3001

D.2.1 Fourth 2000/2001 Tuto- F.1.6 May I assume that the

H.1 “Information for students in MATH

1.1 Instructors and Times

INSTRUCTOR: Prof. W. G. Brown Prof. A. Hundemer

Table 1: Instructors and Times

1.2 Calendar Description

UPDATED TO December 1, 2002

1.3 Tutorials; Tutors’ Coordinates (subject to change)

1.4 Evaluation of Your Progress

• Five WeBWorK homework assignments (cf. §1.4.2) — counting for 15%.

• Quizzes given at the tutorials — counting for either 15% or 0%.

• The final examination — counting for either 70% or 85%.

Where a student’s performance on the final examination is superior to her performance

UPDATED TO December 1, 2002

# Day Begins Ends Room Tutor

Table 2: Schedule and Locations of Tutorials, as of December 1, 2002 (subject to change)

Tutor E-mail address Office Office Hours

Table 3: Tutors’ Coordinates, as of December 1, 2002

UPDATED TO December 1, 2002

1.4.2 WeBWorK Assignments.

1.4.3 Quizzes at the Tutorials

UPDATED TO December 1, 2002

1.4.4 Final Examination

1.4.5 Supplemental Assessments

There is No Additional Work Option. “Will students with marks of D, F, or J

UPDATED TO December 1, 2002

1.4.6 Machine Scoring

You are also referred to the following URL:

1.5 Published Materials

1.5.2 Optional Reference Books

UPDATED TO December 1, 2002

but other features of WebCT8 have not yet been implemented.

UPDATED TO December 1, 2002

Chapter 4: Applications of Differentiation. In §4.5 you may skip the discussion of

Appendix A: Intervals, Inequalities, and Absolute Values. (see information for

Appendix B: Coordinate Geometry and Lines.

Appendix C: Graphs of Second-Degree Equations. Some of the material in [1,

Appendix D: Trigonometry. You are assumed to be familiar with the material on

UPDATED TO December 1, 2002

1.7 Preparation and Workload

UPDATED TO December 1, 2002

1.7.4 Escape Routes

UPDATED TO December 1, 2002

(This page has intentionally been left blank.)

A Information Specifically for Students in Section

n = #nth quiz planned for the tutorials this week

UPDATED TO December 1, 2002

MONDAY WEDNESDAY FRIDAY

n = #nth quiz planned for the tutorials this week

UPDATED TO December 1, 2002

A.2 Correction of an error in the sketch of a graph

Case I — large positive x: When x > 324 75

Case II — large negative x: Let’s assume at first that x < 324 75

the graph is where x = − 31

A.3 A limit problem

a = lim a limit of constant

A.4 Working with ∞ and −∞

Since a − b is a constant, its limit is a − b. As x → 0, 1 − x2 → 1 − 0 = 1 by the continuity

and hence that µ ¶