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Fast chess

Fast chess is a type of chess in which each


player is given less time to consider their
moves than normal tournament time
controls allow. Fast chess is subdivided, by
decreasing time controls, into rapid chess,
blitz chess, and bullet chess. Armageddon
chess is a particular variation of fast chess
in which different rules apply for each of
the two players.

The top ranked 2021 world rapid chess


and blitz chess player is Magnus Carlsen
from Norway, who is also the top ranked
classical chess player.[2] The top ranked
2021 women's rapid and blitz chess player Spectators watch as a street chess player "Russian Paul"[1]
is Hou Yifan from China, who is also the (left) plays bullet chess with Jonathan Corbblah in Union
top ranked women's classical chess Square, Manhattan.
player.[3]

Contents
FIDE rules
Overview
Rapid (FIDE), quick (USCF) or active
Blitz
Bullet
Armageddon
Other terms
History and rules
USCF rules for Quick and Blitz chess
World championships
World Rapid championships before 2012
World Blitz championships before 2012
World Championships since 2012
Champions tables for official events
Criticism
See also
Notes
References
Further reading
External links

FIDE rules
The World Chess Federation (FIDE) divides time controls for chess into "classical" time controls, and the
fast chess time controls. As of July 2014, for master-level players (with an Elo of 2200 or higher) the
regulations state that at least 120 minutes per player (based on a 60-move game) must be allocated for a
game to be rated on the "classical" list;[4] for lower rated players this can be reduced to as little as 60
minutes.[4] Games played faster than these time controls can be rated for rapid and blitz if they comply with
the time controls for those categories.[5]

Players of fast and blitz chess are exempt from the requirement to record their moves onto a scoresheet
(A.2). The arbiter or their assistant is responsible for the recording in competitions (A.3.1.2, B.3.1.2).
Electronic recording is preferred.[6]

Overview
A fast chess game can be further divided into several categories, which are primarily distinguished by the
selection of time controls. Games may be played with or without time increments per move.

Rapid (FIDE), quick (USCF) or active

Time controls for each player in a game of rapid chess are, according to FIDE, more than 10 minutes, but
less than 60 minutes.[5] Rapid chess can be played with or without time increments for each move. In a
game where time increments are used, a player can automatically gain, for instance, ten more seconds on
the clock after each move. In a case where time increments are used, the total time per player for a 60-move
game must be more than 10 minutes but less than 60 minutes.[5] Rapid chess was called active chess by
FIDE between 1987 and 1989.[7]

For the FIDE World Rapid Championship, each player will have 15 minutes, plus 10 seconds additional
time per move starting from move 1.[8]

Blitz

Time controls for each player in a game of blitz chess are, according to FIDE, 10 minutes or less per
player.[5] This can be played with or without an increment or delay per move—a more recent development
due to the influx of digital clocks. Three minutes with a two-second increment is preferred. In the case of
time increments, the total time per player for a 60-move game must be 10 minutes or less (hence averaging
10 seconds or less per move).[5]

For the FIDE World Blitz Championship, each player has 3 minutes plus 2 additional seconds per move,
starting from move 1.[8]

Bullet
A variant of blitz chess, bullet chess games have less than three minutes per player, based on a 40-move
game;[9][10] some chess servers rate one-minute-per-player games separately.[11] Lower time controls are
called 'hyperbullet' and 'ultrabullet' for 30-second-per-player and 15-second-per-player games,
respectively.[12][13] Other time control options for bullet games include 2 minutes with one-second
increment or 1 minute with a two-second increment. The term lightning can also be applied to this
variant.[14]

Online bullet chess avoids practical problems associated with live bullet chess, particularly players
accidentally knocking over the pieces. Playing online also allows premoving, or making a move before the
opponent has taken their turn.[15]

Armageddon

A variant of blitz chess where Black wins drawn games. This guarantees the game ends decisively, so it
can be used as a final tie breaker game. It is used at the Chess World Cup or in the Tata Steel Chess
Tournament as a tie breaker.[16][17]

To compensate for giving Black draw odds, White has more time on the clock. Common times are six
minutes for White and five for Black, or five minutes for White and four for Black. This can also be played
with a small increment.[18]

Other terms

Lightning
An alternative term for either blitz chess,[19][20] or for extremely fast chess. It can also refer
to games with a fixed amount time (e.g. ten seconds) for each move, or to one-minute
games.

History and rules


Before the advent of digital clocks, five minutes per side was the standard for blitz or speed chess. Before
the introduction of chess clocks in the mid-1950s, chess club "rapid transit" tournaments had a referee who
every ten seconds called out. The Washington Divan (2445 15th St. NW) had regular weekly games and
used a special clock that beeped every ten seconds to indicate the time to move. Players had to use their full
ten seconds and move on the bell.

In 1988, Walter Browne formed the World Blitz Chess Association and its magazine Blitz Chess, which
folded in 2003.[21]

In some chess tournaments and matches, the final standings of the contestants are decided by a series of
games with ever-shortening control times as tie breaks. In this case, two games may be played with each
time control, as playing with black or white pieces is not equally liked among players. The short time
controls in fast chess reduce the amount of time available to consider each move, and may result in a frantic
game, especially as time runs out. A player whose time runs out automatically loses, unless the opposing
player has insufficient material to checkmate, in which case the game is a draw. "Losing on time" is
possible at even the longer, traditional time controls, but is more common in blitz and rapid versions.

Play is governed by the FIDE Laws of Chess, except as modified by a specific tournament. However, in
case of a dispute during a tournament, either player may stop the clock and call the arbiter to make a final
and binding judgment.
Chess boxing uses a fast version for the chess component of the sport, granting 9 minutes for each side with
no increment.[22]

USCF rules for Quick and Blitz chess

The rules for fast chess differ between FIDE and the USCF.

With the USCF, a game with more than 10 minutes affects the Quick rating, and the upper bounds for this
rating is capped at 65 minutes per player.[23] As 30-minute to 65-minute-per-player time controls are also
under the Regular rating system, these games affect both the Quick and Regular ratings[23] and are known
as dual-rated games. However, the K factor (a statistic used for ratings) is reduced by comparison, meaning
that players will either lose or gain (or rarely both) fewer rating points compared to a solely Quick or
Regular game. Any time control over 65 minutes counts under the Regular rating only.[23] All of these time
controls include the delay added to the time control, such as a 60-minute game with a 5-second delay,
which is still considered to be a 60-minute game, not a 65-minute game.

As of March 2013, the USCF has also added a separate Blitz class rating for any time control between 5
and 10 minutes per player.[23] It is not possible for a game to be dual rated as both Blitz and Quick. Unlike
Quick chess, 5 minutes can also mean game 3+2 (three minutes with a two-second increment).

World championships
Both official and unofficial FIDE-sponsored world championships for fast chess have been held since the
1970s.

World Rapid championships before 2012

In 1987, Garry Kasparov (the World Champion of classical chess at the time) and Nigel Short played a 6-
game exhibition Rapid match ("Speed Chess Challenge") at the London Hippodrome, won by Kasparov
4–2.[24][25]

The 1988 victory by Anatoly Karpov in Mazatlan was officially called the World Active Championship, but
FIDE changed the word 'active' to 'rapid' soon after.[7]

In 1992, FIDE held the Women's World Rapid and Blitz Championship in Budapest, Hungary. Both Rapid
and Blitz Championships were won by Susan Polgar.[26]

The 2001 victory by Garry Kasparov in the FIDE World Cup of Rapid Chess (organized by the French
Chess Federation in Cannes) was held contemporaneously to the Melody Amber rapids (thus splitting the
top players between the two events),[27] and it is sometimes considered to be official, although it was never
named as a "championship" but rather a "world cup".[28]

Viswanathan Anand won the official FIDE 2003 Rapid Championship at the 6th Cap d'Agde event.[29]
After no bids in 2004, FIDE optioned the 2005 Rapid to Cap d'Agde, but it was not held.[30] Teimour
Radjabov won the 2006 7th Cap d’Agde Rapid Chess Tournament, but this had no FIDE status.[31]

The yearly Frankfurt or Mainz events hosted by the Chess Tigers (2001–2010) were considered as the
traditional rapid chess championship,[32] and it often received world championship billing in the absence of
an annual FIDE-recognized championship.[33] In its last two years, the 2009 Grenkeleasing World Rapid
Chess Championship in Mainz was won by Levon Aronian,[34] and the 2010 Open GRENKE Rapid
World Championship in Mainz was won by Gata Kamsky.[35] The Association of Chess Professionals
(ACP) also held a World Rapid Cup in some of these years, and the annual Amber chess tournament (1992
to 2011) also had a rapid segment. There was also occasionally a Eurotel Trophy or Intel Grand Prix event,
each of which would be of high stature.

World Blitz championships before 2012

The first unofficial Speed Chess Championship of the World (or World Blitz Championship) was held in
Herceg Novi on 8 April 1970. This was shortly after the first USSR versus the rest of the world match (in
Belgrade), in which ten of these players also competed. Eleven Grandmasters and one International Master
played a double round-robin tournament. Bobby Fischer won first place, with a score of 19 points out of a
possible 22. Fischer scored seventeen wins, four draws, and one loss (to Viktor Korchnoi). Mikhail Tal was
a distant second, 4½ points behind.[36] Fischer won both games against each of Tal, Tigran Petrosian, and
Vasily Smyslov; all of them were past World Champions.

By 1971, the Russian and Moscow five-minute championships had been going several years, with Tal,
Bronstein, and Petrosian all having success. That year, Fischer played in a blitz tournament organised by
the Manhattan Chess Club, and scored 21½/22.[37] There were also strong tournaments in Bugojno (in
1978), which was won by Karpov; and Nikšić (in 1983), which was won by Kasparov.[38]

In 1987, the S.W.I.F.T. super-tournament was held in Brussels, Belgium; first prize was shared by Garry
Kasparov and Ljubomir Ljubojević.[39][40] The first FIDE-sponsored World Blitz Championship was won
by Mikhail Tal in 1988.[38]

In 1992, FIDE held the Women's World Rapid and Blitz Championship in Budapest, Hungary. Both Rapid
and Blitz Championships were won by Susan Polgar.[26]

In 2000, Anand won the Plus GSM World Blitz Chess Cup,[41] which has since been referred to as a world
championship,[42][43] albeit inconsistently.

The second FIDE-recognized World Blitz Championship was won by Alexander Grischuk in 2006 in
Rishon Lezion, Israel;[44][38] the third World Blitz Championship was won by Vassily Ivanchuk in
2007.[38] The 4th World Blitz Championship was held in Almaty in 2008, and it was won by Leinier
Dominguez Pérez of Cuba.[45][38]

In 2009 and 2010, there was an event called the World Blitz Championship, held after the Tal Memorial in
Moscow in November. It was won by Magnus Carlsen (in 2009)[46] and Levon Aronian (in 2010),[47]
with the Women's Championship being won by Kateryna Lagno (in 2010).[48] There is no record of a
2009 blitz event in the FIDE Calendar for that year;[49] however, the October 2009 FIDE Congress
discussed whether it should be a "proper" Championship (given the qualification scheme), and it left the
decision to the corresponding internal Commission.[50] For 2010, it was organized in conjunction with
FIDE from the beginning.[47] However, in neither case was an arbiter's report presented to the next FIDE
Congress or General Assembly, as would be expected for a World Championship, and indeed occurred
previously with the 2008 Blitz Championship.[51] The 2012 Arbiter's report refers to 7th World Blitz
Championship thus seeming to imply that 2009 and 2010 events were indeed Championships;[52] although
this report can be faulted for referring to the rapid championship of 2012 as being the 1st World Rapid
Championship, which at the very least forgets Anand's official Rapid Championship in 2003. The balance
of the evidence favors these Blitz Championships as being counted as official.

In 2011, there was no official blitz championship held, but FIDE was involved with the Sport Accord Mind
Games blitz won by Maxime Vachier-Lagrave, with Hou Yifan winning the women's division.[53]
World Championships since 2012

Since 2012 FIDE have held joint World Rapid and Blitz
Championships most years, with some years Women's World
Rapid and Blitz Championships also being held.

In 2012 the World Rapid and Blitz Championships were held at


Batumi, Georgia and Astana, Kazakhstan (Women's
Championships)[55] Sergey Karjakin won the Rapid
Championship.[56] Alexander Grischuk won the Blitz
Magnus Carlsen (left) playing GM
Championship.[57] Antoaneta Stefanova won the Women's Rapid
Dennis Wagner (right)[54] at the 2015
Championship.[58] Valentina Gunina won the Women's Blitz
FIDE World Chess Rapid and Blitz
Championship.[58] Championship in Berlin, at which
Carlsen retained the title World Rapid
In 2013 the World Rapid and Blitz Championships were held at Chess Champion
Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia.[55] Shakhriyar Mamedyarov won the
Rapid Championship.[59] Lê Quang Liêm won the Blitz
Championship.[60]

In 2014 the World Rapid and Blitz Championships were held at


Dubai, UAE and Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia (Women's
Championships).[55] Magnus Carlsen won both Rapid and Blitz
Championships.[61][62] Kateryna Lagno won the Women's Rapid
Championship.[63] Anna Muzychuk won the Women's Blitz
Championship.[64]

In 2015 the World Rapid and Blitz Championships were held in


Berlin, Germany. Magnus Carlsen won the Rapid
Championship.[65] He also received the privilege of playing at a
dedicated Board 1 the whole time, not having to move while
others did. The given reason was that Norwegian television was
sponsoring the event, and moving the heavy cameras around
would be too much hassle.[66] After his first-round draw, he
should not have been on Board 1 until Round 8 when he caught Blitz World Champion Alexander
the leaders.[67] Carlsen himself later called this "weird" that Board Grischuk (right) in Berlin, 2015, with
1 would be reserved for him.[68] Alexander Grischuk won the runners-up Vladimir Kramnik (center)
Blitz Championship.[69] and Maxime Vachier-Lagrave (left)

In 2015, FIDE did not receive the expected 80,000 euros from
Agon's organization of the event, causing a budget shortfall of 55,000 euros.[70][71] It was later announced
that approximately 200,000 euros were lost on the event.[72]

In 2016, the World Rapid Championships were held at the Ali Bin Hamad Al Attiya Arena in Doha, Qatar.
Vassily Ivanchuk of Ukraine won the 2016 World Rapid Championship, while Carlsen, after defending his
title with difficulty in 2015, came in third place. In the Blitz Championship, Sergey Karjakin of Russia and
contender in the recently held World Chess Championship 2016 won the championship title albeit due to a
better tiebreak over the second place Carlsen. Karjakin defeated Carlsen in their individual encounter.
Carlsen was once again reserved board 1 for both championships. Anna Muzychuk also from Ukraine,
won both the 2016 Women World Rapid and Blitz Championshipship.
At the FIDE Presidential Board meeting at the end of March 2016, they gave Agon six months to find an
organizer for the 2017 event.[73] At the Baku General Assembly in September, it was announced they had
extended this deadline until the end of 2016.[74] The issue of the non-payment of the players for the IMSA
Mind Games was also brought up.[74]

Champions tables for official events

World Rapid chess champions Women's World Rapid chess champions


# Name Year Country # Name Year Country
Soviet
1 Anatoly Karpov 1988[7] 1 Susan Polgar 1992[26]
Union Hungary

2 Garry Kasparov 2001[75] Russia Antoaneta


2 2012[58]
Stefanova Bulgaria
3 Viswanathan Anand 2003[29] India
3 Kateryna Lagno 2014[63] Ukraine
4 Sergey Karjakin 2012[56] Russia
4 Anna Muzychuk 2016[79][77] Ukraine
Shakhriyar
5
Mamedyarov 2013[59] 5 Ju Wenjun 2017 China
Azerbaijan

6 Magnus Carlsen 2014[62] Norway 6 Ju Wenjun 2018[78] China

7 Magnus Carlsen 2015[65] Norway 7 Humpy Koneru 2019 India

8 Vassily Ivanchuk 2016[76][77] Ukraine

9 Viswanathan Anand 2017 India

10 Daniil Dubov 2018[78] Russia

11 Magnus Carlsen 2019 Norway

World Blitz chess champions Women's World Blitz chess champions


# Name Year Country # Name Year Country
Robert James United 1 Susan Polgar 1992[26] Hungary
1
Fischer 1970[80]
States
2 Kateryna Lagno 2010[48] Ukraine
Soviet
2 Mikhail Tal 1988[81]
Union 3 Valentina Gunina 2012[58] Russia
Alexander 4 Anna Muzychuk 2014[64] Slovenia
3 2006[82][83] Russia
Grischuk
5 Anna Muzychuk 2016[86] Ukraine
4 Vassily Ivanchuk 2007[84] Ukraine
6 Nana Dzagnidze 2017 Georgia
5 Leinier Domínguez 2008[85] Cuba
7 Kateryna Lagno 2018[87] Russia
6 Magnus Carlsen 2009[46] Norway
8 Kateryna Lagno 2019 Russia
7 Levon Aronian 2010[47] Armenia

Alexander
8 2012[57] Russia
Grischuk

9 Lê Quang Liêm 2013[60] Vietnam

10 Magnus Carlsen 2014[61] Norway

11 Alexander 2015[69] Russia


Grischuk
12 Sergey Karjakin 2016[86] Russia

13 Magnus Carlsen 2017 Norway

14 Magnus Carlsen 2018[87] Norway

15 Magnus Carlsen 2019 Norway

Criticism
Many top chess players do not take rapid, blitz, and bullet chess as seriously as chess with standard time
controls. Some dismissive quotes from top chess players may serve to illustrate this:

"Rapid and blitz chess is first of all for enjoyment." — Magnus Carlsen, although it was noted
that Carlsen was "seriously preparing" for the event.[88]
"Playing rapid chess, one can lose the habit of concentrating for several hours in serious
chess. That is why, if a player has big aims, he should limit his rapid play in favour of serious
chess." — Vladimir Kramnik[89]
"Yes, I have played a blitz game once. It was on a train, in 1929." — Mikhail Botvinnik[89]
"He who analyses blitz is stupid." — Rashid Nezhmetdinov[89]
"Blitz chess kills your ideas." — Bobby Fischer[89]
"To be honest, I consider [bullet chess] a bit moronic, and therefore I never play it." —
Vladimir Kramnik[90]
"Blitz – it's just a pleasure." — Vladimir Kramnik[91]
"I play way too much blitz chess. It rots the brain just as surely as alcohol." — Nigel Short[92]
"Blitz is simply a waste of time." — Vladimir Malakhov[93]
"[Blitz] is just getting positions where you can move fast. I mean, it's not chess." — Hikaru
Nakamura[94]

See also
World Rapid Chess Championship
World Blitz Chess Championship

Notes
1. Archived at Ghostarchive (https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/k3eEwYI6aw
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Hustler in NYC" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k3eEwYI6awM). YouTube.
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3. "FIDE Top players and Statistics" (https://ratings.fide.com/toplist.phtml). ratings.fide.com.
Retrieved 31 August 2021.
4. "FIDE Rating Regulations effective from 1 July 2014" (https://www.fide.com/fide/handbook.ht
ml?id=172&view=article). FIDE. "For a game to be rated, each player must have the
following minimum periods in which to complete all the moves, assuming the game lasts 60
moves. Where at least one of the players in the tournament has a rating 2200 or higher, each
player must have a minimum of 120 minutes. Where at least one of the players in the
tournament has a rating 1600 or higher, each player must have a minimum of 90 minutes.
Where all the players in the tournament are rated below 1600, each player must have a
minimum of 60 minutes."
5. "FIDE Handbook – E.I. Laws of Chess – For competitions starting on or after 1 July 2014 –
Appendices" (http://www.fide.com/component/handbook/?id=171&view=article). World
Chess Federation. Retrieved 27 July 2014. "A.1 A 'Rapidplay' game is one where either all
the moves must be completed in a fixed time of more than 10 minutes but less than 60
minutes for each player; or the time allotted plus 60 times any increment is of more than 10
minutes but less than 60 minutes for each player. ... B.1 A 'blitz' game' is one where all the
moves must be completed in a fixed time of 10 minutes or less for each player; or the allotted
time plus 60 times any increment is 10 minutes or less."
6. "FIDE Laws of Chess taking effect from 1 January 2018" (https://handbook.fide.com/chapter/
E012018).
7. "Rapid Chess" (http://www.bworldonline.com/content.php?section=8&title=Rapid-chess&id=
63818). Business World. 6 January 2013. Retrieved 15 October 2015.
8. "Regulations for the FIDE World Blitz Championship 2015 & FIDE World Rapid
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sRegulations.pdf) (PDF). FIDE. 2015. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
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2016.
10. "Why are there three different ratings in Live Chess?" (https://web.archive.org/web/2018081
8214410/https://support.chess.com/customer/portal/articles/1444851-why-are-there-three-diff
erent-ratings-in-live-chess-). chess.com. Archived from the original (https://support.chess.co
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18 August 2018. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
11. "ICC Help: one-minute" (https://www.chessclub.com/user/help/one-minute). ICC. Retrieved
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n-showboats-his-bullet-skills-with-11-straight-wins). The Guardian. Retrieved 15 February
2021.
13. Lichess terminology with periodic tournaments.
14. American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition. Copyright © 2016 by
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15. "What are premoves and how do they work?" (https://support.chess.com/article/642-what-are
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16. PeterDoggers (19 September 2015). "World Cup: Nakamura Wins Armageddon,
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rmageddon-nepomniachtchi-appeals-4173). chess.com. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
17. "Jorden van Foreest wins Tata Steel 2021" (https://fide.com/news/926).
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kers.htm). about.com. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
19. Fast Chess (https://chesshistory.com/winter/extra/fast.html), Edward Winter, 12 September
2020
20. NSW Lightning Champions (http://www.nswca.org.au/hall_of_fame_archive/lightning_cham
ps.html), Chess Association of New South Wales, 2019
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22. Linville (raync910), Ray. "Are You Ready For Chess Boxing?" (https://www.chess.com/blog/r
aync910/are-you-ready-for-chess-boxing). Chess.com.
23. "Rulebook Changes" (http://www.uschess.org/docs/gov/reports/RulebookChanges.pdf)
(PDF). USCF. 2016. Retrieved 2 October 2016. "There are three separate rating systems. A
player’s Blitz rating is calculated if he or she participates in events with total playing times of
G/5 – G/10. A player′s – Quick rating is calculated if he or she participates in events with a
total playing time greater than 10 minutes and less than 30 minutes. A player’s Regular
rating is computed if he or she enters a tournament with the total playing time of G/30 or
slower. Games with total playing times of G/30 – G/65 are used to calculate both Regular
and Quick ratings at the same time."
24. Keene, Raymond (3 April 1987). "Boxed Set" (http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/4th-april-1
987/52/chess). The Spectator.
25. Arkham Noir (1 June 2011). "Kasparov vs Short – Speed Chess Challenge Pt.1" (https://ww
w.youtube.com/watch?v=o4ezgmjeEnw). Archived (https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtub
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26. "1992 Women's World Rapid and Blitz Championship" (https://chessdailynews.com/1992-w
omens-world-rapid-and-blitz-championship). 23 June 2014.
27. Mark Weeks. "World Chess Championship 2001–02 Braingames & Einstein" (http://www.ma
rk-weeks.com/chess/a1a2bgix.htm).
28. "LA Times report on Cannes 2001 World Rapid Cup" (http://articles.latimes.com/2001/mar/3
0/news/cl-44443).
29. "FIDE announcement that Anand is World Rapid Champion" (https://www.fide.com/compone
nt/content/article/4-tournaments/2696-1187-anand-is-world-rapid-chess-champion.html).
30. "FIDE Calendar 2005" (https://www.fide.com/index.php?option=com_fidecalendar&view=fid
earchive&ny=2005).
31. "ChessBase report on 2006 Cap d'Agde" (http://en.chessbase.com/post/teimour-radjabov-wi
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32. "Anand Wins Rapid Championship at Mainz; Navara Wins Open" (http://gambit.blogs.nytime
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2007.
33. "Chess Classic Mainz Ends" (http://www.theweekinchess.com/chessnews/events/chess-cla
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34. "Chess.com report on Mainz 2009" (http://www.chess.com/news/aronian-wins-rapid-world-c
hampionship-8519).
35. "TWIC report on Mainz 2010" (http://theweekinchess.com/chessnews/events/17th-chess-cla
ssic-mainz-2010/gata-kamsky-wins-the-grenke-rapid-in-mainz-2010).
36. Brady, 1973, p. 164
37. Barden, Leonard, The value of blitz chess, The Guardian, 4 October 1971
38. "Blitz Championship History (archived)" (https://web.archive.org/web/20081224224849/htt
p://worldblitz2008.kz/about/championship_history). Archived from the original (http://worldblit
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39. Keene, Raymond (18 April 1987). "CHESS; 18 Apr 1987; The Spectator Archive" (http://arch
ive.spectator.co.uk/article/18th-april-1987/44/chess). The Spectator Archive. Retrieved
12 January 2018.
40. "1987 S.W.I.F.T. Brussels" (http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chesscollection?cid=1015539).
Retrieved 12 January 2018.
41. "The Hindu story about Anand winning the "Cup" " (https://archive.today/20160316080300/h
ttp://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2000/01/11/stories/07110208.htm). The Hindu. Archived
from the original (http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2000/01/11/stories/07110208.htm) on
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References
Brady, Frank (1973). Bobby Fischer: Profile of a Prodigy (2nd ed.). Dover. ISBN 0-486-
25925-0.
Plisetsky, Dimitry; Voronkov, Sergey (2005). Russians versus Fischer. Everyman Chess.
ISBN 1-85744-380-2.

Further reading
Harper, Bruce; Nakamura, Hikaru (2009). Bullet Chess: One Minute to Mate. Russell
Enterprises. ISBN 978-1-888690-67-5.

External links
USCF rules (http://www.uschess.org/docs/gov/reports/BlitzRuleChanges.pdf)
“Fast Chess” by Edward Winter (http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/fast.html)
FIDE rapid play and blitz rules (http://www.fide.com/component/handbook/?id=125&view=art
icle)
Speed Chess Online Example (https://web.archive.org/web/20180208200512/http://velocityc
hess.com/)
Online Chess Clock / Chess Timer Example, used for Fast Chess (http://ChessBullet.com/)
Videostream: World Blitz and Rapid Chess Championship 2015 in Berlin, Germany (http://liv
estream.com/ChessCast)

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