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Poopte and Culturein Oceania,

25:23-52,2009

Kasasinabwana ShellMidden: The PrehistoricCeramic

Sequence ofWari Island in the Massim,
Eastern Papua New Guinea

Yo Negishi"and Rintaro Ono""

This isa preliminaryexcavation report on the Kasasinabwana shell midden of Wari

Island. We seek to establish a historyof prehistoricceramics
chronological in southern
Massim in order to assess GeotHFi-ey Irwin'scelonization hypothesis regarding the Early
Papuan Pottery(EPP)period.An analysis of ceramics, other tools and faunal remains has
atlowed the definition of three cerarnic periods,corresponding physicallyto Upper, Middle
and Lower layers, inthe jnhabitedhistoryofthe site. In the Upper Layers,which make up
the main deposit ofthe site, linksto the ethnographic Kuta or Kune are indicated by imported
pottery and certain types of shellfish. During this period, the intensive use and discarding
of shellfish made the site a shell midden, The earlier era (1600-2300 cal BP) corresponding

te the Middle Layers contains red-slipped and related types of pottery.The Lower Layers
contain much older pottery, referred to hereas Kasasinabwana PlainPottery(KPP). The dates
of theselayersare 2300-2600, 2600-2800 cal BE and the KPP may provide.evidenceof an
earlier colonization other than that ofthe EPP, This research reveals Post-Lapitavariability in

western Melanesia and allows fbrrevision of previouscolonization theories, Furtheranalysis

of the Kasasinabwana midden isnecessary forpurpeses of comparison with other sites in
Melanesia.

Kay woizty: Minssim,miciden. mpotogieal chronology colonization fp/pothesis,

Early Papuan
Potter:yeEPII), Kula, Kune, Kbsasinabwana Plain Pottery rj(PR),
Post-Lopita
variability

1.Introduction

1.1 Massim Prehistor:y

The term refers to the eastern tipof the New Guineamainland and scattered islands
"Massim"

in the Coral Sea (Figures

1 and 3).A number of anthropologists have performed fieldworkin
thisregion, fbcusingon traditionaltrade networks (e,g.
Kbula,Kune, etc.), indigenous crafts, and
t

so en. Fewer archaeological surveys have been undertaken in the Massim than in other parts of

***Department ofArchaeology, The Universityof lbkyo, Tokyo, Japan.[ye-negishi@wood.odn,ne

,jp]
Departrnent
ofArchaeology and NaturalHistory,AustralianNationalUniversity,
Canberra,Austra-
lia.[rintaro.one@anu.edu.au]

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24 Y Negishiand R. One

western Melanesia, however.Littleisknown about prehistoriccerarnics in Papua New Guinea.

For instance,
Neolithicred-slipped assemblages of Lapitaand Post-Lapitapotteryfrom 2000-3300
years ago have been docurnentedin the.Bismarck Archipelago,
the North Solomons,theSepik
Guinea,and Papua (Waliome,
1997; Wickleg 2001; Vanderwal, 1973; rEbrrel

coast ofNew central'

and Welsch, l997), Jn theMassim, incontrast, artificial mounds inRainu on the nonheastem coast

of the Papuan mainland (Egloff;

1979),caye burialsinthe TrobriandIslands(Burenhult, 2002),
and stone monuments (Bickler,
l998,2006) have allbeen constructed inthe pastthousand years
2008).Surfacecorlections from the Massim
(Negishi, have not appeared old, except forpedestals
(Egloff;
l979)thathave not yetbeendated.

1.2Early Papuan Pottery

Given the generalal)senceof material from the Massim, GeoMey Irwin'sexcavation results

frornMailu Islandand the adjacent mainlaRd (Figure

1)were striking achievements (Irwi"
1985),
Red-siippedpotteryfoundin the lower layersofboth theMailu 1 trench and the Selaiexcavations
were considered proofof early colonization by Austronesian speakers <Irwin,
1991). [fakinginto
account similar red-slipped potteryfoundin central coastal Papua (Vanderwal,
1973; Alien, 1972)
and some islandsof the southern Massirn (Irwin
and Holdaway, 1996;Figure 1), al1of' which

datefrom aTound 2000 yearsago, Irwinproposeda colonization scenario in which "the

primaty
distribution
passedthrough the innerMassim and westwards albng the Papuan coast': (1991
:

503).He dividedtheregion's past 2000 years intofourphases, a classification adopted by the

alse

Maleolm Ross (Ross,

linguist 1998)(the most recent phase beingthe potteryspecialization period).
Irwin'shypothesisplaysafi impertantrele in Post-LapitaMelanesian studies. The Massim could

Figure 1. DistributionofEarly Papuan Pottery (modified

from Irwin and Holdaway, 1996)

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be regarded as a corridor that

historical Austronesian
groupscolonized and passedthroughto reach
theNew Guineamainland. Recentresearch (McNiven
et al., 2006; Figure 1) has indicatedthat red-

slipped fineware datingfrom2400-2600 years ago ispresentinTbrresStrait,and similar ceramics

have been fbund on a smal1 island next to FergussenIsland.]

Summerhayes and A!len(2007)
re-

these achievements Papuan Pottery (EPP)" term for

"Early
evaluated proposed
and as a general

the old ceramic assemblages fotmdthroughout thisarea. In spite of differences

between the clay
components ofLate Lapitapotreryand EPe they discussed
thesimilarities betweenthecolonization
processes intheEarly Lapita and EPP periods, They relied not enly upon the appearance ofpottery,

as mentioned by Bulmer (1999), but also on a comparative analysis of other aspects such as speed

ofcolonization, site location,

economy, ebsidian, and other material aspects ofculture.

Nonetheless, with new data available today, Irwin.'s

hypothesisshould be reviewed and

reassessed. As Irwin himselfstated, "the

gap of space and time" between Late Lapitaand EPP

(atleast700 years)has yetto be decumented (Irwin,

1991).While McNiven et al. (2e06)
used

radiocarbon datingfrom previous research to estimate that "the

earliest red-slipped pottery
traditionof the southern Papuan coast datesto before2000 years ago" (McNivenet al., 2006:
70), we need to developa definitiveceramic assemblage typology in order to decide whether the
Massim was actually a celonization conidor of EPP connecting to the south coast of the Papuan

mainland. Both radiocarbon datingand typological ceramic analysis are needed to determine
archaeological chronology, For instance,itis importantto note that the design motifs and

impression techniques ofEPP are completely different

from those ofLate Lapita (Negishi,
2009).
Combining previous studies from the south and north coasts of the New Guinea mainland and

the Massim, I have reconstructed a typological

chronology of the past theusand years (Negishi,
2008) and framed a contrastive table of cerarnic chronology (Figure
2; Negishi,2009).Three
questionsabout Massim prehistory
emerge:

1)Did potteryspecialization developin other areas or only ina specific area?

2) What kind ofpottery culture should be arranged inIrwin'sPeriod 3 (Tegional

isolation

period)?
3)Can a red-slipped cera:nic assernblage datingto before
2000 yearsago be discovered
elsewhere inthe Massim?

The airn of our research was to address these questions and also to open up a new horizon

ofPest-Lapita studies. We selected Wari Island inthesouthern Massim fortrialexcavations. The

island's
historical
backgroundand archaeological featuresare described
below.
i
The earliest potteryamong them datesto around 1700 years ago (Vincent
Kewibu, pers.comm.).

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26 YL Negishi and R. Ono

Torres Wanige]a S.Massim

Yule is]and PortMoresby Mailu lsland
Srait N,Massim Wari ls[and

EuropeanContact Mailu Wanigela

? Upper
(LayerA) Amphlett
Laye;s
Recent -LE
Ceremic Late Pre-Amphiett Lna
Period (Laver
--be} B)
t l
`1 1,I11 Eerly t Middle l
(LayerC) Late 1 Layers t
Ceramic
1 Hiccup
11
(Urorina)
=Eesocx:tuw l{Single
l
l
Line- 1
Maifu 03 l lncised1
Layer D
Late 1 Pottery) 1
l -Lllb
L.-.---l
I
AD IOOO 1,11111t 11l1)lll
Late Early

oEooLmoh:o-
?

AD 500

Early
r------1
1 1
1 1
1 1

BCiAD
l Lapp,iita,-,ilke

t (surface l
I colleetions) i
i
MiddleLayers-Lllb

Lnc
Y EPP 7 I t
l l
t l
L---.--J
Red-
slipped Lower
Pottery Layers
soo Bc (Mask -LM-V
Cave) (KPP)

Figure 2. Ceramic Chronology of tbe Past 3000 Years in the Southern Papuan Coast
and the Massim (modified
from Negishi,2009)

2. Excayation and Stratigraphy

2.1 Pettery Making Island

Wari (7leste;
Ware) is a small, solitary islandin the southwestern corner of the Massim

(Figure
3).Itis a long and narrow island,itssouthern partssurreunded by largecoral reefs. Pettery
producedinWari Islandishistorically
and regionally farnous;
itsdesignmotifs and thin body wails

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Kasasinabwana ShellMidden, Papua New Guinea 27

e
4

ss "

t{llgginc
kbe Tube
Bwasi}aki Island ,oeerGroui"9Lp
Island,･O)
" tt KwaJaiwa }sland te)
tlii "eqo, ii'
ilKiiil.,Z,...:.lll.,-.1,'
e".=='
gusa iv) Island

×
O 10km

lew..=,.,.,g

;-
V: modern pottery-making
areax. s..=:'-/
x,-

ewii:"
i d

'k

g,F $
' f"'
:\"sagg":`"fi:

.!tY,'
. ;
,,g,y,,,pa,,,i,:k:i
pt
Wari Islandte) 'pt"'
'}'tw' "''' ' '"in"""'

tr
ig
q-'
wa'

/tl
e M "

ftve'
.A '
"7' a "d:M 'ge.'t'jutz
tt
':f'tt-'i "
'tw,

-IFE
t--

+11"S151'E .

.,.,,sc,.i.
,E$
.
g6E"""
Figure 3. Study Area Showing SitesMentioned in Tlexts
(modified frem Petreqllinand Petrequin, 1999)

appear to have been imitated2

by neighbor{ng In this respect itresembles
islanders.3 the Amphlett
Islands,
whose potterydominatedtrade with the TrobriandIslands
as 1<itla
trade items.There are
inthe Massim
two traditionsof pottery-making (Mayand Tuckson,1982:64-106;Petrequinand
Petrequin,1999: 96): Applique-Decorated and Comb-Incised (Negishi,
200g). The two traditions

are (Figure
geographicallydistinct 3),and WatriIslandtypifiesthe latter.
which probably includes
Mailu Island as well. Sineethese ethnographic pottery-making modes previde usefu1 inforrnation
about the most recentperiodof Wari prehistory,
we can expect a ceratnic sequence comparable to

thatrecevered from the Mailu excavations (Irwin,

1985),Wari has been a landmark forvisitors
and tradersfrom bothwest and east, and a tradingreute connects Mailu,Wari, and Sudestlsland
directly(Macintyre
and Allen, 1990: 129).Untit the 1980s,Mailu traders used to come and

2
Macintyre(19g3: 370) wrote al}outthe differencebetween Tubetube and Wari potteryand regarded
the latter as a recent development.My impressionisdifferent. Ethnographic informationseems to
trace itspopularityand development back some hundred years.As Macintyre (1983) described,
younger women on Tubetube continued to acquire techniques fromWari potters inthe 1970s.
3
Otto Finsch (1888) reeorded Wari Islanders' methods ofmaking pottery and the popularityof their
exports in the Massim. Belshaw (1955) describedthe exchange rate between petterymade in Wari
and various goodsfrom other islandsat thattime.

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28 YL Negishi and R. Ono

stay oveT at Wari Island to trade (J.Muraga A. Faiteli,

pers.comm.). We may suppose
and that

materials from distant

places were broughtto Wari Islandinprehistorictimes as well.
On the whole, Wari Islandappears to be characterized by:(1)a long history,(2)the modern

development ofpottery making, and (3)a locationbetween Mailu and other islandsin the
southern Massim. The thirdpoint isimportantin modeling colonization routes duringthe EPP
period and befbre.One of our objectives inexcavating on Wari Islandwas to compare ceramics

from the most recent periodto

prehistoric the red-slipped potteryofearlier periods,

2.2Selectionof Site
The targetsite of our research, the Kasasinabvv'anashell midden, is located on the southern

shore of Wari Island (Figures

3 and 4). About twelve meters behind the sandy beach here,
nurnerous shells, fragmentsof ceramics, and obsidian flakesare scattered over the surface. There
are other middens near theKasasinahwanamidden, all of which residents call by thesame narne:

Kasasinabwana village. On the surface of these middens, we collected some Pre-Amphlett style
ceramics (Figure
8) similar to those found inGoodenough Islar}dby Peter K. Lauer (1974),
Based
on the reconstructed chronology <Figure
2),these can be taken as archaeological evidence of

inhabitantson Wari Island,possibly betvveen A.D, 15eO and therecent historic period.Furthermore,
obsidian fiakesare generallyassurned to be good evidence ofpast trade netwotks. Oral inforrnation
about thisvillage alsoprovided theimpressionofhaving been inhabited
duringthehistoric
period,

u-suntred

"
N

E Chll
L !-
ig !･
d
s6
''t

tT.x
se
Irfe2nocehsl
seasonX
oldpostorfchief.shouse
ft
--t:"'x

x K.x

tt,-'2-
sl

ttt 11'x..

f'

7
2,oo

"
tt

X"ii]oM
'
'

.a-,.

.g.k/ik.
. 'lljft'
l.
.e
Xx...
..,.
wi Sin.f"lg
,. ,.". tt
"n 't
ts.'lk
i/.-
"'
ge..
J-ash,..-....,
Nfi"" es. .S'"Fd.y..ijea.ch.･
ma,.,,:.
ab
,. -.l,,.rk'
"ge2"'}.tL'tl'l,$i.I/tf･t/i,r'!;':".,kCr$..{'"gi"'
pttt.
v'ut ･te.t
ge"
.- ' Excavatienarea "
.t.t,!,j ;
il"'pt-
zi

m.kdi'
,.
.e.ag,･ ･i"
'' 'ts
,F.li..,.,'l

fs.tr' 'I.ts. t
atuL

tt'v't WarHsland

Figure 4. Location of Kasasinabwana ShellMidden on Wari Island

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Kasasinabwana ShellMidden, Papua New Guinea 29

Figure 5. War Chief'sHouse on Wari Islandin the Nlneteenth Century

(after
Finsch,1888)

This area (including shell middens) isdescribedas one ofthe oldest inhabitedareas on the island.Tb
support this storM a clan (Atakena) leaderftem thisvillage showed us an old, retten poststanding
next to the newly builtUnitedChurch (Figure 4).He explained that this postwas a partof a chiers
housecalled lsutupatmpa
and drawn by OttoFinsch,who came to Wari lslandinthe 1ate19ti]
century

(Figure
5; Finsch, 1888).That clan leaderand other elders informed us thatthe Kasasinabwanashell
midden had been a well-used dumping ground forvillage residents in an earlier era, On the basisof
such infbrTnation,
we selected the Kasasinahwana
midden fora trialexcavation.

2.3 Trench
We set a trialexcavation trench 1 (1x2m) on the east side of the midden (Figure
4), The
datum (A':
Figure6) of thistrench iselevated at l.74 m above sea level.On Layer IIIof the

trench,a subtrench (O,52 m)

× was set on the eastern corneg but as water welled out from the
bottom ofLayer V halfivay,
we stopped the trialexcavation at that level.
Layer I isthe main depositofthe midden. where most shells and ceramics are concentrated.

The materials found in Layer I reveal the most recent prehistoricoccupation of this midden,

probab]y related to trading networks such as the Kula or Kune, Layers IIcand III,IIIand IVIand
IV and M respectively, by thin horizontal
are separated coral plates.

In contrast to the blackto dark-colored soils of Layer II(a,b, c), subsequent layershave
sand-based structures. This difference
between Upper and Lower Layerstentativelyreveals the
gap of sedimentation processand absolute date.Trench 1 reveals a horizontalsedimentation

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30 YL Negishi and R. Ono

Nwth ma- me-

"
a a･
N tm {nt SutntT
mujim"

Y
tltw XU:Stath)

,d
-x"st IIts
ge"sglag s
ls x
x er tpa -s m "
t u
-"--'----"1 tse--tk---------

/IN
1

stsim =..JEi
ffre
stst-fien"L-1-'
v

e am a

ien- feut mac - tw

"ut wiIEtw
gl.T-titA et1,im?
gewtwffff In p=U tit
pt,
w
Lfi" -in
-a'I" == [J
la
=----"-e.c-=tw----e-

vm IS{) m " tu
N

e i 2{tl
w
LayerHue Color Notes
7.5Y3/1 Oliveb]ack
IIIaIlbIlcIIIIVv Main shell-combining layerofrnidden; sandy soil

N2 2fN3 BlackDark Combining fewer shells and bones

31SY2125B gray Partlyoxidized
Olive black
3115G Dark bluishgray Halfsandy soil
611N4 Greenishgray Sand soil with some fragmentarycorals
Gray Sand seil with some fragmentarycorals

Figure6.Stratigraphy
ef TrenchI,KasasinabwanaShell
Midden,Wari lsland

process.and stratigraphic integtity

ofsediments isgood.
The preliminaryAMS radiocarbon
results of datinganalysis4 on three shell samples are

2000-2300 (Layer
IIb),2300-2600,and 2600-2800 (LayerV) cal BP (rlhblel).

3. Cultural Artifacts

Culturalartifacts excavated frornTrench 1 consist ofpotsherds, flakedstone artifacts, shell

ornarnents. fishinggear. and faunalremains, Because this research aimed to propose a detailed

"
AMS datingwas undertaken at the Universityof Waikato Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory(New
Zealand).Radiocarbon dateswere calibrated using OxCal v.4.I .1 with Marine04.Ca}ibrated
dates
expressed approximately inround nurnbers,

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Table1.AMS Radiocarbon Dates from Kasasinabwana Midden

14C Age age BP 95,4%
Lab. codeLayerSample dCl3
(years (2sigma
BP)CaLibrated range)

Wl< 25603 488 Tridacna 2.2± O.22.0 2463 ± 38 2262-[994

Wk 25604 Tridacna ± O,22.1 2921 ± 36 2790-2570
Wk 25605 Tridacna ± 02 2726 ± 38 2598-2324

Table2. DistributionofPottcry by SitcLayers

Decoratedrims Plain rims Body
Layer
RS Non-RS RS Non-RS RS Non-RS
12
IIIaIIbHcIIIIVV
1
(Z8fr t) (!11!-!lngIugu!s
Ofi: t) Uncountable
3 13 2 Uncountable
11 4 5 1(4 (,IL.gS8)
3 fragments)
1 2
34
1 2
RS] Red slipped potsherds
pt d 1 dm th d:toosmalltobereproducedasscaiedrawings

chronological hLstoryof cerarnics in Massim, all rims and distinctive

partsof potshcrds are
--10).
rendered as scale (Figures
dravLrings 7the

3.1Pottery
Potsherds found in Layer I that are nearly identical
to contemporary Wari Island pottery,
as well as surface collections, are intentionally
omitted from this report because they are too

fi/agmentary (seeunderlined
to be describedin detail numbeTs in Table2).Otherwise,all rims

and characteristic bodies are drawn in figures.A diachronic eeramic change can be seen in
Tlable2.S Generally,we can see that thc Upper Layers includemainly non-slipped but decorated
the Middle Layersyield fewerbut often
potsherds, red-slipped potsherds,and the Lower Layers
contain non-slipped and plainwares.

3.1.ILayerL Sudece Cblteetions

andLayer 7 and
lla (IFigures &
Based on form and decoration
techniques,this assemblage can be dividedinto three groups.
GroupA (Figure
7: L I-Ol-10,IIa-Ol-03;
Figure8: SC-Ol-04,06) are comb-decorated and thin-

5Table
2 vv'as created usjng s"nple from the rims and body partsrcndered as scale
statistics collcctcd
drawingsinFigures 7--10,as wcll as
smal! l'romunreported
fragmcnts,Since this isonly a trialex-
cavation, however, and furtherresearch on the middcn i.sneeded, such statistics may not be mean-
ingfulto the projectofbuilding a ceramic chronelogy. We ean see only a chronological tendency
from the Lower to Upper Layers inTable 2, For the same reason, the percentageoi' dccoratcdand
red-slipped shards is not necessarily the essential factor in describing typologica[ character.

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32 YL Negishiand R. Ono

walled pettery possibly the ancestor Wari Jslandpottery,We propose to defineGroup

of modern

Ars styIe as "Pre-Whri."

from Mailu and Mayli styles ofware (Figure
This style differs 2), Since
Group B (Figure
7: I-11-17;Figure 8: SC-07, 9-12) are thick-walled and restrictedpotterywith
a variety of decoration
techniques,they are assumed to be the ancestors of themodern Amphlett
tradition. Group C (Figure
8: SC-05, 08) are thick-walled potterywith complicated design
incisions,
different
fi'orn
Group B.

Layerl

RS

s'
U-Ol //-cr
1[

･ lj wa･
Ll-04
:t-05

a
･tiil:.i,,i,i':
-

)Il
g.ge,/rl ,
,,..

rw]ew 7
,B[r
LI-06
1
LI-09

IZ]ti'
t.it 'wa wa

LE ia L)'13ss
me LI-12 iV y

p
rcE 'f
, g
'Ll-t6i? Ll-t79
LM4-- ,l,,o

Layer lla

UlaOt

tve?.t
O= 5cm

eq'
-

N "a-o3ge
# "'

uiillllllllaos
trd,.- .RSR
uiVt4

Figure 7. Potsherds from Layers I and IIa

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Group A features
two types of rims: (1)thin and straight-walled (Figure.7:
L I-02-10),and

C2)thick-walled
and slightly curved (Figure.7:
L I-el,L IIa-Ol;Figure.8: SC-Ol-03,e6). Since
simpler designs(e.g,
letter 'X'
incisions:
Figure7: L IIa-Ol;Figure8: SC-Ol, 03) are fbund on
the iatter,
these might be older than theforrner, the innersurface
Interestingly, of the 1atter
type of

rim issometimes red-slipped 7;L I -Ol; Figure8:SC-06).

(Figure
Group B includesthree types ofrim forms and deceTationtechniques: (1)restricted rims with

incisionsunder lips(Figure
their Figure8:SC-l2),(2)thickened rims
7: L I-12-15; with appHque

x /fSC-Ol
-
.maQ#es4''-

E ,.A.,.'ee.J.v

]l) &b
Tth 4.,･

.s!.:ge,bew -

wa-ge
,ts'.
v'x"igtwt' "geLptTPsc-o4
wht
'w" ,'iiikigee:-.,
lsc-o3
1 !sc-o2
im
lSC-05
RS

1 fsc-o6

Fkgeee,,ma
/
" es--
ee
c-o7

m
aseimaspt
---･･\tt/･･ ･, .xwwa.pt.a,
$

sttssiftw geF SC-08

,es..-,s.,pmeasi.

Fil7slclTog

x
[711S
iii,as-3"3\ptIl,-imwi-

･}･i･ee.,.yij$ij.:gee,..
f'･SC-ll ,?SC-12
Oin
5cm

Figure 8. SllrfaceCollectionsof KasasinabwanaVillage

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34 YL Negishi and R. Ono

on 7:L I-16, 17; Figure 8: SC-09, 10),and, completely different

theirlips(Figure from the other

two, (3)incisions,stamping and groeving appear in SC-06, 08 and 11.By Lauer's definition

(1974: 159-190),the thirdtype, called in style, may be the earliest efthese three
"Pre-Amphletf'

rim forms (Negishi,2008: 134).The other two typescan be definedas Amphlett"in style "Early

(Negishi,2008).
Only two potsherdsare included inGroup C: an evertedjar with a zigzag patternofincisions

8: SC-05) and a simple bowl with incisions

(Figure on itsinner surface 8: SC-08).This
(Figus;e
periodpotteryexcavated on Weodlark Island(Bickler,1998).In
"Early"
greup seems similar te

the blackcoloring
particular, ofSC-05 (Figure8)distinguishesitfromGroups A and B.
Thus three types ofpotteryl each the origin ofa distinct appear te be intermingled
tradition,
inthis assemblage. Based on ethnographic records, we assume that Group B might have been
exported through Kuta trading netwerks from the D'Entrecasteauxlslandsand Group C from
Muyuw Island (Bickler,
(Woodlark) 1998),Group A may have been produced on Wari Island
itselforon neighboring islands.

Sl)
3.1.2Layer Iib (F7gure
Tiwo types ofpottery recovered from Layer I (Figure
9: L IIb-02-04, 1O, 11) have decorative

incisions
on their
surfaces, while theother (Figure
9: L IIb-Ol,05-09, 12-14)isplain ware but
red-slipped on theouter and innersurfaces. The rim form and incisions
of thefbrmergroup are

similar in style te the Pre-Wariware recovered in Layersl and Ila.L IIb-1Ohas the same lip
form as L I-Ol,and the single-line incisions
ofL IIb-11 are quitesimilar to those ofthe everted

jarfbund in Layer D3 of the Mailu 3 trench (Irwin, 1985; Negishi, 20e8: 140). The rim form

of the 1atter
group isbasically
straight-walled but with lipspitched slightly inward (Figure
9:L
IIb-12--14).
Such characteristics (pitched
and red-slipped) were fbimdinno other layersor sites.

g)
3.I.3Layer Jlb (Eigure
Although o"ly fbur potsherds were recovered frornthislayer,each is distinct.
One is a plain

eyertedjar with restricted neck (Figure

9: L IIc-Ol);
the other three are bowls with different
rim

forms:round-lipped (Figure
9: L IIc-02),straight and grooved (Figure
9: L IIc-03),and straight-

walled (Figure
9: L IIc-04).
Even though we cannot assert that these fourbeleng to the same

archaeological peried,itismore likely

that thislayeris basically
composed ofplain ware with the
addition of some red-slipped pottery(Figure
9: L IIc-03),a combinatien similar to that in Layer Iib.

3.1.4Layer M, IVand V (F7gure

Jop
Wki note no red-slipped potteryrecovered from these layers.
Allpotteryfrom these layers

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ss/ib-o
Layer llb

mas-
>ewLllb-:l
'

ee-fiL[lb-02
eq ee7DLI[b-03M
mp/itll]ll]).os
Lew4-S)
-

Liib:o7D
/ //

oL
11b-08066m "l]

1' e e
x

Lllb-10/P

Lllb-11i",ilo,1

g
RS1
f/
7'
1Lllb-1er

iii,-,i
"

RS "
...
Lllb13/W
x

Layerllc

fec
/ Olatt x

'L'
'lffgge.agtwpa"

Lilc-02/ /,n,-
-
Ll[c.o3R..W
f
e e
p
' ''

r
mp･itIII:-

.di.a
x L11c-04/
,

O-a 5cm

Figure 9. Potsherds from Layers IIb and IIc

are everted rim bewls with rounded shoulders (Figure

10: L III-Ol;L IV-Ol; L V-Ol, 06, 07)
and probably fiatbottoms(Figure
le:L V-03).This non-slipped potteryis basically
plainware
with simple decorations except for grooving on the shoulders (Figure
10: L III-Oi;L VL06)
and notched lips(Figure
10:L lll-Ol;
L VL04),On the basisofthe abQvementioned typological
features,
we ean point out similarities betuieenthese plain wareg and LateLapitaperiod pottery

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36 YL Negishi and R. Ono

Layer 111 mebyk.

-
va.-

.i
l..ww.,

/ {lgme#i

F -
.,,...
,,
'tL.
""tua''vef""'tt'i'i'-'te"'=ny""'/"/"t

'/"1
1
Zl'
t/'
/11/.t.t//i s
te--t
LIII-02ii

es
-

ee.,,,ve
egll.o4"e
g
L lfl-03
tw? `

,
' .'
""

11i-o
t]
LIP-06

ttt
Layer IV

l"ivoysp
svM
E

"2L
. ma" .

L lvuo2 [V-03e

LayerV
----.

te t.l o 5cm

esi
H'
IS
"- :''i1,f

,,
ag gk-,/I(
e
"

a-/ .tD .ttiz7

,.
xt.
if
LxLo2
W-04

as b
LV03

/ LY06-

K
-'･l' 'n't.

LY,07J/

Figure tO.Potsherds from Layers III,IY and V

inwest and east Melanesia. Itisdifficult

to sec any similarities betweenthese and productsofthe
EPP becausethey are mainly undecorated wares with slipped rather than smoothed surfrtces. The
EPP also contains plainwares, but they are burnished "Type
C: water jars"
with narrow mouths

(Vander"Jal,
1973: 1OO), one of the typical ceramic forms of EPP. Considering the red-slipped

pottery from Layers IIcand b,KI'P fbund from these layersare presumably older than the EPP

period.Thus we have called this ceramic assemblage

"Kasasinabwana
Plain Pottery" (KPP)

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after the site's name. The assemblage alsocontains a carinated and jarwith
burnished a roundly

thickenedlip(Figure
10:L III-02),
distinctively
thin finewares (Figure
10:L III-03;
L IVL02),
and a shell-stamped shoulder (Figure
1O:L VL05).
ConsequentlMwe can identify
the fo11owing
three ceramic cultural complexes corresponding

to the groupsoflayers inTrench 1.

1)Upper layers(Layers
I and IIa):Pre-Wari historical ear]y Amphlettand Pre-Amphlett
peried,
styles ofpottery

2) Midd!e layers(Layers
IIband IIc):
Red-slipped potteryand related types
3) Lower layers(Layers
III,IV and V):KasasinabwanaPlainPottery

3.2OtherTbols
3.ZI Ornaments and FlishingGear (Eigure
11)
From Layer I,a brokenConus shell arm (Figure
bracelet 11: 1)was recoyered. Itisprobably
one of the historicKula valuables called Mwali i'n the Kilivilalanguage (Campbell,
1983).
Becauseitssurface and edge iscarefu11y smoothed, itisdefinitely
a brokenfinished
ornament. In
the historic
period,itisknown to have been producedinsome partsofthe Massim and traded as
a KLilavaluable to Wari Island.Three sinkers were excavated from Trench 1. [Fwo ofthese, fbund
in Layer I, were not seiected forscale dravvings,but they are shell sinkers made of Scapharca

<gzax> ss

Qi
2

ss
t
tgestse--xtti{l.

<lgeilitwgew
i
eltt･i･･i･i･Ai
},
,,,,;
,li
.l.tttttlll'

ltw4
･e.t:L'th' S

ge imza
"ltl
wntau1.ttwnta--"t,t,Ml

J..".r.

eei.,ge
&･lesajtwew ?,f･eege
9 wws #
t"-.
7 6 ew

I::ts
ge)egpaL:."
ge'S.tlag
lo .-rrer/tl
11
agft""
?2-
<in

Figure 11.0ther Tools (1:Shellornaments, 2: Fishing geag 3-10: Stone tools)

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38 YL Negishi and R. Ono

subcrenata and intentionally

holedat theirtops.The thirdisa coral sinker <Figure
11:2) fbundin
LayerM Ithas a circular holeinitstop and was probahly cut inhalfforuse as a utensil.

3.Z2 Strene7bols(F?gure
ID
Eighty stone toolswere recevered intotal([Ilable
3),rnost from Layer I,Of these,ning from
Layer I and a scraper (12)from Layer IIa were selected as characteristic stone toolsfbr scale

drawings(Figure
1l: 3-1l).In relation to thethree ceramic periodsdescribed
typological above,

they all might belongto thehistoric

period.No analysis of their chemical compositions has yet
been undertaken, Geography and historysuggest thatmost of theobsidiari too]s and fiakescame
from West Fergusson Island,the only obsidian source in the Massim. Because obsidian flakes
were recovered intheupper and middle layers,
further
source analysis isnecessary.
Tool 3 isa polishedaxe divertedto a hammer stone. Pecked marks can be observed on its
end. Tbel 4 isa greenschistpolishedaxe, Sincestepped flakingtechniques were used on itstop
and end, itmight have been used as a wedge after use as an axe. [[bol5
isa fiakeproducedby
retouching a polished stone, tentativelythe one labeled3, Itsdorsalside ispolished,and the
leftedge of the dorsal side was fiaked after polishing.Such stone axes have beeh produced in
the Suau area of the mainland and the Woodlark and SulogaIslandsin the northeastem Massim

(Macintyre
and Allen,1990;Bickler,
1998).
Tbol 6 isan obsidian endscraper. Ithas edges on itstop and end. Only itsdorsalside on the

thble 3. Distributionof Stone Tbols by Layers

Layer Stone Class Number
I ebsidian 31282113l
toolflaketoolfiaketool,fiaketoolflaketoolflakeflakefiaketoolf

glass
schist

serpentlne
1l112
unknown

IIaIIb shaleobsidian

sandstone 11111
IIc obsidian
chertsha]echalcedony
v

unknown 1
Tbtal 80

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end isretouched. Tool 7 isan obsidian point.The original fiakewas retouched continueusly on

the top ofthe ventral side and the end of the dorsalside
producesharp angles. Toel 8 isasmall
to

endscraper bluntedon the ventral side, Too] 9 isa fragmentofa scraper, made of obsidian. It
has ventral retouching on the preximal end and dorsalretouching all along the edge. Tbol 1O isa
scraper made ofgreen glass,as is11.The latterhas dorsal and ventral retouching on the leftedge

and continuous dorsaland ventral reteuching on the end. Ibol 12 isa scraper made of shale. It
has the remains of a cortex on part of dorsalside. Itisdifferent
from theether stone tools inthat
ithas maj or retouching.

4.FallnalRemains

4.1Analysisof Shellfish
Remains
Shellfish,identifiedby Rintaro Ono,6 were most numerous arnong the faunalremains
excavated from the site. A totalef 12,403shellfish (277,717g
! 277kg) were counted ･intrench 1,

and 16 families
or 20 taxa of shellfish were ([fable
identified 4).As shown in the table, the total
Number of Specimens(NISP)ofConidae
Identified (Cbnussp.) isas highas 6,144,fbllowedby
Turbinidae with a total of4,052, including 7hrrbochp:ysostomus, T aFfo,rostoma, and T maculala.
rElie
third and fourthlargest numbers of shellfish belQng te AJeriaalbicilla (Neritidae),at total

TIbble 4. NISPofIdentified Shelifish[faxa

Upper layersMiddle layers Lowcr layers
FamillyLecal name Specles
I11aIIbIIcIHIV vTbtal
ConidaeTurbinidae
KambukiPotokipaSfirbisaDomi
Conus sp, 6.004 25o6923o626
38o245e719
60 5o12515s5e3eo44 7o21o17
6,144
Conus spTiirbocho,sostomus o2.7191,16S 121 12,8SO1201

Tltrboatg),rostoma ]o2t16
lltrbosp.Neritaatbicilla o1,362 11,462
NcritidueTrochidae
Kiwali 7}r]chusniloticus or 398 455
"ochusmaculatus
Cypraenidae GunaGibulagalagata
C.}praeu sp. 136 4 16o11 9 1oo2oooooe22o
1ooeoooooloe2
ooe2oo1oooo17
152
Strombidae Lambis iambis 66 2 7 81
Strombusgihberulus o o s 5
Tridacnidae Si,se friducnasguanesa o 6 3 24
"idocna crvsea o o o o o
nipmpushLapfij)rts' o o 1o e 1
VeneridaeSpondylidae
KbkumKakum ??lhsam o o 2 3
o o o e e
ceramicum o o 2 e 2
ArcidaeVeneridaefeLlinidae'] Anadura grandis o e 2 Q 3
?,? o o ] o 3
o o o o 3
Otlters o o 4 o 1]
Tbta] 11,g5e19712114740202912,404

6Ono
was aided by the cornparative reference she}1fish collections at the Osteelegy Laboratoryin the
Australian National University.

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40 Y: Negishi and R. Ono

NISP of 1,462, and 7}'ochtisniloticus er T maculatus (Trochidae)

at 455 in total NISP. Other
major familiesare Cypfaenidae, Strombidae, and [fridacnidae,while Arcidaeand Veneridaeare
relatively minor species at the site.
The Turbo and Trochus species may be the most important shellfish in terms of meat and

proteinvalue, as their arverage size and meat weight tend to be much greater than those of the
Conus and Nerita species excavated from the site. Shellfish
species belongingto Cypraenidae,

Strombidae,and Tridacnidaemay be other importantsources of protein, yettheirnumbers are

limited.Concerning temporal changes in shellfish use, most of these shellfish were found in
upper I),and intensive
layers(Layer exploitation was practicedduringthe histeric
peried of the
site. The numbers of some species also increasein Layer IIb-c,
yet the total number of shellfish

excavated from these middle layersis im lessthan that fbund in the upper layers.This indicates

tentativelythat,thoughthesite was used since early times (Kasasinabwana

plainpotteryperiod),
shellfish were used irrtensively
only in the historic
period, Itisalso worth mentioning that the
Tridacnaspecies and some otlier minor species were not foundin upper layers.
Perhapsonly a

few major species were selected for intensive exploitation in iatertimes, whereas the early to
middle phasesofthe site were characterized by a greatervariety butlowerlevelofexploitation,

4.2Analysisof Bome Remains

Ono identified
other faunalremains by means of comparison with bone collections at the

Osteology Laboratory ofAustralian NationaiUniversity.

The methods of fishbone analysis
closely followedtechniques developed by Ono and others forthe treatment of tropicalfish
remains from Southeast Asian islands (e.g.
Ono, 2003, 2004), the Pacific (e.g.
Leach and

Davidson, 1977; Leach, 1986; Vbgel, 2005), and Okinawa (e.g.

Toizumi, 2007). Cranial
elements, special elements, vertebrae and teeth were used fbridentification.
The cranial elements

identifiedhere include maxilla, premaxilla,dentary, articular, quadrate,pharyngealclusters,

hyomandibular,
scapula and special eleTnents such as the erectile spines of trigger fish
(Balistidae)
and Acanthuridae, the spines ofporcupine fish(Diodontidae),
and the scute ofthe Carangidae
andAcanthuridae species. Vertebraewere used fbrtheidentification
forcanilaginous fish,
mainly

sharks (Elasrnobranchii),
Teeth were used only fbr identifying
sharks, triggerfish,
and orie species

of (Monotcixris
Lethrinidae granoculis).
For purposes of analysis, an assemblage was deterrninedto be the contents of any single

excavation unit. Thus all bones from one excavation unit and one excavation levelwere designated
as an assemblage. Fol!owingLeach's(1986)
method, each assernblage was sorted intoidentifiable
and non-identifiable piles;all rnaterials were te-bagged. and then identifiablefragments were

sorted anatomically and again re-bagged, Taking each part of the agatomy in turn, bones were

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sorted intospecies, genera,and families,

and identified
with reference to the collections beingused
forcomparison. The Minimum Number of Individuals(MNI)and Number ofldentified Specimens
(NISP)
were calculated using the techniques of Chaplin(1971),
although size mismatches were

also taken intoaccount (e.g.

Ono, 2003. 2004,Ono, Santoso, and Siswanto,
2008).

42.1 ]FVsh Remains

A totalof 77 fishbones were counted in the single testpitof the site. The distribution
of

identified
anatomy (15elements) isshown in [lable5. Identifiedfishbones numbered 77 and
reeognizable elements numbered 66. Table 6 shows both the NISP and MNI of identified
fish
fbund at the site. As shown in the table,the total number of identified
fishremains in family
levelsnumbered i2 in MNI and 25 inNISR Seven familieswere Althoughthe total
identified,

Table5. Number ofIdentMed ElementsinIlrench I

Anatomy Left Right Tbtal
Quadrate 32l12ooooooooooe
o1ooo24114311324311
33l12ooooooooooo
Premaxilla
DentaryMaxillaArticular

Vertebrae(b)
Vertebrae(c)
SpinesCaudal
peduncle
ScapulaHyomandibular

ScutePharyngeal
(L)
Tfooth(b)
PhaTyngeal (U)
Others
Tota1 9 77 10

1latble
6.MNI find NISP of IdentifiedFish 'Ilixa

-faxon Upper layeTsMiddle layers Lower layers rfbtal

I IIa IIb IIc Ill IV V
Scaridae ooooooo ooooooo1(1)3(1)3(1)l(1)1(1)oo
1(1)1(1)ooool(1)
oool(1)ooo
oooooo1(1)
2(1)oooo9<1)o
4( 3)4(
Carangidae 2)3(
Balistidae 1)2(
Lethrinidae 2)1(
Luljanidae 1)9(
Lamnidae (sharks) 1)2(
Carcharhinidae(sharks) 2)
Tbtal o o 9(5)3(3)1(1)1(1)Il(2)25(12)

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42 YLNegishiand R. Ono

number ofidentified fishbones is1imited, of Scaridae(parrotfish)

the}sCliII and shatks, including

Carcharhinidaeand Lamnidae, are thehighestin total.

Otherfishfamilies
identified
were Carangidae

Gacksand (emperors),
Lethrinidae
trevelys), (triggerfish)
Balistidae and Lutianidae(snappers),

Itisnot easy to discusstemporal ehanges in and characteristics of fishingactivities at the

Wari Islandsite because the totalnumber of fishbones was very limited.

One characteristic

of pastfishingin Wari, however, isthe exploitation of sharks, including Carcharhinidaeand

Lamnidae.Shark exploitation was already practiced phaseofthe site.Altheugh
during the initial
there are various methods of catching sharks, the major ones are (1)baitedlinefishingand (2)
fishingwith rope to lassoand draw sharks in deepsea zones near shore (e.g.
Bayliss-Smith,
1990;Chikamori, 1988; Christiansen,1964;Dye, 1983;Johannes,1981;Vaea and Straatmans,
1954).Itmay be safe to assume that such methods were also used duringprehistorictimes.

The existence ofCarangidae and Luljanidae

also suggests thatbaitedlinefishinginthe deep
sea zone near shore was practicedinthe past,while Scaridaeismainly caught by net and spear
fishingnear shore and in reef zones. Balistidae
and Lethrinidae are caught mainly with baited

lines,
spears, and basketor net traps (e.g.
Kirch and Dye, 1979; Masse, 1986, 1989;Ono, 2006,
2007, 2009). Itisimportant to note that inhabitants
of the site exploited both the inshoreand the
outer reefs to obtain deep sea species. The results tentatively indicate
thatparrotfishand sharks at
leasthad been exploited since theinitial
occupation ofthe site,butthatthe most intensive
fishing
occurred duringthe middle phase, as evident inLayerIIband IIc.Itshould be mentioned that
no

fishbone was obtained from the Upper Layersat thesite. Thisstands insharp contrast to thecase of

shellfish remains, whose numbers dramatically

increased
inthe Upper Layers,as discussed
above.

4.2.2Other Faunal Remains

A totalof 129 non-fish bones,two crab shells, and sea urchin spines were (rtable
identified
7).Among the non-fish bones,42 fragmentsbelonged to turtles er tortoises.These fbrmed the
largestgroup, and they were concentrated in Layer IIb.Besides the turtleftortoise bones,two

pig teeth and a dog tooth were excavated from the Middle Layers(LayerIIb and IIc).A bone

possiblybelonging to a birdcame from LayerM though the exact familyor species isunknown.
An unidentified bone with a sharp cut mark was excavated from Layer IIb.Crabs and sea

urchins were foundonly intlieLower Layers(Layer

IV and V).

5. Discussion

This paper isa preliminary excavation report aimed at understanding the chronological
historyofprehistoric ceramics in the Massim. Itisimportantto note that,based on radiocarbon

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Ilible7.Detail of 0ther Faunal Remains

rlbxon
Upper layers Middle layers Lower layers
I IIa IIb IIc IH IV v
Turtle!Tbrtoise ooooooooo2ooooooo7
3311o71oo48
51ooooooIO
1ooo3'oooo
oooooo2o3lo.o1oo1o4
PigDogBird?Unidentifiedelement

Cut mark element

CrabSea
urchin
Others
Total o 9 91 16 4 5 7

datesfbrthe three shell samples, itisiikelythat KPP be datedto the Late Lapita period
can

(Summerhayes,
2000: 129)and the red-slipped potteryofLayer IIbisolder than the EPP period
(2000-1600
BP) in previousreports. On the other hand,since the Kasasinabwanamidden was

fbrmed under good sedimentation conditions, itrnight legitimatelygive us･a dependablerelative

ceramic chronology based on three cultural layers-thatis,the Upper Layers (Layers I and IIa),
the Middle Layers(Layers
IIband IIc)and the Lower Layers(Layers
III-V).This classification
can be verified by the distribution
of rim fbrms among the site layers(Figure
12).The analyses
ofstone tools and faunal remains also have implicationsfor economic processesand changes in
the site thatare consistent with the results ofthe ceramic analysis.

5.1Ceramic Sequencesduring the Past Thousand Years

The Upper LayersComplex isa domestieally produced pottery (Pre-Wari
combination of

style) and importedpottery groups (Early Amphlett and Pre-Amphlettstyles and an L`Early"

group similar to those of the Muyuw excavations). Ifwe take ethnography intoconsideration

1t)'leMetlemWariPre-Wari FerlyAmphlettPre.ALmphlettRed-slippedP-tter.vantiitsrelatedgn)vps- KPI,

- - s -
n1/zz11
1-

foRr?s

×
Laycrs
t Jlt: Jt x iX

xN
lSurfaceEmyerlo
o
l]a
o o o o

I1]c [[b

tEl
o
o o
o o
iIV v
o
o
Figure 12. Distribution of Rim Forms by Layers in Trench I

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44 YL Negishi and R. One

(Macintyre
and Allen, 199e), the Early Amphlett and Pre-Amphlett styles might have been
importedfrom the northem Massim (e.g.
theD'EntrecasteauxIslands),
and group the "Early"

frem theMuyuw excavations might have been importedfrom WOodlark Is]and.These imported
ceramic groups are convincing evidence of a Kuia
prehistoric or Kune trade throughout the

Massim (including
Wari Island).
This importedpotterywas recovered only inLayer I and insurface collectiens, not in Layer
IIaor older layers.
Thus itappears thatceramic trade betweenthe southern and nerthern Massim
started inthe historic
recent period.Such a situation inthe northern Massim duringthe late1960s
was reported by Lauer (l97e).
That is,pottery irnportedfrom Tubetube and Wari islandwere
dis¢ overed in the D'Entrecasteaux
Islands.
A Conus armshell (Figure
11: 1),two kindsof axes

(Figure
11: 3, 4),and obsidian fiakesand stone tools recovered in Layer I also provideevidence
ofKlatla or trade (Macintyre
1<tzne and Allen,1990:126).

Based on previous studies, the chronological frarnewotkof ceramics in thepast thousand

years(Figure
2) suggests that Pre-Amphlett potterycan be datedte between the Early
style

Amphlett and the Late Rainu styles 2008),Rainu style pottery,

(Negishi, distributed
from the
northeast coast of the New Guinea rnainland (e.g.
Wanigela)to the northern Massim (Egleff;
1979; Negishi, 2008: 134), is dated to 500-1000 yearsago.Thus the Pre-Amphlett style should

presumablydateto 500 or feweryearsago. There may also be potteryimportedfrom Woodlark

Islanddated to more than 500 years ago (Bickler,1998).Yet itshould be noted that this is
based on Simon Bickler's
classification, which in turn was based mainly on surface col]ections.

Thus, based on thepreviousresearch diseussedabove, we can estimate that the Upper Layers
accumulated duringthepastfivehundredyears(Figure
2).
On the other hand, we can assume that the modern Wari pottery-making traditiencan be
traced backto a periodbeforethatof the Pre-Amphlett style. By compiling al1incisedceramics
ftem surface collections and Layers I and IIa,the transformational sequence of modern Wari

potterycan tentativelybe illustrated

as inFigurel3.Thissequence probably started in the Layer
IIa phase with single-line incised (SLI)
pottery,In itsseriational sequence, the width of the
decoration area may have broadenedlayer by layerwhjle the designmotifs changed from simple
to complex. The same pattern can be identified
in the typological sequence from the Mailu 3
trench (Irwin,
1985; Negishi, 2008: 143), describedas the "process
of rapid standardization"

(Irvvin,
1985:240).However, we cannot discusssuch technical featuresregarding Wari Island
becausethenurnbers ofits finds'
are limited.

The similarities between single-line incisedpottery frem Layer IIb (Figure

9: L IIb-11)
on Wari Island and Layer D (Early
Mayli phase)in the Mailu 3 trench allow us to estimate that
Layer IIb datesto 500-lOOO cal BR In contrast, the radiocarbon dateof a shell from Layer IIbis

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Upper layers(Historic
periedl) Middlelayers Lower layers

Sequenceof medern Wari potterymaking tradition

k?ewllilZlmp･f'iir'ew //

ts,,$/r
./IFe･
tut-

-.."'il-
/siffKasasinabwana PlainPotteiy
,ffI

.,:!#,:.
pt/l･Y

n,S/'lff
,Ie,.,

Figure 13.Prehistoric
CeramicSequencesin Kasasinabwana Midden (Treneh
I)

2000-2300 cal BP. These results show significant disagreementwith typological assumptions.
Even ifwe regard the radiocarbon date as from potteryfrom Layer IIb,7itisstiil
red-slipped

unclear whether the red-slipped potteryfrom the Middle Layers belongsto Early Papuan Pottery
(EPP).
Thus itis difficult
to identifya pure red-slipped pottery assemblage from the Middle
Layers,as non-slipped potsherdswere also fbundthere,Four types ofpotsherds from Layer IIc
are especially problematic.Both their vessel fbrms (Figure
9: L IIc-Ol)and grooving(Figure
9:
L IIc-03)are features
typicalofthe early period ofEPR butthey camot be datedprecisely,
Thus
in this report, based on the AMS datesof theLower Layers (2600-2800,
2300-2600 cal BP) and

EPP (1600-2000BP), we assume that Middle Layers exhibiting red-slipped potteryare 1600-
2300 BP (Figure
2),
Recentstudies on EPP show thatthe red-slip teclmique isno longerspecific to Early Papua:i
Pottery(e.g.
Summethayes and Allen, 20e7). The Mailu excavation didnot establish precisedates
forEPP and subsequent periods in the first
millennium A.D. (seeFigure 2). That is vvhy Irwin
1000-1600 BP period" forMailu Island(1991),
isolation While David
"regional
regarded as a

(2008)observed a similar
"Ceramic
hiccup"in the Kikeririver basin,datafrom YUIe Island
aiiowed tbrthe establishment of a continuous typologicalsequence during the firstmillennium
A.D. (Vanderwal,
1973; Allen, 1972; Table 3).We need more knowledge ofceramic chronologies

basedon stratigraphical datafrom sites inthe Massim inorder to make regional comparisons.

7On
this assumption, single-line-incised pottery (Figurer9: L IIb-1O,11) should be regarded as con-

taminated petsherdsfrornthe Upper Layers, or as old potterysimilar to EarlyPa'puan Pottery. In

both cases, we can posita significant gap in time between the Upper and Middle Layers (Figure 2),

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46 Y.Negishiand R. One

5.2 Faunal Remains

Most ofthe faunalremains excavated from the site were shellfish, and other faunalremains
vvere very limited.Large numbers of shellfish were found only in the Upper Layers, however.
Shellfishwere few in the Middle to Lower Layers,in contrast to nen-shellfish remains, which

were fbund predominantly in the Middle to Lower Layers along with the shellfish species

7}nidticnidoe.
Such evidence may indicatethat the character of the site changed dramatically from the
Lower and Middle Layersto the Upper Layers.The site may have been a temperary habitation
or camping site duringtheLower to Middle Layersphase, beingused intensively
only duringthe

Upper Layersphase.
The totat absence ofother faunalremains and the limitedvariety of sherlfish in the Upper
Layers also indicatethat the site was not used as a livingor camping site duringthe historic
period when Kixlaor Kune trade began.In particular,
the intensive
use of Conidaein the Upper
Layers reminds us that Mwali may have been producedas a Kula valuable duringthisperiod.
Such largenumbers of specific sheltfish in the midden are perhaps related to shell ornament

or at least
production, to specific shell exploitation fortrade.
The existence ofboth inshere shellfish like Conidae, Neritidae,and 1firidacnidae
and some

inshorefishspecies ofthe Scaridaeand Balistidaefarnilies thatinshoreresources

indicates were

widely expleited, while the presence of deeperwater shellfish ofTurbinidae and Trochidae,
along

with fishefCarangidae and Luljanidaeas well as sharks, indicates

that outer-reefto deepwater
resources were alsoexploited duringthe Lower te Middle Layersphase.The existence of turtle

(possibly
marine turtle) bones,crabs, and sea urchin inthe Lower to Middle Layers also suggests

extensive use of marine resources. As fbrland resources, pig and dog were exploited at least
duringthe Middle Layersphase,buttheiruses inthe early and latephases remain unknown.

5.3ImplicatiensforRevisingthe ColonizationModel
The Kasasinabwana Plain Pottery (KP?) of the Lower Layers Complex may be one of

the earliest ceramic assemblages in the Massim. While similar types of potteryhave not been
fbund inthe EPP complex intheMassim, nor in the southern coastal Papua until now, we carmot
disregardthesimilarities between KPP and theLateLapitapotteryculture ofMelanesian islands.
Itisalso worth mentioning thatEPP recovered from southern coastal Papua and KPP appear to
belong to djfferent
traditions: EPP is red-slipped and shell-impressed (Vanderwal,
1973),while
KPP is non-red-slipped, undecorated, and part ofa plain ware sequence probablyoriginating in
Late Lapita.
KPP was found underneath the red-slipped potteryfrom Wari Islandand isolder than the

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EPP found in the Massim and at sites likeMailu and Oposisi.Radiocarbondates(2600-2800,

2300-2600 cal BP) of two shell samples from Layer V support the typologicalhypothesis.
[[b
explain these results, we belongsto Irwin's(1991)
assume that this ware
colonization period

or to a periodprecedingEPR There had been littlesolid evidence of human occupation befbre

c. 2000 BP in southern coastal Papua, except fbr c. 2400-260e cal BP red-slipped pottery
recovered inZenadh Kes (McNiven
et al.. 2006). Though we have not finisheda fabricanalysis
using physical!chemical studies or made comparisons to pottery from other sites, itisimportant
to note thatthese are the first reported plain Wareassemblages and the earliest signs of human

occupation ofthis area thatcan be distinguished and dated earlier than the EPP in the Massim.

Therefbre the results from the Lower Layers Complex necessitate revisions to the
colonization model of Post-Lapita change. Although we cannot yet identify
the homeland of the

plainware of WesternMelanesia,from a typological yiewpoint, we can deny cultural continuity

between KPP and EPP in futureresearch. Whether KPP originates from Late Lapita or not, we
can assume that some groups of humans, possibly of difTbrent
origins, colonized Wari Island
multiple times duringthe firstrnillennium B.C. The simple colonization model of
"primary

(Irwin,
distribution" 1991:503)should therefore
be revised.
In recent Post-Lapitastudies, persistent
arguments have arisen between theories ofcultural

replacement through isolation

and these of continual regional (Spriggs,
interaction 2e03: 208),
Both ofthese hypothesesprobablyoriginate from an unsolved but prevailing
question:are all the

red-slip industriesofwestern Melanesia directly

derivedfrom Lapitapottery? Terrelland Welsch
(1997)
suspected the homogeneity of the Lapita cultural complex and indicated
the variability
of Post-Lapita
industries
by describingceramic styles on the Sepik coast. The same is true of
southern coastal Papua and the Massim, We should realize that EPP istoo convenient aterm;

itmasks greatdealofPest-Lapita
a variability, such as the Mangaasi type in eastern Melanesia

(Ibrrell
and Welsch,1997:207). Now we have KPP in the Massim and red-slipped fineware in
[[brres
Strait,
bothef which are older than EPP but appear to belongto different
traditions. We

terms meant to longer

"Post-Lapita"
reach pointwhere
a and other ¢ onsolidate variability are no

effective indiscussing
colonization models ofthe Massim and the SouthernPapuan Coastat high
resolution. KPP from Wari Islandmay be a key to reveal such variability and the importanceof
regional perspectivesforfuture
research.

6.Conclusion

This study was aimed at constructing chronological historiesof Post-Lapita

ceramies inthe
southern Massim using materials excavated from Wari Island.
Based on the seven cultural layers

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48 YL Negishiand R. Ono

from Trench 1, three ceramic complexes were identified(Figure

2; Figure 13): Upper Layers

(historic
period),Middle Layers(red-slipped
pottery)anq Lower Layers (KPP:Kasasinabwana
PlainPottery).
Afteraii analysis of the pottery,stone toolsand faunalrumains, our results can be
summarized in four points:

1) The firstconcerns dating.The Upper Layers are estimated to date from the past 500

years,while the Middie Layersseem to be from 1600-2300 cal BP-the stage between
KPP and EPP-and the Lower Layersdateto 2300-2600,2600-2gOO cal BR The Lower
LayersComplex can be datedto the LateLapitaperiod.
2) Second,historic
trading networks indicated
by the presenceof importedpottery and
are

materials intheUpper Layers(e.g.,

Kula,Ktine).
3) Third,the presence of KPP indicates
colonization and occupation of Wari Islandbefore
theEPP, This means the previous model ofcolonization must be revised,
4) FinallMdrasticdifferences
between faunalremains from theLower and Middle Layers
and those from the Upper Layers indicate
that the economy changed over time. This

economic change is associated with changes in ceramic culture, and itimplies a

diachronic change in human hahitationdrtringWari's prehistory.

Nonetheless, more work needs to be done:physical analysis of pottery to identify

production
changes inthe region, and sourcing studies on obsidian to identifydistribution
pattemsover time,
Also,finerresolution isneeded in viewing the history
ofceramics, the chronological
particularly
framework ofred-s!ipped potteryfrom the Middle Layersand KPP from the Lower Layers. We
would liketo eontinue research and excavations in the Massim to fUrther
developPest-Lapita
studies.

Acknowledgements

This research funded in partby JSPS (JapanSociety for the Promotion of Science)
was

in 2008 under the guidanceof ProfessorKeijiImamura (University of 7[bkyo).The Sasakawa

Foundationgrant provided to Negishi and V, Kewibu in 2009 also supports their laboratory
work. We would liketo express our thanks to Mr. Herman Mandui (National
Museum and

Art Gallery of Papua New Guinea) fbr facilitating

permission to excavate. We acknowledge

the help and support of the NationalResearch lnstitute

ef Papua New Guinea, the Research
Committee of Milne Bay Province, and Mr. Jim Robins. Some colleagues in Massim area

studies, Dr. Jeff Kinch, Dr. Alfred Faiteli,and Mr. Vincent Kewibu, provided usefu1 advice. In

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the field,
community members and the United ChuTch of Wari Island greatly
helped Negishi.
In particular,
we would liketo thank Mr. Jimmy J, Muraga and Mr. Arthur P. Wairagogalifor
their contributions to our fieldwork.
Ms, Miyuki Yakushige and Ms. Satomi Furunishihelped
make scale drawingsof stone tools. Last but not least,Professor Glenn Summerhayes provided
guidance inPapuan prehistoryand suggested thewriting ofthis papen

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