THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION

BIOLOGICAL THEORY - SALVANTE BONIFACIO

What is Biological Theory

•Biological theories of criminality basically purport that criminal behavior is the result of some flaw in
the biological makeup of the individual.
• Biological explanations of crime assume that some people are born criminals, who are physiologically
distinct from non-criminals. According to biological positivists the basic cause of crime is biological
inferiority, which is indicated by physical or genetic characteristics that distinguish criminals from
noncriminal. Biological theorists also advocate brain surgery, chemical treatment, improved diets, and
better mother and childcare.
a. Heredity
b. Neurotransmitter dysfunction
c. Brain abnormalities that were caused by either of the above, improper development, or trauma
(Raine, 2002)
A . Heredity
•The process by which traits, characteristics, and genetic information are passed from one generation to
the next. It is a fundamental concept in the field of genetics and plays a crucial role in understanding
how living organisms inherit their genetic material from their parents and how variations in traits are
transmitted within populations.
Example
•Genetic Material •Genes
•Inheritance •Alleles
B.Neurotransmitter dysfunction
•Neurotransmitter dysfunction refers to an abnormal or disrupted functioning of neurotransmitters in
the nervous system. Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that play a crucial role in transmitting
signals between nerve cells (neurons) in the brain and throughout the body. These chemicals are
essential for various physiological and cognitive functions, including mood regulation, memory, motor
control, and many others.
Examples
•Dopamine Problems •Serotonin Problems
•GABA Problems •Glutamate Problems
C .Brain abnormalities that were caused by either of the above, improper development, or trauma
(Raine, 2002)
•”Raine, 2002” suggests that you are referring to the work of Adrian Raine, a neurocriminologist known
for his research on the neurological and biological factors associated with criminal behavior and
violence. In his research, Raine has explored brain abnormalities that can be caused by various factors,
including improper development or trauma.
•Improper Development: Improper brain development can result from various factors, such as genetic
abnormalities, exposure to toxins during pregnancy, or early childhood malnutrition. These
developmental issues can lead to structural or functional abnormalities in the brain. For example, a
brain region may not develop properly, or there may be problems with how brain cells communicate.
•Trauma: Trauma, especially head injuries or severe physical trauma to the brain, can lead to significant
brain abnormalities. These injuries can cause damage to brain tissue and disrupt normal brain functions.
Trauma-related brain abnormalities can vary in severity, from mild concussions to severe traumatic
brain injuries (TBI), and they can have lasting effects on an individual’s cognitive and emotional
functioning.
CESARE LOMBROSO
•Born Criminals: Lombroso believed some individuals were born with physical traits that predisposed
them to criminal behavior, such as atavistic or primitive features.
•Physical Characteristics: He argued that certain physical features, like skull shape and facial
characteristics, could indicate a propensity for criminality.
•Criminal Anthropology: Lombroso’s work laid the foundation for the field of criminal anthropology,
which aimed to connect biological and anatomical factors to criminal behavior.
Atavistic Form
• Features of the thief: expressive face, manual dexterity, and small, wandering eyes.
• Features of the murderer: cold, glassy stares, bloodshot eyes, and big hawk-like nose.
•Features of sex offenders: thick lips and protruding ears.
• Features of women offenders: shorter and more wrinkled, darker hair and smaller skulls than ‘normal’
women.
Early Biological Theory REPORTERS QUIDES LEIKA & CAPISTRANO CEZAR
Early biological theories of crime drew influence from Darwin’s theory of evolution and natural
selection. Theories such as degeneration theory posited that people who used certain poisons — such as
alcohol and opium — acquired morally degenerate traits, and these traits could be passed on
biologically and socially to their offspring
●Main principle
Individuals commit criminal acts due to biological or genetic defects. Crime is a result of these
abnormalities, and not a choice made by the offender.
●Main concept of early biological theory of criminal behavior
These theories were criticized for their deterministic approach, implying that criminal behavior is solely
determined by biological factors and disregarding the influence of social and environmental factors
●Do early biological theories view criminal behavior as the result of a defect in the individual?
-Early biological theories view criminal behavior as the result of a defect in the individual. This defect can
be biological or genetic in nature, and serves to separate the criminal from the law-abiding citizen.
●An example of an early biological theory in criminology is Cesare Lombroso's theory of the "born
criminal." Lombroso, an Italian physician and criminologist, proposed that certain individuals were
biologically predisposed to criminal behavior based on specific physical characteristics.
Lombroso argued that individuals with features reminiscent of earlier stages of human evolution were
more likely to engage in criminal activities. He believed that characteristics such as a prominent jaw,
asymmetrical face, or particular skull shapes could identify the "born criminal." This theory suggested a
deterministic link between biology and criminality, implying that individuals with these physical traits
were destined to become criminals.
●While Lombroso's ideas were influential in shaping early criminological thought, subsequent research
and developments in the field have led to a more nuanced understanding of the complex interplay
between biological, psychological, and social factors in the etiology of criminal behavior.

CONCEPTS OF ATAVISM AND ITS COMPLICATIONS By Cesare Lombroso

RE[ORTERS - PATRON KENNETH & AGARIN ADRIAN

The term atavism is most commonly attributed to Cesare Lombroso’s work. Lombroso was an Italian
physician and criminologist who proposed the notion that criminal behavior was innate and only partly
caused by psychological and environmental conditions. In short, he believed that some people were
simply born criminal.
In social sciences, atavism is the tendency of reversion. For example, people in the modern era reverting
to the ways of thinking and acting of a former time. The word atavism is derived from the Latin
atavus—a great-great-great-grandfather or, more generally, an ancestor. Atavism is a theory in
criminology that explains criminal behavior as a result of the reemergence of primitive, genetically
inherited traits in individuals.
BIOLOGICAL THEORY OF ATAVISM

In biology, an atavism is a modification of a biological structure whereby an ancestral genetic trait

reappears after having been lost through evolutionary change in previous generations.
3 classes of criminals according to Lombroso
Lombroso classified criminals into four major categories:
1) born criminals or people with atavisticcharacteristics;
PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY (SIGMUND) ELEMENTS OF PERSONALITY
REPOTERS – DELA PUNTA MONSOUR & TAGOD CYRUS JAY

●What is psychodynamic theory?

Psychodynamic theories focus on the psychological drives and forces within individuals that explain
human behavior and personality. The theories originate from Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis, which
focused on the unconscious mind as the source of psychological distress and dysfunction.
●Psychodynamic theory sigmund freud
Freud believed human behavior could be explained by intrapsychic processes and interpersonal patterns
outside of a person's conscious awareness and based on their childhood experiences. A general
definition of psychodynamic theory is that forces outside of a person's awareness explain why they
behave a certain way.
●Elements of Personality
Unconscious.
Freud's theory of psychoanalysis assumes that much of mental life is unconscious, and that past
experiences, especially in early childhood, shape how a person .
Consciousness.
Sigmund Freud divided human consciousness into three levels of awareness: the conscious,
preconscious, and unconscious. Each of these levels corresponds to and ...
ID. Freud believed that early childhood experiences are filtered through the id, ego, and superego, and it
is the way an individual handles these experiences, both ...
Defense mechanisms.
To do that, the individual's unconscious mind uses ego defense mechanisms, unconscious protective
behaviors that aim to reduce anxiety.
Superego.
In contrast to the instinctual id and the rule-based superego, the ego is the rational part of our
personality.
EGO.
If the ego is able to adequately moderate between the demands of reality, the id, and the superego, a
healthy and well-adjusted personality emerges. Freud ...

PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES REPOTERS – ALVAREZ DAN & CABRILLAS MARIA FE

●What is a Theory in Psychology?
A psychological theory is an evidence-based idea that explains human thoughts, emotions, and
behaviors. There are two important components of any theory. It not only describes the behavior but
also predicts future behavior. There are five major perspectives in psychology. These are behavioral,
psychodynamic, humanistic, cognitive, and biological. These are also called the "grand theories" because
they address a very broad scope and attempt to understand human behavior as a whole, as opposed to
focusing on a narrow part or function of it.
●Types of psychological theories
1.Behavioral theory 2.Psychodynamic
3.Humanistic 4.Cognitive
1.Behavioral Theories
●Behavior theory was the dominant theory in the United States during the 1920s and 30s. It asserts that
individuals learn behavior through interactions with their environment. John B. Watson was the first to
publicize it. Ivan Pavlov discovered the connection between environmental stimuli and responses.
Ex. Classical conditioning
Pavlov had identified a fundamental associative learning process called classical conditioning. Classical
conditioning refers to learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus (e.g., a tone) becomes associated
with a stimulus (e.g., food) that naturally produces a behavior. After the association is learned, the
previously neutral stimulus is sufficient to produce the behavior.
2.Psychodynamic Theories
●Psychodynamic theories examine the unconscious concepts that shape our emotions, attitudes, and
personalities. Psychodynamic
approaches seek to understand the root causes of unconscious behavior.
These theories are strongly linked with Sigmund Freud and his followers. The psychodynamic approach
is seen in many Freudian claims—for instance, that our adult behaviors have their roots in our childhood
experiences and that the personality is made up of three parts: the Id, the ego, and the superego.
Ex. Freud's psychoanalytic theory
Sigmund Freud wrote the psychoanalytic theory. Psychologists often refer to this as the theory of
personality organization and dynamics of personality development. An individual may use
psychoanalytic theory as a guideline for understanding personality development and psychoanalysis. It
divides the human psyche into three primary factors:
Id: Unconscious foundation for aggressive and impulsive behaviors.
Ego: Subconscious standards of living.
Superego: Sense of self and mediation between imagination and reality.
3.Humanistic theories
Humanistic psychology is a perspective that emphasizes looking at the whole individual and stresses
concepts such as free will, self-efficacy, and self-actualization. Rather than concentrating on dysfunction,
humanistic psychology strives to help people fulfill their potential and maximize their well-being.
Ex. Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Abraham Maslow created the hierarchy of needs as a theory of motivation. This motivational theory is
often helpful in the workplace and many managers may implement it while developing motivational
strategies. The hierarchy of needs can assist employees with fostering job satisfaction and
understanding their potential. Maslow organized the hierarchy of needs into five categories:
Physiological needs: The basic needs for human survival, such as food and water.
Safety and security: The need to feel safe and comfortable in your environment.
Love and belonging: The need to feel a sense of belonging and value amongst peers.
Esteem: A need to feel a sense of purpose, or that you are contributing to a higher goal.
Self-actualization: The need to use and recognize your full potential.
4.Cognitive theories
Cognitive theories contend that human behavior begin with a person's thoughts. They study the areas of
perception, memory, categorization, knowledge representation, numerical cognition, language and
thinking. Cognitive theorist like Jean Plaget focused on attention, memory and perception. They
proposed that understanding the way people remember and process information will be the key to
understanding and predicting their behavior.
Ex. Piaget's cognitive development theory
Sensorimotor Birth to 18-24 months Object permanence
Preoperational 2 to 7 years old Symbolic thought
Concrete operational Ages 7 to 11 years Logical thought
Formal operational Adolescence to adulthood Scientific reasoning
Piaget’s 4 Stages of Cognitive Development
Although no stage can be missed out,
5.Biological theories
The biological perspective states that all thoughts, feeling & behavior ultimately have a biological cause.
It is one of the major perspectives in psychology and involves such things as studying the brain, genetics,
hormones, and the immune and nervous systems. Theorists in the biological perspective who study
behavioral genomics consider how genes affect behavior. Now that the human genome is mapped,
perhaps, we will someday understand more precisely how behavior is affected by the DNA we inherit.
Biological factors such as chromosomes, hormones and the brain all have a significant influence on
human behavior, for example, gender.
●What are the probes of the psychological theory?
1.Charles Goring (1870-1919) Findings:
a. There was a relationship between crime and flawed intelligence. Goring examined more than
3000 convicts in England.
b. Criminals are more likely to be insane, to be unintelligent, and to exhibit poor social behavior.
2 Gabriel Tarde (1843-1904) Findings:
a. Maintained that individuals learn from each other and ultimately imitate one another
b. Out of 100 individuals, only 1 was creative or inventive and remainder were prone to imitation
(Jacoby, 2004)

PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY (SIGMUND) ELEMENTS OF PERSONALITY

REPOTERS – DELA PUNTA MONSOUR & TAGOD CYRUS JAY

●What is psychodynamic theory?

Psychodynamic theories focus on the psychological drives and forces within individuals that explain
human behavior and personality. The theories originate from Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis, which
focused on the unconscious mind as the source of psychological distress and dysfunction.
●Psychodynamic theory sigmund freud
Freud believed human behavior could be explained by intrapsychic processes and interpersonal patterns
outside of a person's conscious awareness and based on their childhood experiences. A general
definition of psychodynamic theory is that forces outside of a person's awareness explain why they
behave a certain way.
●Elements of Personality
Unconscious.
Freud's theory of psychoanalysis assumes that much of mental life is unconscious, and that past
experiences, especially in early childhood, shape how a person .
Consciousness.
Sigmund Freud divided human consciousness into three levels of awareness: the conscious,
preconscious, and unconscious. Each of these levels corresponds to and ...
ID. Freud believed that early childhood experiences are filtered through the id, ego, and superego, and it
is the way an individual handles these experiences, both ...
Defense mechanisms.
To do that, the individual's unconscious mind uses ego defense mechanisms, unconscious protective
behaviors that aim to reduce anxiety.
Superego.
In contrast to the instinctual id and the rule-based superego, the ego is the rational part of our
personality.
EGO.
If the ego is able to adequately moderate between the demands of reality, the id, and the superego, a
healthy and well-adjusted personality emerges. Freud ...

PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES REPOTERS – ALVAREZ DAN & CABRILLAS MARIA FE

●What is a Theory in Psychology?
A psychological theory is an evidence-based idea that explains human thoughts, emotions, and
behaviors. There are two important components of any theory. It not only describes the behavior but
also predicts future behavior. There are five major perspectives in psychology. These are behavioral,
psychodynamic, humanistic, cognitive, and biological. These are also called the "grand theories" because
they address a very broad scope and attempt to understand human behavior as a whole, as opposed to
focusing on a narrow part or function of it.
●Types of psychological theories
1.Behavioral theory 2.Psychodynamic
3.Humanistic 4.Cognitive
1.Behavioral Theories
●Behavior theory was the dominant theory in the United States during the 1920s and 30s. It asserts that
individuals learn behavior through interactions with their environment. John B. Watson was the first to
publicize it. Ivan Pavlov discovered the connection between environmental stimuli and responses.
Ex. Classical conditioning
Pavlov had identified a fundamental associative learning process called classical conditioning. Classical
conditioning refers to learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus (e.g., a tone) becomes associated
with a stimulus (e.g., food) that naturally produces a behavior. After the association is learned, the
previously neutral stimulus is sufficient to produce the behavior.
2.Psychodynamic Theories
●Psychodynamic theories examine the unconscious concepts that shape our emotions, attitudes, and
personalities. Psychodynamic
approaches seek to understand the root causes of unconscious behavior.
These theories are strongly linked with Sigmund Freud and his followers. The psychodynamic approach
is seen in many Freudian claims—for instance, that our adult behaviors have their roots in our childhood
experiences and that the personality is made up of three parts: the Id, the ego, and the superego.
Ex. Freud's psychoanalytic theory
Sigmund Freud wrote the psychoanalytic theory. Psychologists often refer to this as the theory of
personality organization and dynamics of personality development. An individual may use
psychoanalytic theory as a guideline for understanding personality development and psychoanalysis. It
divides the human psyche into three primary factors:
Id: Unconscious foundation for aggressive and impulsive behaviors.
Ego: Subconscious standards of living.
Superego: Sense of self and mediation between imagination and reality.
3.Humanistic theories
Humanistic psychology is a perspective that emphasizes looking at the whole individual and stresses
concepts such as free will, self-efficacy, and self-actualization. Rather than concentrating on dysfunction,
humanistic psychology strives to help people fulfill their potential and maximize their well-being.
Ex. Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Abraham Maslow created the hierarchy of needs as a theory of motivation. This motivational theory is
often helpful in the workplace and many managers may implement it while developing motivational
strategies. The hierarchy of needs can assist employees with fostering job satisfaction and
understanding their potential. Maslow organized the hierarchy of needs into five categories:
Physiological needs: The basic needs for human survival, such as food and water.
Safety and security: The need to feel safe and comfortable in your environment.
Love and belonging: The need to feel a sense of belonging and value amongst peers.
Esteem: A need to feel a sense of purpose, or that you are contributing to a higher goal.
Self-actualization: The need to use and recognize your full potential.
4.Cognitive theories
Cognitive theories contend that human behavior begin with a person's thoughts. They study the areas of
perception, memory, categorization, knowledge representation, numerical cognition, language and
thinking. Cognitive theorist like Jean Plaget focused on attention, memory and perception. They
proposed that understanding the way people remember and process information will be the key to
understanding and predicting their behavior.
Ex. Piaget's cognitive development theory
Sensorimotor Birth to 18-24 months Object permanence
Preoperational 2 to 7 years old Symbolic thought
Concrete operational Ages 7 to 11 years Logical thought
Formal operational Adolescence to adulthood Scientific reasoning
Piaget’s 4 Stages of Cognitive Development
Although no stage can be missed out,
5.Biological theories
The biological perspective states that all thoughts, feeling & behavior ultimately have a biological cause.
It is one of the major perspectives in psychology and involves such things as studying the brain, genetics,
hormones, and the immune and nervous systems. Theorists in the biological perspective who study
behavioral genomics consider how genes affect behavior. Now that the human genome is mapped,
perhaps, we will someday understand more precisely how behavior is affected by the DNA we inherit.
Biological factors such as chromosomes, hormones and the brain all have a significant influence on
human behavior, for example, gender.
●What are the probes of the psychological theory?
1.Charles Goring (1870-1919) Findings:
a. There was a relationship between crime and flawed intelligence. Goring examined more than
3000 convicts in England.
b. Criminals are more likely to be insane, to be unintelligent, and to exhibit poor social behavior.
2 Gabriel Tarde (1843-1904) Findings:
a. Maintained that individuals learn from each other and ultimately imitate one another
b. Out of 100 individuals, only 1 was creative or inventive and remainder were prone to imitation
(Jacoby, 2004)

PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY (SIGMUND) ELEMENTS OF PERSONALITY

REPOTERS – DELA PUNTA MONSOUR & TAGOD CYRUS JAY

●What is psychodynamic theory?

Psychodynamic theories focus on the psychological drives and forces within individuals that explain
human behavior and personality. The theories originate from Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis, which
focused on the unconscious mind as the source of psychological distress and dysfunction.
●Psychodynamic theory sigmund freud
Freud believed human behavior could be explained by intrapsychic processes and interpersonal patterns
outside of a person's conscious awareness and based on their childhood experiences. A general
definition of psychodynamic theory is that forces outside of a person's awareness explain why they
behave a certain way.
●Elements of Personality
Unconscious.
Freud's theory of psychoanalysis assumes that much of mental life is unconscious, and that past
experiences, especially in early childhood, shape how a person .
Consciousness.
Sigmund Freud divided human consciousness into three levels of awareness: the conscious,
preconscious, and unconscious. Each of these levels corresponds to and ...
ID. Freud believed that early childhood experiences are filtered through the id, ego, and superego, and it
is the way an individual handles these experiences, both ...
Defense mechanisms.
To do that, the individual's unconscious mind uses ego defense mechanisms, unconscious protective
behaviors that aim to reduce anxiety.
Superego.
In contrast to the instinctual id and the rule-based superego, the ego is the rational part of our
personality.
EGO.
If the ego is able to adequately moderate between the demands of reality, the id, and the superego, a
healthy and well-adjusted personality emerges. Freud ...

PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES REPOTERS – ALVAREZ DAN & CABRILLAS MARIA FE

●What is a Theory in Psychology?
A psychological theory is an evidence-based idea that explains human thoughts, emotions, and
behaviors. There are two important components of any theory. It not only describes the behavior but
also predicts future behavior. There are five major perspectives in psychology. These are behavioral,
psychodynamic, humanistic, cognitive, and biological. These are also called the "grand theories" because
they address a very broad scope and attempt to understand human behavior as a whole, as opposed to
focusing on a narrow part or function of it.
●Types of psychological theories
1.Behavioral theory 2.Psychodynamic
3.Humanistic 4.Cognitive
1.Behavioral Theories
●Behavior theory was the dominant theory in the United States during the 1920s and 30s. It asserts that
individuals learn behavior through interactions with their environment. John B. Watson was the first to
publicize it. Ivan Pavlov discovered the connection between environmental stimuli and responses.
Ex. Classical conditioning
Pavlov had identified a fundamental associative learning process called classical conditioning. Classical
conditioning refers to learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus (e.g., a tone) becomes associated
with a stimulus (e.g., food) that naturally produces a behavior. After the association is learned, the
previously neutral stimulus is sufficient to produce the behavior.
2.Psychodynamic Theories
●Psychodynamic theories examine the unconscious concepts that shape our emotions, attitudes, and
personalities. Psychodynamic
approaches seek to understand the root causes of unconscious behavior.
These theories are strongly linked with Sigmund Freud and his followers. The psychodynamic approach
is seen in many Freudian claims—for instance, that our adult behaviors have their roots in our childhood
experiences and that the personality is made up of three parts: the Id, the ego, and the superego.
Ex. Freud's psychoanalytic theory
Sigmund Freud wrote the psychoanalytic theory. Psychologists often refer to this as the theory of
personality organization and dynamics of personality development. An individual may use
psychoanalytic theory as a guideline for understanding personality development and psychoanalysis. It
divides the human psyche into three primary factors:
Id: Unconscious foundation for aggressive and impulsive behaviors.
Ego: Subconscious standards of living.
Superego: Sense of self and mediation between imagination and reality.
3.Humanistic theories
Humanistic psychology is a perspective that emphasizes looking at the whole individual and stresses
concepts such as free will, self-efficacy, and self-actualization. Rather than concentrating on dysfunction,
humanistic psychology strives to help people fulfill their potential and maximize their well-being.
Ex. Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Abraham Maslow created the hierarchy of needs as a theory of motivation. This motivational theory is
often helpful in the workplace and many managers may implement it while developing motivational
strategies. The hierarchy of needs can assist employees with fostering job satisfaction and
understanding their potential. Maslow organized the hierarchy of needs into five categories:
Physiological needs: The basic needs for human survival, such as food and water.
Safety and security: The need to feel safe and comfortable in your environment.
Love and belonging: The need to feel a sense of belonging and value amongst peers.
Esteem: A need to feel a sense of purpose, or that you are contributing to a higher goal.
Self-actualization: The need to use and recognize your full potential.
4.Cognitive theories
Cognitive theories contend that human behavior begin with a person's thoughts. They study the areas of
perception, memory, categorization, knowledge representation, numerical cognition, language and
thinking. Cognitive theorist like Jean Plaget focused on attention, memory and perception. They
proposed that understanding the way people remember and process information will be the key to
understanding and predicting their behavior.
Ex. Piaget's cognitive development theory
Sensorimotor Birth to 18-24 months Object permanence
Preoperational 2 to 7 years old Symbolic thought
Concrete operational Ages 7 to 11 years Logical thought
Formal operational Adolescence to adulthood Scientific reasoning
Piaget’s 4 Stages of Cognitive Development
Although no stage can be missed out,
5.Biological theories
The biological perspective states that all thoughts, feeling & behavior ultimately have a biological cause.
It is one of the major perspectives in psychology and involves such things as studying the brain, genetics,
hormones, and the immune and nervous systems. Theorists in the biological perspective who study
behavioral genomics consider how genes affect behavior. Now that the human genome is mapped,
perhaps, we will someday understand more precisely how behavior is affected by the DNA we inherit.
Biological factors such as chromosomes, hormones and the brain all have a significant influence on
human behavior, for example, gender.
●What are the probes of the psychological theory?
1.Charles Goring (1870-1919) Findings:
a. There was a relationship between crime and flawed intelligence. Goring examined more than
3000 convicts in England.
b. Criminals are more likely to be insane, to be unintelligent, and to exhibit poor social behavior.
2 Gabriel Tarde (1843-1904) Findings:
a. Maintained that individuals learn from each other and ultimately imitate one another
b. Out of 100 individuals, only 1 was creative or inventive and remainder were prone to imitation
(Jacoby, 2004)

PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY (SIGMUND) ELEMENTS OF PERSONALITY

REPOTERS – DELA PUNTA MONSOUR & TAGOD CYRUS JAY

●What is psychodynamic theory?

Psychodynamic theories focus on the psychological drives and forces within individuals that explain
human behavior and personality. The theories originate from Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis, which
focused on the unconscious mind as the source of psychological distress and dysfunction.
●Psychodynamic theory sigmund freud
Freud believed human behavior could be explained by intrapsychic processes and interpersonal patterns
outside of a person's conscious awareness and based on their childhood experiences. A general
definition of psychodynamic theory is that forces outside of a person's awareness explain why they
behave a certain way.
●Elements of Personality
Unconscious.
Freud's theory of psychoanalysis assumes that much of mental life is unconscious, and that past
experiences, especially in early childhood, shape how a person .
Consciousness.
Sigmund Freud divided human consciousness into three levels of awareness: the conscious,
preconscious, and unconscious. Each of these levels corresponds to and ...
ID. Freud believed that early childhood experiences are filtered through the id, ego, and superego, and it
is the way an individual handles these experiences, both ...
Defense mechanisms.
To do that, the individual's unconscious mind uses ego defense mechanisms, unconscious protective
behaviors that aim to reduce anxiety.
Superego.
In contrast to the instinctual id and the rule-based superego, the ego is the rational part of our
personality.
EGO.
If the ego is able to adequately moderate between the demands of reality, the id, and the superego, a
healthy and well-adjusted personality emerges. Freud ...
PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES REPOTERS – ALVAREZ DAN & CABRILLAS MARIA FE
●What is a Theory in Psychology?
A psychological theory is an evidence-based idea that explains human thoughts, emotions, and
behaviors. There are two important components of any theory. It not only describes the behavior but
also predicts future behavior. There are five major perspectives in psychology. These are behavioral,
psychodynamic, humanistic, cognitive, and biological. These are also called the "grand theories" because
they address a very broad scope and attempt to understand human behavior as a whole, as opposed to
focusing on a narrow part or function of it.
●Types of psychological theories
1.Behavioral theory 2.Psychodynamic
3.Humanistic 4.Cognitive
1.Behavioral Theories
●Behavior theory was the dominant theory in the United States during the 1920s and 30s. It asserts that
individuals learn behavior through interactions with their environment. John B. Watson was the first to
publicize it. Ivan Pavlov discovered the connection between environmental stimuli and responses.
Ex. Classical conditioning
Pavlov had identified a fundamental associative learning process called classical conditioning. Classical
conditioning refers to learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus (e.g., a tone) becomes associated
with a stimulus (e.g., food) that naturally produces a behavior. After the association is learned, the
previously neutral stimulus is sufficient to produce the behavior.
2.Psychodynamic Theories
●Psychodynamic theories examine the unconscious concepts that shape our emotions, attitudes, and
personalities. Psychodynamic
approaches seek to understand the root causes of unconscious behavior.
These theories are strongly linked with Sigmund Freud and his followers. The psychodynamic approach
is seen in many Freudian claims—for instance, that our adult behaviors have their roots in our childhood
experiences and that the personality is made up of three parts: the Id, the ego, and the superego.
Ex. Freud's psychoanalytic theory
Sigmund Freud wrote the psychoanalytic theory. Psychologists often refer to this as the theory of
personality organization and dynamics of personality development. An individual may use
psychoanalytic theory as a guideline for understanding personality development and psychoanalysis. It
divides the human psyche into three primary factors:
Id: Unconscious foundation for aggressive and impulsive behaviors.
Ego: Subconscious standards of living.
Superego: Sense of self and mediation between imagination and reality.
3.Humanistic theories
Humanistic psychology is a perspective that emphasizes looking at the whole individual and stresses
concepts such as free will, self-efficacy, and self-actualization. Rather than concentrating on dysfunction,
humanistic psychology strives to help people fulfill their potential and maximize their well-being.
Ex. Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Abraham Maslow created the hierarchy of needs as a theory of motivation. This motivational theory is
often helpful in the workplace and many managers may implement it while developing motivational
strategies. The hierarchy of needs can assist employees with fostering job satisfaction and
understanding their potential. Maslow organized the hierarchy of needs into five categories:
Physiological needs: The basic needs for human survival, such as food and water.
Safety and security: The need to feel safe and comfortable in your environment.
Love and belonging: The need to feel a sense of belonging and value amongst peers.
Esteem: A need to feel a sense of purpose, or that you are contributing to a higher goal.
Self-actualization: The need to use and recognize your full potential.
4.Cognitive theories
Cognitive theories contend that human behavior begin with a person's thoughts. They study the areas of
perception, memory, categorization, knowledge representation, numerical cognition, language and
thinking. Cognitive theorist like Jean Plaget focused on attention, memory and perception. They
proposed that understanding the way people remember and process information will be the key to
understanding and predicting their behavior.
Ex. Piaget's cognitive development theory
Sensorimotor Birth to 18-24 months Object permanence
Preoperational 2 to 7 years old Symbolic thought
Concrete operational Ages 7 to 11 years Logical thought
Formal operational Adolescence to adulthood Scientific reasoning
Piaget’s 4 Stages of Cognitive Development
Although no stage can be missed out,
5.Biological theories
The biological perspective states that all thoughts, feeling & behavior ultimately have a biological cause.
It is one of the major perspectives in psychology and involves such things as studying the brain, genetics,
hormones, and the immune and nervous systems. Theorists in the biological perspective who study
behavioral genomics consider how genes affect behavior. Now that the human genome is mapped,
perhaps, we will someday understand more precisely how behavior is affected by the DNA we inherit.
Biological factors such as chromosomes, hormones and the brain all have a significant influence on
human behavior, for example, gender.
●What are the probes of the psychological theory?
1.Charles Goring (1870-1919) Findings:
a. There was a relationship between crime and flawed intelligence. Goring examined more than
3000 convicts in England.
b. Criminals are more likely to be insane, to be unintelligent, and to exhibit poor social behavior.
2 Gabriel Tarde (1843-1904) Findings:
a. Maintained that individuals learn from each other and ultimately imitate one another
b. Out of 100 individuals, only 1 was creative or inventive and remainder were prone to imitation
(Jacoby, 2004)

PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY (SIGMUND) ELEMENTS OF PERSONALITY

REPOTERS – DELA PUNTA MONSOUR & TAGOD CYRUS JAY

●What is psychodynamic theory?

Psychodynamic theories focus on the psychological drives and forces within individuals that explain
human behavior and personality. The theories originate from Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis, which
focused on the unconscious mind as the source of psychological distress and dysfunction.
●Psychodynamic theory sigmund freud
Freud believed human behavior could be explained by intrapsychic processes and interpersonal patterns
outside of a person's conscious awareness and based on their childhood experiences. A general
definition of psychodynamic theory is that forces outside of a person's awareness explain why they
behave a certain way.
●Elements of Personality
Unconscious.
Freud's theory of psychoanalysis assumes that much of mental life is unconscious, and that past
experiences, especially in early childhood, shape how a person .
Consciousness.
Sigmund Freud divided human consciousness into three levels of awareness: the conscious,
preconscious, and unconscious. Each of these levels corresponds to and ...
ID. Freud believed that early childhood experiences are filtered through the id, ego, and superego, and it
is the way an individual handles these experiences, both ...
Defense mechanisms.
To do that, the individual's unconscious mind uses ego defense mechanisms, unconscious protective
behaviors that aim to reduce anxiety.
Superego.
In contrast to the instinctual id and the rule-based superego, the ego is the rational part of our
personality.
EGO.
If the ego is able to adequately moderate between the demands of reality, the id, and the superego, a
healthy and well-adjusted personality emerges. Freud ...

PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES REPOTERS – ALVAREZ DAN & CABRILLAS MARIA FE

●What is a Theory in Psychology?
A psychological theory is an evidence-based idea that explains human thoughts, emotions, and
behaviors. There are two important components of any theory. It not only describes the behavior but
also predicts future behavior. There are five major perspectives in psychology. These are behavioral,
psychodynamic, humanistic, cognitive, and biological. These are also called the "grand theories" because
they address a very broad scope and attempt to understand human behavior as a whole, as opposed to
focusing on a narrow part or function of it.
●Types of psychological theories
1.Behavioral theory 2.Psychodynamic
3.Humanistic 4.Cognitive
1.Behavioral Theories
●Behavior theory was the dominant theory in the United States during the 1920s and 30s. It asserts that
individuals learn behavior through interactions with their environment. John B. Watson was the first to
publicize it. Ivan Pavlov discovered the connection between environmental stimuli and responses.
Ex. Classical conditioning
Pavlov had identified a fundamental associative learning process called classical conditioning. Classical
conditioning refers to learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus (e.g., a tone) becomes associated
with a stimulus (e.g., food) that naturally produces a behavior. After the association is learned, the
previously neutral stimulus is sufficient to produce the behavior.
2.Psychodynamic Theories
●Psychodynamic theories examine the unconscious concepts that shape our emotions, attitudes, and
personalities. Psychodynamic
approaches seek to understand the root causes of unconscious behavior.
These theories are strongly linked with Sigmund Freud and his followers. The psychodynamic approach
is seen in many Freudian claims—for instance, that our adult behaviors have their roots in our childhood
experiences and that the personality is made up of three parts: the Id, the ego, and the superego.
Ex. Freud's psychoanalytic theory
Sigmund Freud wrote the psychoanalytic theory. Psychologists often refer to this as the theory of
personality organization and dynamics of personality development. An individual may use
psychoanalytic theory as a guideline for understanding personality development and psychoanalysis. It
divides the human psyche into three primary factors:
Id: Unconscious foundation for aggressive and impulsive behaviors.
Ego: Subconscious standards of living.
Superego: Sense of self and mediation between imagination and reality.
3.Humanistic theories
Humanistic psychology is a perspective that emphasizes looking at the whole individual and stresses
concepts such as free will, self-efficacy, and self-actualization. Rather than concentrating on dysfunction,
humanistic psychology strives to help people fulfill their potential and maximize their well-being.
Ex. Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Abraham Maslow created the hierarchy of needs as a theory of motivation. This motivational theory is
often helpful in the workplace and many managers may implement it while developing motivational
strategies. The hierarchy of needs can assist employees with fostering job satisfaction and
understanding their potential. Maslow organized the hierarchy of needs into five categories:
Physiological needs: The basic needs for human survival, such as food and water.
Safety and security: The need to feel safe and comfortable in your environment.
Love and belonging: The need to feel a sense of belonging and value amongst peers.
Esteem: A need to feel a sense of purpose, or that you are contributing to a higher goal.
Self-actualization: The need to use and recognize your full potential.
4.Cognitive theories
Cognitive theories contend that human behavior begin with a person's thoughts. They study the areas of
perception, memory, categorization, knowledge representation, numerical cognition, language and
thinking. Cognitive theorist like Jean Plaget focused on attention, memory and perception. They
proposed that understanding the way people remember and process information will be the key to
understanding and predicting their behavior.
Ex. Piaget's cognitive development theory
Sensorimotor Birth to 18-24 months Object permanence
Preoperational 2 to 7 years old Symbolic thought
Concrete operational Ages 7 to 11 years Logical thought
Formal operational Adolescence to adulthood Scientific reasoning
Piaget’s 4 Stages of Cognitive Development
Although no stage can be missed out,
5.Biological theories
The biological perspective states that all thoughts, feeling & behavior ultimately have a biological cause.
It is one of the major perspectives in psychology and involves such things as studying the brain, genetics,
hormones, and the immune and nervous systems. Theorists in the biological perspective who study
behavioral genomics consider how genes affect behavior. Now that the human genome is mapped,
perhaps, we will someday understand more precisely how behavior is affected by the DNA we inherit.
Biological factors such as chromosomes, hormones and the brain all have a significant influence on
human behavior, for example, gender.
●What are the probes of the psychological theory?
1.Charles Goring (1870-1919) Findings:
a. There was a relationship between crime and flawed intelligence. Goring examined more than
3000 convicts in England.
b. Criminals are more likely to be insane, to be unintelligent, and to exhibit poor social behavior.
2 Gabriel Tarde (1843-1904) Findings:
a. Maintained that individuals learn from each other and ultimately imitate one another
b. Out of 100 individuals, only 1 was creative or inventive and remainder were prone to imitation
(Jacoby, 2004)

PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY (SIGMUND) ELEMENTS OF PERSONALITY

REPOTERS – DELA PUNTA MONSOUR & TAGOD CYRUS JAY

●What is psychodynamic theory?

Psychodynamic theories focus on the psychological drives and forces within individuals that explain
human behavior and personality. The theories originate from Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis, which
focused on the unconscious mind as the source of psychological distress and dysfunction.
●Psychodynamic theory sigmund freud
Freud believed human behavior could be explained by intrapsychic processes and interpersonal patterns
outside of a person's conscious awareness and based on their childhood experiences. A general
definition of psychodynamic theory is that forces outside of a person's awareness explain why they
behave a certain way.
●Elements of Personality
Unconscious.
Freud's theory of psychoanalysis assumes that much of mental life is unconscious, and that past
experiences, especially in early childhood, shape how a person .
Consciousness.
Sigmund Freud divided human consciousness into three levels of awareness: the conscious,
preconscious, and unconscious. Each of these levels corresponds to and ...
ID. Freud believed that early childhood experiences are filtered through the id, ego, and superego, and it
is the way an individual handles these experiences, both ...
Defense mechanisms.
To do that, the individual's unconscious mind uses ego defense mechanisms, unconscious protective
behaviors that aim to reduce anxiety.
Superego.
In contrast to the instinctual id and the rule-based superego, the ego is the rational part of our
personality.
EGO.
If the ego is able to adequately moderate between the demands of reality, the id, and the superego, a
healthy and well-adjusted personality emerges. Freud ...

PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES REPOTERS – ALVAREZ DAN & CABRILLAS MARIA FE

●What is a Theory in Psychology?
A psychological theory is an evidence-based idea that explains human thoughts, emotions, and
behaviors. There are two important components of any theory. It not only describes the behavior but
also predicts future behavior. There are five major perspectives in psychology. These are behavioral,
psychodynamic, humanistic, cognitive, and biological. These are also called the "grand theories" because
they address a very broad scope and attempt to understand human behavior as a whole, as opposed to
focusing on a narrow part or function of it.
●Types of psychological theories
1.Behavioral theory 2.Psychodynamic
3.Humanistic 4.Cognitive
1.Behavioral Theories
●Behavior theory was the dominant theory in the United States during the 1920s and 30s. It asserts that
individuals learn behavior through interactions with their environment. John B. Watson was the first to
publicize it. Ivan Pavlov discovered the connection between environmental stimuli and responses.
Ex. Classical conditioning
Pavlov had identified a fundamental associative learning process called classical conditioning. Classical
conditioning refers to learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus (e.g., a tone) becomes associated
with a stimulus (e.g., food) that naturally produces a behavior. After the association is learned, the
previously neutral stimulus is sufficient to produce the behavior.
2.Psychodynamic Theories
●Psychodynamic theories examine the unconscious concepts that shape our emotions, attitudes, and
personalities. Psychodynamic
approaches seek to understand the root causes of unconscious behavior.
These theories are strongly linked with Sigmund Freud and his followers. The psychodynamic approach
is seen in many Freudian claims—for instance, that our adult behaviors have their roots in our childhood
experiences and that the personality is made up of three parts: the Id, the ego, and the superego.
Ex. Freud's psychoanalytic theory
Sigmund Freud wrote the psychoanalytic theory. Psychologists often refer to this as the theory of
personality organization and dynamics of personality development. An individual may use
psychoanalytic theory as a guideline for understanding personality development and psychoanalysis. It
divides the human psyche into three primary factors:
Id: Unconscious foundation for aggressive and impulsive behaviors.
Ego: Subconscious standards of living.
Superego: Sense of self and mediation between imagination and reality.
3.Humanistic theories
Humanistic psychology is a perspective that emphasizes looking at the whole individual and stresses
concepts such as free will, self-efficacy, and self-actualization. Rather than concentrating on dysfunction,
humanistic psychology strives to help people fulfill their potential and maximize their well-being.
Ex. Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Abraham Maslow created the hierarchy of needs as a theory of motivation. This motivational theory is
often helpful in the workplace and many managers may implement it while developing motivational
strategies. The hierarchy of needs can assist employees with fostering job satisfaction and
understanding their potential. Maslow organized the hierarchy of needs into five categories:
Physiological needs: The basic needs for human survival, such as food and water.
Safety and security: The need to feel safe and comfortable in your environment.
Love and belonging: The need to feel a sense of belonging and value amongst peers.
Esteem: A need to feel a sense of purpose, or that you are contributing to a higher goal.
Self-actualization: The need to use and recognize your full potential.
4.Cognitive theories
Cognitive theories contend that human behavior begin with a person's thoughts. They study the areas of
perception, memory, categorization, knowledge representation, numerical cognition, language and
thinking. Cognitive theorist like Jean Plaget focused on attention, memory and perception. They
proposed that understanding the way people remember and process information will be the key to
understanding and predicting their behavior.
Ex. Piaget's cognitive development theory
Sensorimotor Birth to 18-24 months Object permanence
Preoperational 2 to 7 years old Symbolic thought
Concrete operational Ages 7 to 11 years Logical thought
Formal operational Adolescence to adulthood Scientific reasoning
Piaget’s 4 Stages of Cognitive Development
Although no stage can be missed out,
5.Biological theories
The biological perspective states that all thoughts, feeling & behavior ultimately have a biological cause.
It is one of the major perspectives in psychology and involves such things as studying the brain, genetics,
hormones, and the immune and nervous systems. Theorists in the biological perspective who study
behavioral genomics consider how genes affect behavior. Now that the human genome is mapped,
perhaps, we will someday understand more precisely how behavior is affected by the DNA we inherit.
Biological factors such as chromosomes, hormones and the brain all have a significant influence on
human behavior, for example, gender.
●What are the probes of the psychological theory?
1.Charles Goring (1870-1919) Findings:
a. There was a relationship between crime and flawed intelligence. Goring examined more than
3000 convicts in England.
b. Criminals are more likely to be insane, to be unintelligent, and to exhibit poor social behavior.
2 Gabriel Tarde (1843-1904) Findings:
a. Maintained that individuals learn from each other and ultimately imitate one another
b. Out of 100 individuals, only 1 was creative or inventive and remainder were prone to imitation
(Jacoby, 2004)

PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY (SIGMUND) ELEMENTS OF PERSONALITY

REPOTERS – DELA PUNTA MONSOUR & TAGOD CYRUS JAY

●What is psychodynamic theory?

Psychodynamic theories focus on the psychological drives and forces within individuals that explain
human behavior and personality. The theories originate from Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis, which
focused on the unconscious mind as the source of psychological distress and dysfunction.
●Psychodynamic theory sigmund freud
Freud believed human behavior could be explained by intrapsychic processes and interpersonal patterns
outside of a person's conscious awareness and based on their childhood experiences. A general
definition of psychodynamic theory is that forces outside of a person's awareness explain why they
behave a certain way.
●Elements of Personality
Unconscious.
Freud's theory of psychoanalysis assumes that much of mental life is unconscious, and that past
experiences, especially in early childhood, shape how a person .
Consciousness.
Sigmund Freud divided human consciousness into three levels of awareness: the conscious,
preconscious, and unconscious. Each of these levels corresponds to and ...
ID. Freud believed that early childhood experiences are filtered through the id, ego, and superego, and it
is the way an individual handles these experiences, both ...
Defense mechanisms.
To do that, the individual's unconscious mind uses ego defense mechanisms, unconscious protective
behaviors that aim to reduce anxiety.
Superego.
In contrast to the instinctual id and the rule-based superego, the ego is the rational part of our
personality.
EGO.
If the ego is able to adequately moderate between the demands of reality, the id, and the superego, a
healthy and well-adjusted personality emerges. Freud ...

PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES REPOTERS – ALVAREZ DAN & CABRILLAS MARIA FE

●What is a Theory in Psychology?
A psychological theory is an evidence-based idea that explains human thoughts, emotions, and
behaviors. There are two important components of any theory. It not only describes the behavior but
also predicts future behavior. There are five major perspectives in psychology. These are behavioral,
psychodynamic, humanistic, cognitive, and biological. These are also called the "grand theories" because
they address a very broad scope and attempt to understand human behavior as a whole, as opposed to
focusing on a narrow part or function of it.
●Types of psychological theories
1.Behavioral theory 2.Psychodynamic
3.Humanistic 4.Cognitive
1.Behavioral Theories
●Behavior theory was the dominant theory in the United States during the 1920s and 30s. It asserts that
individuals learn behavior through interactions with their environment. John B. Watson was the first to
publicize it. Ivan Pavlov discovered the connection between environmental stimuli and responses.
Ex. Classical conditioning
Pavlov had identified a fundamental associative learning process called classical conditioning. Classical
conditioning refers to learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus (e.g., a tone) becomes associated
with a stimulus (e.g., food) that naturally produces a behavior. After the association is learned, the
previously neutral stimulus is sufficient to produce the behavior.
2.Psychodynamic Theories
●Psychodynamic theories examine the unconscious concepts that shape our emotions, attitudes, and
personalities. Psychodynamic
approaches seek to understand the root causes of unconscious behavior.
These theories are strongly linked with Sigmund Freud and his followers. The psychodynamic approach
is seen in many Freudian claims—for instance, that our adult behaviors have their roots in our childhood
experiences and that the personality is made up of three parts: the Id, the ego, and the superego.
Ex. Freud's psychoanalytic theory
Sigmund Freud wrote the psychoanalytic theory. Psychologists often refer to this as the theory of
personality organization and dynamics of personality development. An individual may use
psychoanalytic theory as a guideline for understanding personality development and psychoanalysis. It
divides the human psyche into three primary factors:
Id: Unconscious foundation for aggressive and impulsive behaviors.
Ego: Subconscious standards of living.
Superego: Sense of self and mediation between imagination and reality.
3.Humanistic theories
Humanistic psychology is a perspective that emphasizes looking at the whole individual and stresses
concepts such as free will, self-efficacy, and self-actualization. Rather than concentrating on dysfunction,
humanistic psychology strives to help people fulfill their potential and maximize their well-being.
Ex. Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Abraham Maslow created the hierarchy of needs as a theory of motivation. This motivational theory is
often helpful in the workplace and many managers may implement it while developing motivational
strategies. The hierarchy of needs can assist employees with fostering job satisfaction and
understanding their potential. Maslow organized the hierarchy of needs into five categories:
Physiological needs: The basic needs for human survival, such as food and water.
Safety and security: The need to feel safe and comfortable in your environment.
Love and belonging: The need to feel a sense of belonging and value amongst peers.
Esteem: A need to feel a sense of purpose, or that you are contributing to a higher goal.
Self-actualization: The need to use and recognize your full potential.
4.Cognitive theories
Cognitive theories contend that human behavior begin with a person's thoughts. They study the areas of
perception, memory, categorization, knowledge representation, numerical cognition, language and
thinking. Cognitive theorist like Jean Plaget focused on attention, memory and perception. They
proposed that understanding the way people remember and process information will be the key to
understanding and predicting their behavior.
Ex. Piaget's cognitive development theory
Sensorimotor Birth to 18-24 months Object permanence
Preoperational 2 to 7 years old Symbolic thought
Concrete operational Ages 7 to 11 years Logical thought
Formal operational Adolescence to adulthood Scientific reasoning
Piaget’s 4 Stages of Cognitive Development
Although no stage can be missed out,
5.Biological theories
The biological perspective states that all thoughts, feeling & behavior ultimately have a biological cause.
It is one of the major perspectives in psychology and involves such things as studying the brain, genetics,
hormones, and the immune and nervous systems. Theorists in the biological perspective who study
behavioral genomics consider how genes affect behavior. Now that the human genome is mapped,
perhaps, we will someday understand more precisely how behavior is affected by the DNA we inherit.
Biological factors such as chromosomes, hormones and the brain all have a significant influence on
human behavior, for example, gender.
●What are the probes of the psychological theory?
1.Charles Goring (1870-1919) Findings:
a. There was a relationship between crime and flawed intelligence. Goring examined more than
3000 convicts in England.
b. Criminals are more likely to be insane, to be unintelligent, and to exhibit poor social behavior.
2 Gabriel Tarde (1843-1904) Findings:
a. Maintained that individuals learn from each other and ultimately imitate one another
b. Out of 100 individuals, only 1 was creative or inventive and remainder were prone to imitation
(Jacoby, 2004)

PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY (SIGMUND) ELEMENTS OF PERSONALITY

REPOTERS – DELA PUNTA MONSOUR & TAGOD CYRUS JAY

●What is psychodynamic theory?

Psychodynamic theories focus on the psychological drives and forces within individuals that explain
human behavior and personality. The theories originate from Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis, which
focused on the unconscious mind as the source of psychological distress and dysfunction.
●Psychodynamic theory sigmund freud
Freud believed human behavior could be explained by intrapsychic processes and interpersonal patterns
outside of a person's conscious awareness and based on their childhood experiences. A general
definition of psychodynamic theory is that forces outside of a person's awareness explain why they
behave a certain way.
●Elements of Personality
Unconscious.
Freud's theory of psychoanalysis assumes that much of mental life is unconscious, and that past
experiences, especially in early childhood, shape how a person .
Consciousness.
Sigmund Freud divided human consciousness into three levels of awareness: the conscious,
preconscious, and unconscious. Each of these levels corresponds to and ...
ID. Freud believed that early childhood experiences are filtered through the id, ego, and superego, and it
is the way an individual handles these experiences, both ...
Defense mechanisms.
To do that, the individual's unconscious mind uses ego defense mechanisms, unconscious protective
behaviors that aim to reduce anxiety.
Superego.
In contrast to the instinctual id and the rule-based superego, the ego is the rational part of our
personality.
EGO.
If the ego is able to adequately moderate between the demands of reality, the id, and the superego, a
healthy and well-adjusted personality emerges. Freud ...

PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES REPOTERS – ALVAREZ DAN & CABRILLAS MARIA FE

●What is a Theory in Psychology?
A psychological theory is an evidence-based idea that explains human thoughts, emotions, and
behaviors. There are two important components of any theory. It not only describes the behavior but
also predicts future behavior. There are five major perspectives in psychology. These are behavioral,
psychodynamic, humanistic, cognitive, and biological. These are also called the "grand theories" because
they address a very broad scope and attempt to understand human behavior as a whole, as opposed to
focusing on a narrow part or function of it.
●Types of psychological theories
1.Behavioral theory 2.Psychodynamic
3.Humanistic 4.Cognitive
1.Behavioral Theories
●Behavior theory was the dominant theory in the United States during the 1920s and 30s. It asserts that
individuals learn behavior through interactions with their environment. John B. Watson was the first to
publicize it. Ivan Pavlov discovered the connection between environmental stimuli and responses.
Ex. Classical conditioning
Pavlov had identified a fundamental associative learning process called classical conditioning. Classical
conditioning refers to learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus (e.g., a tone) becomes associated
with a stimulus (e.g., food) that naturally produces a behavior. After the association is learned, the
previously neutral stimulus is sufficient to produce the behavior.
2.Psychodynamic Theories
●Psychodynamic theories examine the unconscious concepts that shape our emotions, attitudes, and
personalities. Psychodynamic
approaches seek to understand the root causes of unconscious behavior.
These theories are strongly linked with Sigmund Freud and his followers. The psychodynamic approach
is seen in many Freudian claims—for instance, that our adult behaviors have their roots in our childhood
experiences and that the personality is made up of three parts: the Id, the ego, and the superego.
Ex. Freud's psychoanalytic theory
Sigmund Freud wrote the psychoanalytic theory. Psychologists often refer to this as the theory of
personality organization and dynamics of personality development. An individual may use
psychoanalytic theory as a guideline for understanding personality development and psychoanalysis. It
divides the human psyche into three primary factors:
Id: Unconscious foundation for aggressive and impulsive behaviors.
Ego: Subconscious standards of living.
Superego: Sense of self and mediation between imagination and reality.
3.Humanistic theories
Humanistic psychology is a perspective that emphasizes looking at the whole individual and stresses
concepts such as free will, self-efficacy, and self-actualization. Rather than concentrating on dysfunction,
humanistic psychology strives to help people fulfill their potential and maximize their well-being.
Ex. Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Abraham Maslow created the hierarchy of needs as a theory of motivation. This motivational theory is
often helpful in the workplace and many managers may implement it while developing motivational
strategies. The hierarchy of needs can assist employees with fostering job satisfaction and
understanding their potential. Maslow organized the hierarchy of needs into five categories:
Physiological needs: The basic needs for human survival, such as food and water.
Safety and security: The need to feel safe and comfortable in your environment.
Love and belonging: The need to feel a sense of belonging and value amongst peers.
Esteem: A need to feel a sense of purpose, or that you are contributing to a higher goal.
Self-actualization: The need to use and recognize your full potential.
4.Cognitive theories
Cognitive theories contend that human behavior begin with a person's thoughts. They study the areas of
perception, memory, categorization, knowledge representation, numerical cognition, language and
thinking. Cognitive theorist like Jean Plaget focused on attention, memory and perception. They
proposed that understanding the way people remember and process information will be the key to
understanding and predicting their behavior.
Ex. Piaget's cognitive development theory
Sensorimotor Birth to 18-24 months Object permanence
Preoperational 2 to 7 years old Symbolic thought
Concrete operational Ages 7 to 11 years Logical thought
Formal operational Adolescence to adulthood Scientific reasoning
Piaget’s 4 Stages of Cognitive Development
Although no stage can be missed out,
5.Biological theories
The biological perspective states that all thoughts, feeling & behavior ultimately have a biological cause.
It is one of the major perspectives in psychology and involves such things as studying the brain, genetics,
hormones, and the immune and nervous systems. Theorists in the biological perspective who study
behavioral genomics consider how genes affect behavior. Now that the human genome is mapped,
perhaps, we will someday understand more precisely how behavior is affected by the DNA we inherit.
Biological factors such as chromosomes, hormones and the brain all have a significant influence on
human behavior, for example, gender.
●What are the probes of the psychological theory?
1.Charles Goring (1870-1919) Findings:
a. There was a relationship between crime and flawed intelligence. Goring examined more than
3000 convicts in England.
b. Criminals are more likely to be insane, to be unintelligent, and to exhibit poor social behavior.
2 Gabriel Tarde (1843-1904) Findings:
a. Maintained that individuals learn from each other and ultimately imitate one another
b. Out of 100 individuals, only 1 was creative or inventive and remainder were prone to imitation
(Jacoby, 2004)

2) insane criminals including idiots, imbeciles,

and paranoid- acts as well as epileptics and alcoholics;
3) occasional criminals or criminaloids,
Lastly, criminals of passion commit crime due to emotions whether its anger or love

Sociological Theories: Sociological Disorganization, Strain, Social Control

REPORTERS – SABORDO CARL VINCENT & BRETA KHEIAN
●Social theories are frameworks or conceptual models that sociologists and other social scientists use to
understand and explain social phenomena. These theories help us make sense of how society operates,
the relationships between individuals and groups, and the impact of various factors on human behavior.
Some well-known social theories include:
● Structural Functionalism
This theory views society as a complex system with various parts that work together to maintain stability
and order. It focuses on the functions of social institutions and how they contribute to the overall health
of society.
●Conflict Theory
Conflict theory posits that society is characterized by inequalities in power, wealth, and resources. It
emphasizes the role of conflict and competition in shaping social structures and change.
●Symbolic Interactionism
This theory concentrates on the micro-level interactions and communication between individuals. It
suggests that meaning and symbols play a crucial role in human interactions and the construction of
reality
●Feminist Theory
Feminist theories focus on gender inequalities and seek to understand how gender shapes social
interactions, institutions, and power dynamics.
●Social Exchange Theory
This theory looks at social interactions as exchanges of resources, where individuals weigh the costs and
benefits of their actions. It's often used to explain relationships and interactions based on reciprocity.
●Structuralism and post-structuralism
These theories analyze the underlying structures and systems that shape society and language. Post-
structuralism, in particular, challenges the idea of fixed structures and seeks to deconstruct and
question them.
●Critical Theory
Critical theory examines the broader social and cultural context to uncover hidden power dynamics and
social injustices. It's often associated with addressing issues related to ideology, domination, and social
change.
●Social Constructivism
This theory asserts that many aspects of reality, including social categories, are socially constructed. It
explores how society collectively creates and maintains these constructs.
●Rational Choice Theory
Rational choice theory suggests that individuals make decisions based on rational calculations, weighing
costs and benefits. It's often used in economics and political science but has applications in sociology.
●These are just a few examples of social theories, and there are many more. Social scientists use these
theories to analyze and interpret social issues, behaviors, and trends, and they often combine multiple
theories to gain a comprehensive understanding of complex social phenomena.
Sociological Disorganization
- refers to the breakdown of social norms, values, and institutions within a community, leading to higher
crime rates and other social problems. Strain theory, on the other hand, posits that when individuals are
unable to achieve culturally approved goals through legitimate means, they experience strain, which can
lead to deviant behavior.
●Social Control
Social control mechanisms are the strategies, institutions, and practices that societies employ to
regulate individual behavior and maintain order. These can include laws, formal institutions (like the
criminal justice system), as well as informal mechanisms (like family and peer influence) that encourage
conformity to social norms.
●In the context of strain theory, social control can help prevent individuals from resorting to deviance
when they experience strain by providing alternative ways to achieve their goals and by enforcing the
norms of society.

PRENOLOGY AND PHYSIOGNOMY REPORTERS – PIELAGO ALEXANDER & TULAY

OBJECTIVES:
Identify what is Phrenology and Physiognomy
PHRENOLOGY
ETIOLOGY OF THE WORD PHRENOLOGY
from ancient Greek phren mind and logos knowledge
A pseudoscience which involves the measurement of bumps on the skull to predict mental traits
study of the conformation of the skull based on the belief that it is indicative of mental faculties and
character
PROPONENTS AND CONCEPTS OF PHRENOLOGY
posited that bumps on the head were indications of psychological propensities (Adler et al, 2010).
Phrenology is the study of the conformation of the skull as indicative of mental faculties and traits of
character, especially according to the hypotheses of Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828), and such 19th-
century adherents as Johann Kaspar Spurzheim (1776 -1832) and George Combe (1788 -1858)
Basic tenets of Franz Joseph Galls system
The brain is the organ of the mind.
The mind is composed of multiple distinct, innate faculties.
Because they are distinct, each faculty must have a separate seat or organ in the brain.
The size of an organ, other things being equal, is a measure of its power.
The shape of the brain is determined by the development of the various organs.
As the skull takes its shape from the brain, the surface of the skull can be read as an accurate index of
psychological aptitudes and tendencies (Wyhe, 2000)
Gall's collaboration with his pupil Johann Kaspar Spurzheim, led him to the development of his
theories
concerning brain localization and phrenology, which he initially referred to as cranioscopy.

He characterized his primary goal to develop a functional anatomy and physiology of the brain as well as
a revised psychology of personality as "organology."
Gall ultimately identified 27 discrete brain "centres" of behaviour, 25 of which have never
been
confirmed to exist.
Gall's lectures on cranioscopy became very popular, his followers who gave his doctrine the name
phrenology.
Against the church, however, it helped him little that his revolutionary concept was a pioneering work.
Gall offended religious leaders and scientists alike.
The Church considered his theory as contrary to religion. That the mind, created by God, should have a
physical seat in brain matter, was anathema (a curse)
VAUGHT PRACTICAL CHARACTER READER
L.A. VAUGHT 1902 EDITION
PHYSIOGNOMY
ETIOLOGY OF THE WORD PHYSIOGNOMY
ancient Greek, gnomos (character) and physis (nature), hence & quote the character of one nature .
PROPONENTS OF PHYSIOGNOMY
ARISTOTLE - earliest-known systematic treatise on physiognomy is attributed to him
devoted six chapters to the consideration of the method of study, the general signs of character, the
particular appearances characteristic of the dispositions, of strength and weakness, of genius and
stupidity, and so on
examined the characters derived from the different features, and from color, hair, body, limbs, gait,
and voice.
 he says that those with thick, bulbous ends belong to persons who are insensitive, swinish; sharp-
tipped noses belong to the irascible, those easily provoked, like dogs; rounded, large, obtuse noses to
the magnanimous, the lionlike; slender, hooked noses to the eaglelike; and so on.
Aristotle - large headed people were mean,
those with small faces were steadfast, broad faces reflected stupidity, and round faces signaled courage.

4 TYPES OF CRIMNAL REPORTER – PINEDA ALLIAH

Types of Criminals by Raffaele Garofalo

The types of criminals according to Garofalo are:

A. Murdered –Murderer refers to a criminal who kills another person

and is satisfied from vengeance/revenge. This type of criminal totally
lacks both pity and probity and will kill whenever opportunity arises

B. Violent criminal –Violent criminal lacks pity and can be influenced by

environmental factors such as the consumption of alcohol or the fact
that criminality is endemic to criminal’s particular population.
C. Deficient criminal-Deficient criminal refers to a person who commits
crime against property like thieves and robbers.

D. Lascivious criminal –Lascivious criminal refers to a person who

commits crime against chastity like acts of lasciviousness, seduction,
adultery, and the like (burke, 2005)

Cognitive And Behavioral Theory: REPORTERS – REMODARO RICK & CREOLLO CEDRICK
Foundations and Practice

The History of Cognitive Behavioral Theory

 Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) has its roots in the work of several psychologists and psychiatrists
dating back to the 1950s and 1960s. The precursors to CBT included the work of Albert Ellis and Aaron
Beck, who both developed cognitive therapy independently.
 Albert Ellis developed Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) in the 1950s, which emphasized the
role of irrational beliefs and thoughts in causing emotional distress. Aaron Becks work in the 1960s led
to the development of cognitive therapy, which focused on identifying and restructuring cognitive
distortions that contribute to negative emotions.
 In the 1970s, the integration of cognitive and behavioral theories led to the development of cognitive
behavioral therapy as we know it today. CBT became increasingly popular and was recognized as an
evidence-based treatment for various mental health conditions.
 Since then, CBT has continued to evolve, with researchers and practitioners refining and expanding its
techniques and applications. Today, CBT is considered one of the most widely used and effective forms
of psychotherapy for treating a range of mental health issues.
●Albert Ellis
He was a famous American psychologist who developed the R Behavior Therapy (RF.BT) in the 1950s. As
per his approach, Emon human tendency is such that the person always wants to remain happy and gay,
but life does not allow it. His revelations further stated that it is not just the events and circumstances
that bring the feeling of sadness or sorrow, but such feelings of negation are also factored by the
thought process and beliefs of the person. This idea was however, articulated about 2000 years hack by
the famous Greek philosopher Epictetus, whose famous lines illustrate this belief. Men are disturbed not
by events, but by the views which they take of them. Albert further stated that the cognitive thought
process of a human being is controlled more by beliefs, most of which, he believed to be irrational.
These beliefs are also known as^ prime prime THC Three Basic Musts which include the feeling of must
do well at any cost (leads to anxiety symptoms and depression otherwise), must be treated fairly as
expected by human nature(leads to rage and passive aggressive behavior otherwise) and must get what
is expected (leads to procrastination and self pity otherwise). Besides he also has stated about
the sense of disputing thoughts, insight and acceptance towards situations.
●Aaron Beck
In the 1960s, Aaron Beck, a famous psychiatrist with a background in psychoanalytical training, further
explored the untouched arenas of humor personality, like depression and procrastination. If Ellis, was lis,
was supposedly the founder of this psychological theory, Aaron took a leap ahead and explored more
into this theory and came up with cognitive behavioral therapy for treating patients suffering from
depression and anxiety. He has stated that many times, people tend to suffer from depression and
anxiety disorders because of a pre formed negative assessment of themselves. Such an assessment
could be attributed to various reasons such as a prolonged mental trauma, social aloofness and low self-
esteem. His theory has beer used for devising the modern-day cognitive behavioral therapies.

To get a comprehensive understanding on this theory, one should read The Cognitive Theory of
Depression by Aaron Beck.
●Albert Bandura
The history of cognitive behavioral therapy remains incomplete without the mention of Albert Bandura,
the famous psychologist from Canada who has given valuable inputs to cognitive development theory.
As per his learnings, the cognitive behavior of a man is greatly factored by aggression, which is an
outcome of restricted emotions that have been bottled up for quite some time. His theory of cognitive
behavior in humans mainly revolved around the concept of observation, attention and retention. He
further stated that a person develops his instincts, intelligence and beliefs from his cognitive mind
mapping (includes observation of the environment around him). Say, a person observes an incident. If it
is interesting, he gives full attention to it and then retains it in his memory if he finds it interesting. Then
he tries to apply his knowledge wherever his thought process allows him to. This is how the
behavioral patterns of a person develop. Albert Bandura's theories on cognitive behavior have
proved to be quite realistic. In 1977, Albert Bandura was honored as the Father of Cognitive Theory.

BEHAVIORAL THEORY
The flow behavior behaviorism is a philosophy or in psychology based on the proposition that all
organisms are made including actions, thoughts, or feelings can and should be regarded as a behavior.
Flow is of the opinion that such behavior can be described scientifically without seeing the internal
physiological events or hypothetical construct as the mind. Behaviorism assumes that all theories should
have a base that can be observed but there was no difference between the processes can be observed
in public (action) with the observed process in person (thoughts and feelings).
In the theory of behaviorism, to analyze only the visible behavior only, which can be measured,
described, and predicted. Behaviors the theory known as learning theory, since all human behavior is
the result of learning. Learning means permaban organize behavior as environmental influences.
Behaviorism does not want emperorlike whether good or bad man, rational or emotional; behaviorism
just want to know how his behavior is derived by environmental factors.
The principles of the behavioral theory:
1. The object of Psychology is behavior
2. All forms of behavior in the return on the reflex
3. Importance of habit formation
Aristoteles argued that the human soul was born not have anything, like a candle that is ready to table
painted by the experience. According to John Locke (1632-1704), one of the empirical character, at the
time of birth will have no mental colors. This color is derived from experience. Experience is the only
way into the possession of knowledge. Ideas and knowledge is the product of experience.
Psychologically, all human behavior, personality, and temperament is determined by sensory experience
(sensory experience). Thoughts and feelings are caused by past behavior. The assumption that
experience is the most influential dala formation behavior, implying how plastisnya humans. He is easily
formed into any environment by creating relevant
A. Edward Lee Thorndike (1874-1949)
According to Thorndike studied the formation of associations of events anatara event called stimulus
and response. This learning theory called the theory of connectionism. Experiments carried out with the
cat is put on the cage when the door closed can be opened automatically when knob is touched on in
the cage. The experiments resulted in the theory of Trial and Error. The characteristics studied by
Trial and Error is:
a) the activities, there are different responses to various situations,
b) elimination against the wrong responses,
c) there is progress reactions to reach the goal Thorndike finds laws.
1) The law of readiness (Law of Readiness): If an organism is supported by a strong readiness for the
implementation of behavioral stimulus will lead to individual satisfaction that assails likely to be
strengthened.
2) The law practice: The more often a behavior trained or used, the stronger the association.
3) Law of effect: stimulus and response relationship tends to be reinforced if the result is fun and tend to
be weakened if cause unsatisfactory.
B. Ivan Petrovich Pavlo (1849-1936)
Classical theory: Is a pair of neutral stimuli or stimuli that are conditioned by certain non- conditioned
stimuli, which gave birth to a particular behavior. After installation this happens repeatedly, gave birth
to the neutral stimuli are conditioned responses.
C. Skinner (1904-1990)
Skinner considers reward and reinforcement an important role in learning factor. Skinner argues that
the goal of psychology is to predict the behavior of control. theory teacher reward prizes or a high value
so that the child will be more diligent. his theory is also called operant conditioning.. Operans
conditioning is a process of strengthening operans behavior that can lead to such behavior can be
started again or disappear as you wish. Operant conducting guarantee stimuli. If showed no response to
stimuli then the teacher can not guide the student to direct his behavior. Teachers have a role in
controlling and directing students in the learning process in order to reach the desired goal.
D. Albert Bandura (1925-present)
It turned out that not all behavior can be explained by pelaziman. Bandura adds the concept of social
learning (social learning). He questioned the role of reward and punishment in the learning process. The
traditional behaviorism to explain that the words originally no meaning, or paired with a pile of objects
that have meaning Bandura theory of learning is social learning theory or social cognitive and self-
efficacy demonstrated the importance of observing and imitating the behaviors, attitudes and emotions
of others. Bandura theory explains human behavior in the context of reciprocal interaction behavior
between cognitive continuous behavioral and environmental influences. Factors which proceed in the
observation is attention, memory, motor production, motivation. Behaviorism is rather difficult to
explain motivation. Motivation occurs within the individual, while the behaviorists just look at external
events. Feelings and thoughts of people do not attract them. Behaviorism emerged as a reaction to the
psychology of mentalistic.

PERSONALITY AND PSYCHOANALYTICAL REPORTERS – PERILLO REY MARK &

BANGATE CEDIE

●PERSONALITY
The theory of personality was devised by Hans Eysenck (1964) as a model that defined personality by
utilizing three different types of characteristics, extraversion (E), neuroticism and psychoticism (P). These
traits are measured using a simple paper questionnaire.
Extraversion is defined by the general tendency to experience positive emotions, as well as by traits
such as sociable, lively, and active.
Neuroticism is a core personality trait characterized by emotional instability, irritability, anxiety, self-
doubt, depression, and other negative feelings. Like other personality traits, neuroticism exists on a
continuum, which means that people can be high, low, or somewhere in the middle in terms of this trait.
Psychoticism is defined by Eysenck as a personality type that is prone to take risks, might engage in anti-
social behaviors, impulsiveness, or non-conformist behavior. Extraversion includes outgoing or very
social behavior. Think of someone who is always the life of the party.
●Eysenck linked an individual’s personality to the functionality of the nervous system concluding that
there has to be a balance between personality and two key factors: excitation and inhibition. People
who score highly in (E) are active, sociable and lively with low level of stimulation. Those individuals
scoring highly in are anxious, depressed and low in self-esteem. People with a high score in (P) are
antisocial aggressive and ego-centric, most of the population score moderately in E, N and P.
●This theory further demonstrated personality as being related to criminal behavior through social
environmental factors. Eysenck viewed criminals as individuals who lack mature development and
whims and are concerned only with immediate fulfilment.
●Eysenck argued that criminals typically score highly in all three (E P N) personality traits of this
study(McLeod,2014)
●PSYCHOANALYTICAL
According to psychoanalytic theories, offending resulted from a weak ego or a weak superego, both of
which followed largely from low attachment between children and parents. These ideas inspired
counseling and social work approaches, trying to rehabilitate offenders by building up warm
relationships with them.
●The term psychodynamics is also used by some to refer specifically to the psychoanalytical
[psychoanalysis] approach developed [founded] by Sigmund Freud

Theory of Frustration Aggressiveness and Humanistic Psychology Theory

REPOTERS – PAYA JAMES , MACARARANGA JOREBEL & LLASOS BENIDECT
Theory of Frustration Aggressiveness
This theory claims that frustration always lead to aggression and every aggression is the result of
frustration which is one of the possible causes of crime.

What is frustration?
It is a psychological state of discomfort due to the inability to achieve certain goals or find
solution for problems.
EXAMPLE
inability to graduate is often a source of frustration among juvenile delinquents.
Humanistic Psychology Theory
●Humanistic psychology, also known as humanism, is a psychological theory that believes people are
innately good and that morality, ethical values, and good intentions are the driving forces of behavior
●It emphasizes concepts such as free will, self-efficacy, and self-actualization
●Humanistic psychology focuses on the whole individual and aims to help people fulfill their potential
and maximize their well-being.
●It emerged as a movement in opposition to behaviorism and psychoanalysis
PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY (SIGMUND) ELEMENTS OF PERSONALITY
REPOTERS – DELA PUNTA MONSOUR & TAGOD CYRUS JAY

●What is psychodynamic theory?

Psychodynamic theories focus on the psychological drives and forces within individuals that explain
human behavior and personality. The theories originate from Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis, which
focused on the unconscious mind as the source of psychological distress and dysfunction.
●Psychodynamic theory sigmund freud
Freud believed human behavior could be explained by intrapsychic processes and interpersonal patterns
outside of a person's conscious awareness and based on their childhood experiences. A general
definition of psychodynamic theory is that forces outside of a person's awareness explain why they
behave a certain way.
●Elements of Personality
Unconscious.
Freud's theory of psychoanalysis assumes that much of mental life is unconscious, and that past
experiences, especially in early childhood, shape how a person .
Consciousness.
Sigmund Freud divided human consciousness into three levels of awareness: the conscious,
preconscious, and unconscious. Each of these levels corresponds to and ...
ID. Freud believed that early childhood experiences are filtered through the id, ego, and superego, and it
is the way an individual handles these experiences, both ...
Defense mechanisms.
To do that, the individual's unconscious mind uses ego defense mechanisms, unconscious protective
behaviors that aim to reduce anxiety.
Superego.
In contrast to the instinctual id and the rule-based superego, the ego is the rational part of our
personality.
EGO.
If the ego is able to adequately moderate between the demands of reality, the id, and the superego, a
healthy and well-adjusted personality emerges. Freud ...

PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES REPOTERS – ALVAREZ DAN & CABRILLAS MARIA FE

●What is a Theory in Psychology?
A psychological theory is an evidence-based idea that explains human thoughts, emotions, and
behaviors. There are two important components of any theory. It not only describes the behavior but
also predicts future behavior. There are five major perspectives in psychology. These are behavioral,
psychodynamic, humanistic, cognitive, and biological. These are also called the "grand theories" because
they address a very broad scope and attempt to understand human behavior as a whole, as opposed to
focusing on a narrow part or function of it.
●Types of psychological theories
1.Behavioral theory 2.Psychodynamic
3.Humanistic 4.Cognitive
1.Behavioral Theories
●Behavior theory was the dominant theory in the United States during the 1920s and 30s. It asserts that
individuals learn behavior through interactions with their environment. John B. Watson was the first to
publicize it. Ivan Pavlov discovered the connection between environmental stimuli and responses.
Ex. Classical conditioning
Pavlov had identified a fundamental associative learning process called classical conditioning. Classical
conditioning refers to learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus (e.g., a tone) becomes associated
with a stimulus (e.g., food) that naturally produces a behavior. After the association is learned, the
previously neutral stimulus is sufficient to produce the behavior.
2.Psychodynamic Theories
●Psychodynamic theories examine the unconscious concepts that shape our emotions, attitudes, and
personalities. Psychodynamic
approaches seek to understand the root causes of unconscious behavior.
These theories are strongly linked with Sigmund Freud and his followers. The psychodynamic approach
is seen in many Freudian claims—for instance, that our adult behaviors have their roots in our childhood
experiences and that the personality is made up of three parts: the Id, the ego, and the superego.
Ex. Freud's psychoanalytic theory
Sigmund Freud wrote the psychoanalytic theory. Psychologists often refer to this as the theory of
personality organization and dynamics of personality development. An individual may use
psychoanalytic theory as a guideline for understanding personality development and psychoanalysis. It
divides the human psyche into three primary factors:
Id: Unconscious foundation for aggressive and impulsive behaviors.
Ego: Subconscious standards of living.
Superego: Sense of self and mediation between imagination and reality.
3.Humanistic theories
Humanistic psychology is a perspective that emphasizes looking at the whole individual and stresses
concepts such as free will, self-efficacy, and self-actualization. Rather than concentrating on dysfunction,
humanistic psychology strives to help people fulfill their potential and maximize their well-being.
Ex. Maslow's hierarchy of needs
Abraham Maslow created the hierarchy of needs as a theory of motivation. This motivational theory is
often helpful in the workplace and many managers may implement it while developing motivational
strategies. The hierarchy of needs can assist employees with fostering job satisfaction and
understanding their potential. Maslow organized the hierarchy of needs into five categories:
Physiological needs: The basic needs for human survival, such as food and water.
Safety and security: The need to feel safe and comfortable in your environment.
Love and belonging: The need to feel a sense of belonging and value amongst peers.
Esteem: A need to feel a sense of purpose, or that you are contributing to a higher goal.
Self-actualization: The need to use and recognize your full potential.
4.Cognitive theories
Cognitive theories contend that human behavior begin with a person's thoughts. They study the areas of
perception, memory, categorization, knowledge representation, numerical cognition, language and
thinking. Cognitive theorist like Jean Plaget focused on attention, memory and perception. They
proposed that understanding the way people remember and process information will be the key to
understanding and predicting their behavior.
Ex. Piaget's cognitive development theory
Sensorimotor Birth to 18-24 months Object permanence
Preoperational 2 to 7 years old Symbolic thought
Concrete operational Ages 7 to 11 years Logical thought
Formal operational Adolescence to adulthood Scientific reasoning
Piaget’s 4 Stages of Cognitive Development
Although no stage can be missed out,
5.Biological theories
The biological perspective states that all thoughts, feeling & behavior ultimately have a biological cause.
It is one of the major perspectives in psychology and involves such things as studying the brain, genetics,
hormones, and the immune and nervous systems. Theorists in the biological perspective who study
behavioral genomics consider how genes affect behavior. Now that the human genome is mapped,
perhaps, we will someday understand more precisely how behavior is affected by the DNA we inherit.
Biological factors such as chromosomes, hormones and the brain all have a significant influence on
human behavior, for example, gender.
●What are the probes of the psychological theory?
1.Charles Goring (1870-1919) Findings:
a. There was a relationship between crime and flawed intelligence. Goring examined more than
3000 convicts in England.
b. Criminals are more likely to be insane, to be unintelligent, and to exhibit poor social behavior.
2 Gabriel Tarde (1843-1904) Findings:
a. Maintained that individuals learn from each other and ultimately imitate one another
b. Out of 100 individuals, only 1 was creative or inventive and remainder were prone to imitation
(Jacoby, 2004)