Ocean Climatology

PIM 20193136

Atmosphere and Climate

23 August 2021
 Capaian Pembelajaran Lulusan Program Studi (CPL Prodi)

➢ P2: Mampu menjelaskan permasalahan dalam pengelolaan sistem

perikanan melalui pendekatan ilmiah, meliputi identifikasi
masalah, pengumpulan dan analisis data, penyimpulan dan
alternatif pemecahan masalah

➢ KK4: Mampu menilai kualitas lingkungan perairan melalui

pengumpulan data (biotik, abiotik) dan informasi dengan
memanfaatkan IPTEKS (SIG, SCUBA) untuk pengelolaan
sumberdaya perikanan dan kelautan yang berkelanjutan.
 Capaian Pembelajaran Mata Kuliah (CPMK)

➢ CPMK 1:
Menjelaskan ruang lingkup klimatologi laut dan tipe
iklim

➢ CPMK 2:
Menjelaskan keterkaitan klimatologi laut dengan
distribusi dan kelimpahan sumber daya ikan
stratosphere

troposphere
Content
1. Introduction to ocean climatology.
2. Energy and heat budgets.
3. Weather and climate.
4. Humidity and precipitation.
5. Atmospheric circulation.
6. Monsoon dynamics.
7. El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO).
8. Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD).
9. Global climate change.
10. Applied climatology.
11. Climate’s local wisdom “pranata mangsa”.
12. Climate engineering.
 Stratospheric Ozone Layer
• Maximum ozone (O3) between 20 and 30 km.
• Protects the surface from harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation
• Ozone is produced photochemically
• Simplified photochemical reaction for ozone:
UV +O2 O +O
O2 + O + M O3 + M
O3 + UV O2 + O
• M is some catalyst molecule. This reaction produces heat at UV is
absorbed . Warms stratosphere.
 Ozone Destruction
• Later is the class we will talk about the destruction of the ozone layer
• Problems caused by chemicals such as chloroflurocarbons (e.g., Freon,
refrigerants)
• Produced the ozone hole.
• Now being repaired by restrictions on chemical releases, but some new
issues.
 Introduction

https://www.internetgeography.net/topics/what-is-a-biome/
 Weather vs Climate
Weather
• The actual state of the atmosphere in a period of several hours up to a few
days (in a given place) (Gramelsberger & Feichter, 2011).

Climate
• A statistical description in terms of the mean and variability of relevant
quantities over a period ranging from months to thousands or millions of
years (IPCC).
• The classical period is 30 years, which are most often surface variables such
as temperature, precipitation, and wind. Climate in a wider sense is the
state, including a statistical description, of the climate system (World
Meteorological Organization (WMO)).
Characteristics of Weather and Climate

• Temperature
• Wind
• Clouds
• Precipitation
• Humidity
• Storms (cyclones)
 Weather
The study of weather is meteorology

Someone who studies weather is called a meteorologist

 Climate
⚫ Long-term behavior of atmosphere (100+ years)
⚫ Large geographic area

https://theconversation.com/ipcc-climate-report-profound-changes-are-underway-in-earths-oceans-and-ice-a-lead-author-explains-what-the-
warnings-mean-165588
 The climate is Always Changing, Always has Changed

1,000,000 year time scales

Plate tectonics

100,000 year time scales

Orbital variations and glacial periods

100-10 year time scales

Events like the Little Ice Age and
Medieval Warm Period

10-5 year time scales

El Niño – La Niña cycles

Other short-term cycles due to ocean

circulation
 Pressure and Density

• Gravitasi menarik gas ke

permukaan bumi.

• Besarnya gaya yang

diberikan pada suatu luas
permukaan disebut tekanan
udara.

• Densitas udara adalah

jumlah molekul udara dalam
ruang (volume) tertentu.
• Tekanan atmosfer menurun
dengan cepat dengan
ketinggian.

• Rata-rata berat udara

sekitar 14,7 psi.

• Tekanan udara bervariasi di

seluruh dunia.
https://learnweather.com/basic-weather/atmosphere-where-do-thunderstorms-live-mk/
Global Carbon Cycle
Carbon dioxide

•400 ppm and counting…

•Natural and anthropogenic sources/sinks
•Strong greenhouse gas (GHG)
The image shows the concentration
of CO2 in the atmosphere over a CO2 concentration after 50
years of unrestricted fossil
period of time if emissions continue fuel burning (600 ppm)

unaltered.

Present CO2
concentration (416 ppm)

300
CO2 (ppm)

270
240
210
180
800 600 400 200 0
Thousands of Years Before Present
https://www.co2.earth/carbon-in-the-ocean
https://serc.carleton.edu/details/images/174582.html
Introduction
Badjeck et al. (2010)
Billé et al. (2013); Gattuso et al. (2015)
 Factors That Affect Climate
◆ Latitude
• As latitude increases, the intensity of solar energy decreases.

• The tropical zone is between 23.5o north (the tropic of Cancer)

and 23.5o south (the tropic of Capricorn) of the equator. The
sun’s rays are most intense and the temperatures are always
warm.

• The temperate zones are between 23.5o and 66.5o north and
between 23.5o and 66.5o south of the equator. The sun’s rays
strike Earth at a smaller angle than near the equator.
 Factors That Affect Climate

◆ Elevation
• The higher the elevation is, the colder the climate.

◆ Topography
• Topographic features such as mountains play an
important role in the amount of precipitation that
falls over an area.
https://www.dtn.com/how-do-mountains-affect-precipitation/
 Factors That Affect Climate
◆ Water Bodies
Large bodies of water such as lakes and oceans have an
important effect on the temperature of an area because the
temperature of the water body
influences the temperature
of the air above it.
 Factors That Affect Climate
◆ Atmospheric Circulation
Global winds are another factor that influences climate because
they distribute heat and moisture around Earth.
 Factors That Affect Climate
◆ Vegetation
Vegetation can affect both temperature and the precipitation
patterns in an area.
https://scijinks.gov/climate-zones/
https://scijinks.gov/climate-zones/
A: Tropical. In this hot and humid zone, the average temperatures are greater
than 18°C year-round and there is more than 59 inches of precipitation each
year.

B: Dry. These climate zones are so dry because moisture is rapidly evaporated
from the air and there is very little precipitation.

C: Temperate. In this zone, there are typically warm and humid summers with
thunderstorms and mild winters.

D. Continental. These regions have warm to cool summers and very cold
winters. In the winter, this zone can experience snowstorms, strong winds, and
very cold temperatures—sometimes falling below -30°C.

E: Polar. In the polar climate zones, it’s extremely cold. Even in summer, the
temperatures here never go higher than 10°C.
THANK YOU