GENERAL BIOLOGY 2

QUARTER 3: WEEK 3 - MODULE 3

PATTERNS OF DESCENT WITH MODIFICATION

PRE-TEST

1. C

2. B

3. B

4. A

5. C

6. A

7. B

8. A

9. A

10. C

ACTIVITY 1.

WHAT CAN YOU SAY ABOUT THE PICTURES BELOW?

Picture 1:

Bird, (class Aves), any of the more than 10,400 living species unique in having feathers, the
major characteristic that distinguishes them from all other animals. A more-elaborate definition would
note that they are warm-blooded vertebrates more related to reptiles than to mammals and that they
have a four-chambered heart (as do mammals), forelimbs modified into wings (a trait shared with bats),
a hard-shelled egg, and keen vision, the major sense they rely on for information about the
environment. Their sense of smell is not highly developed, and auditory range is limited. Most birds are
diurnal in habit. More than 1,000 extinct species have been identified from fossil remains.

Picture 2:

Feline, (family Felidae), any of 37 cat species that among others include the cheetah, puma,
jaguar, leopard, lion, lynx, tiger, and domestic cat. Cats are native to almost every region on Earth, with
the exception of Australia and Antarctica. They are carnivorous mammals that live in a wide variety of
habitats, but they are typically woodland animals. Cats are noted for purring when content and for
snarling, howling, or spitting when in conflict with another of their kind. The so-called “big cats” (genus
Panthera), especially the lion, often roar, growl, or shriek.
Picture 3:

A fern is a member of a group of vascular plants that reproduce via spores and have neither seeds nor
flowers. They differ from mosses by being vascular, i.e., having specialized tissues that conduct water
and nutrients and in having life cycles in which the sporophyte is the dominant phase.

ACTIVITY 2.

1. GEOGRAPHIC ISOLATION

2. BEHAVIORAL ISOLATION

3. TEMPORAL ISOLATION

4. HIYBRID BREAKDOWN

5. TEMPORAL ISOLATION

6. SYMPATRIC SPECIATION

7. ALLOPATRIC SPECIATION

8. PARAPATRIC SPECIATION

EXPLORE

ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY 1.

1. The inability of species to breed successfully with related species due to sum barrier.

2. Overtime the species were separated due to different barriers and the species gradually change to fit
their environment.

3. Organisms A/B, C/D, and E/F are able to produce offspring.

4. The only pair that is the same species are organism A and B.

5. The pairs of organism that are not the same species cannot produce viable, fertile offspring.

6. No, horses and donkeys are different species because when they mate, their offspring are infertile.
This is the similar to the organism pair C/D in the image.

7. No, these two birds would not be classified as the same species because it is unlikely that they would
be able to mate due to the difference in their mating rituals
ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY 2.

MECHANISMS EXAMPLES
1. GEOGRAPHIC ISOLATION 1. A mountain range prevents two types of goat from
mating, causing the gene pool to become less
varied.
2. Cheetahs separated from a larger group mate with
each other, resulting in a less varied gene pool.
3. An earthquake causes two populations to become
separate from each other. Over time, each species
experiences genetic makeup specific only to its own
smaller, less diverse populations.
2. TEMPORAL OR SEASONAL 1. Leopard frogs and wood frogs reach sexual maturity
ISOLATION at different times in the spring and hence cannot
interbreed.
2. Two populations of plants may produce flowers in
different seasons, making mating between the
populations impossible.
3. One population might breed during the fall and
another during the spring.
3. BEHAVIORAL ISOLATION 1. Eastern and western meadowlark songs differ.
2. Different preferences in breeding calls, mating
dances, and pheromones.
3. Mating dances, the songs of males to attract females
or the mutual grooming of pairs.
4. MECHANICAL ISOLATION 1. Flowering plants that do not have the correct shape
for a pollinator will not receive a pollen transfer, and
will therefore not be fertilized.
2. If a female of one species of snail tries to mate with
the male of another species, their reproductive
organs won't match with one another and the two
species won't be able to mate.
3. Isolation that exists between white sage and black
sage. While the two species of sage share a
geographical range, the two species can't interbreed
because they rely on different pollinators.
5. GAMETIC ISOLATION 1. Sea urchins use a type of external fertilization called
broadcast spawning. They release their gametes into
the water and fertilization takes place outside of the
urchin's body.
2. Females just release their eggs into the water, in
what is known as broadcast spawning, while the
males follow with their sperm cells.
3. The sperm is unable to survive or will be less mobile
in the reproductive tract of a female from a different
species.

LESSON 2
DEVELOPMENT OF EVOLUTIONARY THOUGHT

ACTIVITY 1.

1. CHARLES LYELL: PRINCIPLES OF GEOLOGY

2. CHARLES DARWIN: THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES’

3. JAMES HUTTON: THEORY OF GRADUALISM

4. JEAN BAPTISTE DE LAMARCK: PRINCIPLE OF USE AND DISUSE

5. THOMAS MALTHUS: ESSAY ON THE PRINCIPLE OF POPULATION

EXPLORE

ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY 1

ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY 2
 1. TRUE
2. FALSE
3. FALSE
4. TRUE
5. TRUE
6. TRUE
7. FALSE
8. TRUE
9. FALSE
10. TRUE

DEEPEN

1.Erasmus Darwin - His main prose on the topic appears in the first volume of Zoonomia Erasmus Darwin
discusses the descent of life from a common ancestor, sexual selection, the analogy of artificial selection as a
means to understand descent with modification, and a basic concept of what we now refer to as homology. is
thoughts on the diversity of life and evolution also appear in the Loves of the Plants

2. Herbert Spencer is famous for his doctrine of social Darwinism, which asserted that the principles of
evolution, including natural selection, apply to human societies, social classes, and individuals as well as
to biological species developing over geologic time.

3. Thomas Henry Huxley proposed connections between the development of organisms and their
evolutionary histories, critiqued previously held concepts of homology, and promoted Charles Darwin's
theory of evolution. Many called him Darwin's Bulldog.

4. Theodosius Dobzhansky was an eminent Ukrainian-American geneticist and evolutionist. He played a

vital role in the development of evolutionary theory and genetics.

5. Georges Cuvier developed his theory of catastrophes. Accordingly, fossils show that animal and plant
species are destroyed time and again by deluges and other natural cataclysms, and that new
species evolve only after that.

6. Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon - Buffon discovered that animals of different species

could be crossbred, but the offspring were infertile: he therefore defined a species as a group of animals
that could produce fertile offspring.

7. August Friedrich Leopold Weismann studied how the traits of organisms developed and evolved in a

variety of organisms, mostly insects and aquatic animals, in Germany in the late nineteenth and early
twentieth centuries. Weismann proposed the theory of the continuity of germ-plasm, a theory of
heredity.

8. Sewall Wright - Wright formulated a mathematical theory of evolution, thereby showing how

frequencies of alleles and genotypes could change in response to evolutionary pressures such as natural
selection, mutation, and migration.
9. E. O. Wilson - American biologist recognized as the world's leading authority on ants. He was also
the foremost proponent of sociobiology, the study of the genetic basis of the social behaviour of all
animals, including humans.

10. George Gaylord Simpson - American paleontologist known for his contributions to
evolutionary theory and to the understanding of intercontinental migrations of animal species
in past geological times.

GAUGE

(KERI MO NANI DAY AHAHAHAHHAAH)