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Klara Nahrstedt
Spring 2012
Transmission Transmission
Compression
Audio Processing
Capture
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_audio
Characteristics of Sound
Amplitude
Wavelength (w)
Frequency ( )
Timbre
In mathematical terms:
fs > 2*fm
where fs is sampling frequency and fm is
the maximum frequency in the signal
CS 414 - Spring 2012
Nyquist Limit
max data rate = 2 H log2V bits/second, where
H = bandwidth (in Hz)
V = discrete levels (bits per signal change)
1.5
0.5
-0.5
-1
-1.5
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_audio
Quantization
Typically use
8 bits = 256 levels
16 bits = 65,536 levels
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Sound Intensity
CS 414 - Spring 2012
Non-uniform Quantization
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Sound Intensity
CS 414 - Spring 2012
Differential Pulse Code
Modulation (DPCM)
What if we look at sample differences, not
the samples themselves?
dt= xt-xt-1
Differences tend to be smaller
Use 4 bits instead of 12, maybe?
2
A
0.75
0.5
2 0
-0.25
0
-0.5
-0.75
-A -1
-0.25
-0.5
CS 414 - Spring 2012
Compute Signal to Noise Ratio
A 2 2A
2
Signal energy = ; Noise energy = ;
2 12 N
A2
Noise energy =
3 N 2
3N 2
Signal to noise = 10 log
2